MOT-ok.pptx

Manajemen Teknologi dan Inovasi - PM092102 1
Dr.Udisubakti Ciptomulyono.M.Eng.Sc
Program S2
MMT-ITS
INTRODUCTION TO TECHNOLOGY
MANAGEMENT
Manajemen Teknologi dan Inovasi - PM092102

DEFINISI TEKNOLOGI
Technology will mean the tools, techniques, and procedues
used to accomplish some desire human purpose
Technology provides the technical
knowledge for goods and services that a firms produces
TEKNOLOGI
Hardware Software

DEFINISI TEKNOLOGI
Webster’s International Dictionaries
The Science of the application of knowledge to
practical purposes
The totality of the means employed by people
to provide itself with the objects of material culture
The oxford English Dictionary
The scientific study of the practical and industrial arts
Raindo House Dictionary of the English Language
The branch of the knowledge that deals with industrial
arts, applied science, engineering, etc
The sum of the ways in which a social group provide
themselves with material objects of their civilization

Khalil Tarek
Technology is the way we do thing
Technology is the practical implementation
of knowledge
4 Pilar utama (komponen) teknologi
Hardware : The physical structure and logical layout of the equipment
or machinery that is to be used to carry out the required task
Software : The knowledge of how to use the hard ware in order to
carry out the required task
Brainware : The reason for using the technology in a particular way
(Know-Why)
Know-how : The learned or acquired knowledge of or technical skill
regarding how to do things well

Technology is :
15
Tools
Product
Processes
Methods
Knowledge
yang dipergunakan untuk
menciptakan produk atau
jasa

Knowledge VS Technology
16
Information
fenomena alam
Information
Temuan Buatan
Information
Knowledge
is all that has been perceived
or grasped by the mind from
the range of information
available
Technology
Kesejahteraan Kehancuran

Klasifikasi Teknologi
• New Technology : teknologi baru yang diintroduksi dan
diimplementasikan pada perusahaan
• Emerging Technology : teknologi yang belum dikomersialisasikan
• High Technology : teknologi canggih/sophisticated
• Low Techology : teknologi yang umumj dipakai masyarakat
• Medium Technology : teknologi antara high dan low technology
• Apropriate Technology : teknologi tepat guna (teknologi dan
sumberdaya yang digunakan secara optimal
• Codified Technology : teknologi yang dapat dikodifikasi
• Tacit Technology : non articulated knowledge

Management Science Approach
Analisis Sistem
Implentasi
Analisis Model
Formulasi Problem
Pengembangan Model

Management Science dan Integrated
Approach
• Proses optimasi dan pendekatan sistematik terintegrasi
dalam menyelesaikan permasalahan
• Keterbatasan sumber daya (limited resources)
• Penggunaan Model Matematika dan Statistik untuk
penyelesaian problem dalam memperoleh solusi
keputusan
• Alat bantu pengambilan keputusan

BERBAGAI DEFINISI MOT:
Bidang kajian interdisipliner yang mengintegrasikan Iptek dan
pengetahuan/ teori manajemen dan prakteknya untuk menciptakan
kesejahteraan (wealth creation)
Pendekatan interdisipliner yang berkaitan dengan perencanaan,
pengembangan dan implementasi kemampuan teknologi untuk
mencapai objektif operasiona/strategis organisasi (level--mikro)
Bidang pengetahuan yang berkaitan dengan penetapan dan
implementasi kebijakan pengembangan teknologi dan
penggunaannya, dampak teknologi terhadap masyarakat, organisasi,
individu dan alam dengan tujuan untuk mensimulasikan inovasi,
penciptaan pertumbuhan ekonomi dan menjaga teknologi untuk
kesejahteraan umat manusia (level-makro)

Manfaat MOT:
• Bagaimana teknologi diciptakan
• Bagaimana eksploitasinya untuk menciptakan bisnis
• Bagaimana integrasinya strategi tek vs bisnis
• Bagaimana penggunaannya : kompetivitas advantage
• Bagaimana bisa menciptakan fleksibilitas sistem/manft.
• Bagaimana menstrukturkan organisasinya
• Kapan dan bilamana menerapakan/memutuskannya

Pentingnya MOT bagi industri
25
Perkembangan yang terjadi :
* Era Globalisasi
* Era Persaingan Bebas
* Era Industrialisasi
Apa sikap Manajemen
?

