Final Examination Study Guide I - Community Policing Define community policing. What are the three (3) core elements of community policing identified by Skogan? (Make sure you describe each component) Describe criticisms of community policing. II – Problem-Oriented Policing (POP) Define problem-oriented policing. What are problems? Describe the problem-oriented policing framework. What is the purpose of each step in the problem-oriented policing framework? What are potential criticisms of the problem-oriented policing framework (be specific). How do enforcement problem-oriented policing programs and situational problem-oriented policing programs differ? How do community policing and problem-oriented policing differ? How are they similar? III – Focused Deterrence Policing What is the general focus of pulling levers strategies? How does the pulling levers approach attempt to address its general focus? Describe the pulling levers framework. What are potential weaknesses or criticisms of the pulling levers approach? What are potential strengths of the pulling levers strategy? IV Hot spots policing Define hot spots and provide examples. One strength of hot spots policing is that it is born from theory and empirical evidence. First, describe which theories paved the way for hot spots policing. Second, describe the empirical evidence that led to the practice of hot spots policing. Generally speaking, what does research suggest about the effectiveness of hot spots policing? Make sure that you touch on displacement and diffusion of benefits, as well. Discuss the potential limitations, issues, and adverse effects of hot spots policing. V – Empirical Evidence/Evaluation Design Identify and describe the three (3) common types of evaluation designs used in social science. What are the weaknesses associated with these evaluation designs? VI – Police Legitimacy and Legal Cynicism Describe how hot spots policing can potentially address issues concerning police legitimacy. Discuss the potential legal and ethical concerns of hot spots policing. Police behavior has been found to shape how legitimate the public perceives the police to be. Discuss what shapes procedural justice judgments and fairness. Braga and Weisburd suggest that hot spots policing can complement community policing initiatives. Please list the 3 elements of community policing that can benefit hot spots programs and describe how each of these elements are related to police-community relations and police legitimacy. What does research suggest about low socioeconomic communities, crime, and the relationships between citizens and the police? (*Do not forget to touch on legal cynicism) Discuss what research suggests shapes public perceptions of the police. 1 ...

1. Final Examination Study Guide
I - Community Policing
Define community policing. What are the three (3) core
elements of community policing identified by Skogan? (Make
sure you describe each component)
Describe criticisms of community policing.
II – Problem-Oriented Policing (POP)
Define problem-oriented policing.
What are problems?
Describe the problem-oriented policing framework. What is the
purpose of each step in the problem-oriented policing
framework? What are potential criticisms of the problem-
oriented policing framework (be specific).
How do enforcement problem-oriented policing programs and
situational problem-oriented policing programs differ?
How do community policing and problem-oriented policing
differ? How are they similar?
III – Focused Deterrence Policing
What is the general focus of pulling levers strategies? How does
the pulling levers approach attempt to address its general focus?
Describe the pulling levers framework.
What are potential weaknesses or criticisms of the pulling
levers approach?
What are potential strengths of the pulling levers strategy?

2. IV Hot spots policing
Define hot spots and provide examples.
One strength of hot spots policing is that it is born from theory
and empirical evidence. First, describe which theories paved the
way for hot spots policing. Second, describe the empirical
evidence that led to the practice of hot spots policing.
Generally speaking, what does research suggest about the
effectiveness of hot spots policing? Make sure that you touch on
displacement and diffusion of benefits, as well.
Discuss the potential limitations, issues, and adverse effects of
hot spots policing.
V – Empirical Evidence/Evaluation Design
Identify and describe the three (3) common types of evaluation
designs used in social science. What are the weaknesses
associated with these evaluation designs?
VI – Police Legitimacy and Legal Cynicism
Describe how hot spots policing can potentially address issues
concerning police legitimacy.
Discuss the potential legal and ethical concerns of hot spots
policing.
Police behavior has been found to shape how legitimate the
public perceives the police to be.
Discuss what shapes procedural justice judgments and fairness.
Braga and Weisburd suggest that hot spots policing can
complement community policing initiatives. Please list the 3
elements of community policing that can benefit hot spots
programs and describe how each of these elements are related to
police-community relations and police legitimacy.
What does research suggest about low socioeconomic

3. communities, crime, and the relationships between citizens and
the police? (*Do not forget to touch on legal cynicism)
Discuss what research suggests shapes public perceptions of the
police.
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