Penciptaan
dan pengu-
saan teknologi
Teknologi Konversi
Produksi
Kebutuhan Pasar
Pelanggan
Kebutuhan Sosial
Standar hidup, isu sosial
lingkungan
FOKUS PENGEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI
MESIN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI

MENGAPA MOT DIPERLUKAN
SEKARANG
• Dunia Pasca PD II
• * Negara maju mendominasi teknologi dan ekonomi
• *Teknologi mengalami perubahan yang stabil: “as
• business as usual*
•
• *Teori Manajemen dan praktis didisain dalam
• lingkungan yang stabil
• * Persaingan global tidak terlalu significant
27

MENGAPA MOT DIPERLUKAN
SEKARANG
• Dunia Saat ini (Abad XXI)
• Percepatan perubahan teknologi :variasi dan skope-nya
• Persaingan global sebagai suatu yang baru, persaingan
antar bangsa
• Lahirnya tata dunia baru (new word order)
• Perubahan kompetisi antar negara: masuknya negar
baru
• Pembentukan blok perdagangan baru: EU, AFTA, NAFTA
pengaruh GATT
28

NEW PARADIGM
29
Economical Change Technological Progress
* Competitively
* Global market
* Computer/Information
* Automation
Industrial System
* Diversification
* Customer satisfaction
Reactivity
Adaptability
Flexibility Teknologi

30
1780 1880 1980
Technological
Development

Karekteristik Skala (volume) Scope (Variasi) Integrasi
Proses Continues Flow, mesin-2
yang spesifik
Batch (jumbled), mesin
general purpose
Continus flow, software
spesifik ,CIM
Product Barang/komiditas Standart Customized dan multi
product
Costumized Commidity
Facility Tersentralisasi Desentralisasi Setengah desentralisasi
Tingkat
otomisasi
Besar (in size) dan rendah
(sulit diotomisasi)
Kecil (in size) dan tingkat
otomisasi tinggi
Medium (In sized) dan
tinggi (flexible otomisasi)
Total flexibility Rendah Tinggi Tertinggi
Unit cost relatif:
Fixed/Variable
Unit Cost
Rendah/Tinggi
Unit Cost:
Tinggi/Rendah
Tertinggi dan Terendah
Kurva belajar Not too flat (datar) Flat (sangat datar) Sangat datar dan rendah
Organisasi Orientasi Proses Orientasi product Product
Pemasaran Beaya rendah,
ketergantungan tinggi
Flexibility, inovasi
product
Beaya rendah, flexibilitas
dan dependebale
inovation
31
SKALA EKONOMIS, SCOPE DAN INTEGRASI

Abad-Abad Perubahan
(Kresnayana Yahya, 2000)
32
Agricultural Age Industrial Age Information Age
Wealth Definition
People work as
People work in
Production system
Scarcity of resources Abundance of information
food
food &
things
knowledge
slaves/serfs employees partners
hierarchies
organization
bureaucracies
organization
teamnets/networks
organization
one-piece
customization
mass-production
mfg system
mass-customization
mfg-system

EAEC
EC.EFTA
NAFTA
APEC
AFTA
Shift of economic growth centers in the 21 st Century
The challenge for Asian countries

Technology dan Pertumbuhan Yang
Berkelanjutan
34
Competitive
Entreprise
Sustainable Economic
Growth
Economic
System
Kapabilitas
Tehnologi
Trade

Peran management
35
Labor
Technology
Capital
Market
Public
Policy

The Role of Technology in Creation
of Wealth

37
Finished
Goods
Products
Waste,
Defects, etc
Proses Produksi
Industri
Value Added
(Functional & Economical)
. Material
. Human
. Machines/
Equipment
. Information
. Energy
Transformation Process
(Fisik & Non-Fisik):Teknologi,Management

38
Bijih tembaga Copper cathode
Cooper tube dan
pipe
Copper sheet dan
Strip
Cooper Bar dan
Section
Cupper Rod
Industri Elektronik
Industri Elektromotor
Telephone Industri
Industri
Transformator
Industri Automobil
House Applaines
Accessories
Manufacturer
Industri House
Appliance
Industri Automobil
FAMILY TREE PRODUK TEMBAGA
Kebutuhan ; 1989: 90.00 ton/ th
( produksi lebih kecil , dari
10.000 ton/ tahun )

39
Kelapa
Sawit
Minyak kulit sawit
Sabun
Galvanisir
Minyak goreng
Margarin
Soap stock
Gliserol
Asam lemak
Kosmetik
Parmasi
Minyak inti sawit
Bungkil
Arang tempurung
Makanan ternak
Arang aktif
Asap cair
Industri karet
Industri makanan
PENGOLAH KELAPA SAWIT DI DALAM NEGERI
BAHAN PEMBANTU PENGEMAS IKLAN LAIN - LAIN
ekspor
ekspor
PERKEBUNAN

40
Baja Tuang
TORFINGS
BIJIH BESI/PASIR BESI
PALET BESI PEG
BESI SPON
INGOT
FOUNDRY
Besi Tuang
White Cast Iron
Naileable Cast
Iron
Ductile Cast Iron
Alloy Cast Iron
Gray Cast Iron
BILLETS SLABS BACONS
SKALF
PIPE &
TUBE
ROD
BARS FLAKE SHEET &
COILS
STRUTUFAL RALIS
Galvanited
Sheet
Tin Flake
Pin, Nults, Bolts Springs
Wire
Wire Net
Barbed
Wire Nesh
Stranded Wire
Wire Rope
FAMILY TREE INDUSTRI BESI

41
Bijih tembaga Copper cathode
Cooper tube dan
pipe
Copper sheet dan
Strip
Cooper Bar dan
Section
Cupper Rod
Industri Elektronik
Industri Elektromotor
Telephone Industri
Industri
Transformator
Industri Automobil
House Applaines
Accessories
Manufacturer
Industri House
Appliance
Industri Automobil
FAMILY TREE PRODUK
TEMBAGA
(produksi lebih kecil, dari 10.000 ton/tahun)

43
EVOLUTION BY AGE OF TECHNOLOGY
Biotech.
Age
Information
Age
Space
Age
Electronic
Age
Nuclear
Age
Electricity
Age
Steam
Age
Iron
Age
Bronze
Age
Stone
Age

Inovasi Teknologi Yang Penting

Evolusi Teknologi Produksi

Technology And National Economy
46
• Wealth is created on the basis of technology, production and smart works
• One can not to continue to improve economic condition on the basis of paper
transaction on money exchanges in bank, savings and loan association or
board room

Share Product Hightech
47

Country GDP,1994
($,billion)
GDP Growth Rate
1990-1994 (%)
GDP-1998
($, billion)
Real GDP Growth
1998(%)
United State 6,648.0 2.5 8,508.9 3.9
Japan 4,590.9 1.2 3,786.2 -2.84
Germany 2,045.9 1.1 2,118.3 2.80
France 1,330.3 0.8 1,418.7 3.80
U.K 1,071.3 5.7 1,377.8 2.50
China 522.2 12.9 960.9 9.06
Korea 376.5 6.6 301.6 -4.26
Australia 331.9 3.4 359.8 4.00
India 293.6 3.8 345.8 5.89
Taiwan 234.0 6.5 261.4 4.83
Indonesia 174.6 7.8 53.3 -14.50
Thailand 143.2 8.2 107.6 -7.80
Malaysia 70.6 8.4 71.3 -4.79
Hungary 41.3 -2.0 47.1 5.00

The Critical Factors in
Managing Technology

Faktor Kreatifitas
• Teknologi adalah sarana kreativitas manusia
• Mengelola teknologi perlu penciptaan, pengembangan
dan pemasaran yang continus
• Pengelolaan teknologi perlu investasi, R&D yang ber
resiko
• Penciptaan teknologi memerlukan “chain of event”
dimulai dari invensi dan berakhir di pasar

• Penemuan (invensi)
Penciptaan konsep atau teknologi baru terjadi secara
kebetulan atau dengan “trial error” untuk memenuhi suatu
objektif
• Inovasi
Penciptaan produks,jasa dan proses merupakan sesuatu
yang baru bagi organisasi (tahap introduksi dalam pasar)
Proses yang meliputi integrasi teknologi dengan penemuan
untuk menciptakan produks, jasa sistem atau proses yang
baru atau termodifikasi

Keterkaitan Antara Science dan Teknologi
• Science berkaitan dengan pemahaman hukum
alam yang menjadi tumpuan pengetahuan dasar
• Science bersifat netral
• Sebelum abad XIX, science dan technology tumbuh
secara terpisah, sekarang saling “interseksi”
• Science = scientific discovery, technology = inovasi
teknologi
• Pasar terkadang mengabaikan/membeli inovasi

• Inovasi Teknologi:
The initiation of the technical idea, the acquisitionof the
necessary knowledge, its transformation into usable
hardware or procedure and its introduction into society and
its diffusion and adoption to the point where its impact is
significant
Event
Scientifique
Jarang
Proses
Idea komersialisasi
Orientasi ke
pasar
Invention Inovasi

Invensi
Inovasi
Penemuan
Iptek
Mungkin tidak dikembangkan untuk dipasarkan
Pasar
Adaptasi
Invensi
Tidak
Memiliki
Nilai
Komersiel
Adopsi/Abaikan Inovasi
Siklus Inovasi

55
Macam Inovasi
Inovasi bisa mempengaruhi kepada produk, proses, jasa atau
Sistemnya
Untuk bisa diterima di pasar, inovasi harus memberi kontribusi
pada penciptaan nilai (value creation)
• Inovasi Radical Inovation
Terobosan baru yang berbasis invensi, menciptakan industri baru
• Incremental/Evolutionary Inovation
Proses “continues improvement”, perbaikan sedikit untuk bisa
mempertahankan keberadaanya
• Routine Inovation
Introduksi sesuatu yahng baru bagi perusahaan tetapi hampir sama
dengan apa yang dilakukan dimasa lalu.

56
Creativity dan Inovasi
Innovation = creation of value
Value = satisfaction of a customer need
Creation = mesin inovasi, combining two or more ideas to arrive at an
entirely new one
Creativity = a sense of dissatisfaction with existing practise
Contoh : Inovasi di Jepang
Henri Ford (industri mobil)
Lingkungan konduksif untuk kreatif : kebebasan bekerja, mendukung jejaring,
memperbolehkan resiko, mentolereir kegagalan/cacat, pemberian penghargaan
dan pengakuan.

Creative People dan Inovasi ( Barron, 1969)
• Conceptual fluency
• Kemampuan mengahasilkan banyak idea secara cepat
• Kemampuan menghasilkan ide yang orisinal dan tidak umum
• Kemampuan memisahkan antara sumber dan isi dalam mengevalusi informasi
• Kemampuan mempertahanlam idea dan membedakan dengan ide lain
• Ketertarikan pada problem dalam satu facet
• Ketekunan/kekerasan hati untuk selalu mengikuti problem yang dihadapi
• Mudah menunda judgment dan tidak gampang membuat komitment secara
terburu-buru
• Kemauan untuk menganalisis, dan eksplorasi secara kuat dan konsistent
• Cara padang yang genius terhadap suatu permasalahan kognitif/intelektual

Technology Price Relationship
Technology Gap Time or Diffusion
Price Tech.
Know
ledge
Gap
Own knowledge
Costumer
Knowledge

Leader Vs Follower
• Leader
Perusahaan yang menempati keunggulan pasar/inovasi
• Follower
Perusahaan/organisasi yang ketinggalan dalam kapitalisasi
teknologi dan menyadari dampak teknologi pada bisnis
• Laggard
Perusahaan yang mampu merealisir potensialnya untuk mendapat
kan profitnya, survive-nya tergantung pada adopsi teknologi baru

The Timing Factor
• Waktu yang tepat untuk menciptakan dan meng-introdusir Teknologi
kedalam pasar
• Ketepatan waktu untuk meng-introdusir teknologi inovatif/baru yang
memiliki kinerja yang lebih baik
• Perbaikan produck (continues Improvement) dan kapabilitas produksi
teknologi menjadi penting penting mempertahankan keberadaan
perusahaan
• “ Action must be taken at the right time if an enterprise is to succeed in
a competitive market place”

The Vision to change Strategy
• Disaat teknologi baru mengancam yang lama, lebih baik mengambil
resiko investasi tekmologi yang baru, tugas manajemen adalah menga
lahkan pesaing dan memproteksi diri pada “core” business
• Manajemen harus selalu mengawasi munculnya “emerging” teknologi
yang bisa menjadi pesaing/partner
• Perusahaan tidak perlu melakukan investasi technlogu baru/inovasi,
tetapi perlu menjalankan dan merubah strategi untuk mengakuisisinya
• Bilamana teknologi dikembangkan di perusahaan lain atau tidak
diproteksi sangat sulit mempertahankan posisi
(Kasus Pengembangan PC di IBM)

Managing Change
• Di-era 1970-an (era produksi), manajemen hanya berkonsentrasi
pada perbaikan produkstivitas melalui perbaikan efisiensi operasional
yang memungkinkan menurunkan beaya dan menaikan keuntungan
(Fokus mengelola sumber-2 daya yang ada)
• Pendekatan sekarang, lebih komprehensif, lingkungan berubah
cepat mengelola lingkungan yang dinamis dan turbulent
• Ide-ide baru yang muncul
• Produks baru
• Pengendalian produksi
• Kompetitor yang tumbuh
• Kebutuhan costumer
• Solusi : manajemen menciptakan flexibilitas, responsiveness,
costumer satisfaction/demand driver
•

Productivity,Efectiveness and Competitiveness
• Produktivitas : (to do thing rights)
Ratio output dibagi input, ukuran yang baik dari efisiensi
• Level Perusahaan
• Level Nasional : GDP/Total populasi
• Produktivitas terkait dengan teknologi, kontribusi teknologi 80% pada
output AS.
• Efektivitas :
Kemampuan untuk mencapai goal yang diinginkan,
suatu tingkat sampai sejauh mana organisasi mencapai objektifnya
( Doing the right thing)
• Competitiveness:
Menunjukkan keunggulan posisi suatu perusahaan/negara
dibandingkan kelompoknya yang lain

Kelebihan Versus Kelemahan Leaders
Kelebihan Kelemahan
Pengakuan “citra” :brand image Porsi beaya R&D yang dibelanjakan;
pengujian, testingm prototyping
Posisi pasar : market share lebih baik Leader harus selalu mempertahankan
posisi leader : beaya updating
Kesempatan sebagai trend setter/penentu
standart
Beaya investasi awal untuk design, tooling
Perintis dalam “curve learning process” Ketidak pastian dengan introduksi
teknologi baru
Proteksi dengan menciptakan barier
teknologi
Leader akan selalu dijadikan sorotan dan
target bagi pesaingnya
Profitabilitas yang tinggi, menciptakan
“technology gap”
Mempertahankan loyalitas pelanggan
Dukungan dan sponsorship yang luas

Mempertahankan Posisi Leaders
Poisisi Leader
• Investasi R & D untuk tetap mengembangkan teknologi baru
• Membangun sumber teknologi dan kompetensi baru yang unggul
• Menyebarkan teknologi sambil mencegah pesaingnya masuk dalam pasar
Posisi Follower
• Memiliki kesempatan keunggulan seperti follower ( proses, disain, teknologi)
• Memantau produksi leader dan mengambil kelemahan yang ada di
pesaingnya
• Memiliki biaya investasi R & D yang lebih murah untuk mendapatkan pengem
bangan produks yang diperlukan
Posisi Laggard
• Memiliki kesempatan terkecil dalam berkompetensi untuk memperebutkan
kemampuan teknologi
• Melakukan aliansi strategis yang menaikkan posisi persaingan teknologinya
yang lebih baik.

INNOVATOR IMITATOR-
FOLLOWER
win
Lose
• Pilkinton (Float Glass)
•G.D Searle (NutraSweet)
•Du Pont (Teflon)
• IBM (PC)
• Matsushita
•Seiko (Q uart)
• RC Cola (Diet Cola)
• Bowmar (Calculator)
• EMI (Scanner)
• Xerox (“Start”)
•Du Pont (Teflon)
•DeHavilland (Comet)
• Kodak
(Instant photography)
• Northup (F20)
• DEC (PC))

Peran MOT Untuk Bisnis
• Penciptaan Nilai
Nilai tambag berdasar tanggung jawab sosial (sustainable corporate)
• Kualitas
Hygiene factor : untuk meningkatkan kompetivitas
• Responsibilitas
Mengelola perubahan dan tanggap terhadap perubahan eksternal
• Agility
Produksi yang fleksibel : variasi produks, komunikasi/prosedur
• Inovasi
Peningkatan inovasi untuk bisa kompetitif
• Integrasi
Integrasi asset teknologi untuk mendapatkan keunggulan kompetitif
• Pembentukan team
Membentuk kemampuan bekerja dalam team work/interdisiplinier
• Keterbukaan
Equity dalam distribusi kesejahteraan untuk mengurangi konflik

Definisi Inovasi ( Bordogna, 1997) :
A concurrent, interactive, and nonlinear activity. It includes not
only science, engineering, and technology, but social, political
and economic interactions as weel...... and the public pulicy that
either enables or mutes the whole wealth creation process
Science
Technology
Management
Techology Mngmt
Entrepreneurships
Innovation
: How things are
: How to do things
: How to get things done
: Doing things
: Doing thing to make money
: Doing entreprenuerships

A concurrent, interactive, and
nonlinear activity. It includes not only
science, engineering, and technology,
but social, political and economic
interactions as weel...... and the public
pulicy that either enables or mutes
the whole wealth creation process
69

Technology Life Cycles

71
Technology
performance
parameter
Time
New invention
Period
Technology
Improvement
Period
Mature
Technology
Period
Embryonic Growth Maturity Aging
Physical Limit

Physical Limit A
Technology
performance
parameter
Physical Limit B
A A’
B

73
Technology Live Cycles and market Growth
Market
Volume
Time
A B C D E F
A. Technology development D. Mature technology
B. Application launch E. Technology Substitution
C. Application growth F. Technology obsolescence

74
Product and market live cycle
Market
Volume
Time
A B C D E F
A. Concept Design Prototype D. Mature Stage
B. Product launch E. Substitution Product
C. Product growth F. Product obsolescence

Technology
performance
parameter
Physical Limit
Sub Technology
Live Cycles 1
Sub Technology
Live Cycles 2
Sub Technology
Live Cycles 3
Technology
Live Cycles
Technology can be consisted of several sub technology
(Personal Computer, Automobile)

76
Technological
Discontinuity
(turbulence)
Product
Innovation
Process
Innovation
Dominant
Design
Aging Technology
(discontinuity)
Technology
live cycle
Progress of Technology in relation to product and Process innovation

Technology
performance
parameter
Limit of performance of S1
S1
S2
S1>S2
Technology 1
Technology 2

A Structural Aproach to Corporate
Technology
90

The need for structured thinking about
technology
92
Conducting internal research and Development (R&D) activities
Directly investing in new equipment or people
Divesting or acquiring assets (company)
Licensing to or licensing from another company or organization
Actively patenting in a technical area to attack or defend for the
future
Controlling R&D externally with other research organization or
universities
Utilizing the results of public sector
Engaging in joint venture both for product of production process as
well for the necessary R&D for entering a new area
Re-training and re-directing existing resources and capabilities

The “Assets” Process
93
Asses
Current
Situation
Specify
Technology
Strategy
Select
Technology
portfolio
Secure
Long-Term
Position
Execute
Technology
Investment
Transfer
results for
deployment
Business
environment
Company
Strength
Market
need
Competitive
Position
External
Environment
Plan
Project
Results
Concept
trend
Adjustments
Criteria
Approach
Organizational
Systems
Application Targets
Returns
& Impact
Operational
Assets
1
2
3 4 5
6

1. Asses Current Situation
94
Internal Situation
•Company Goals
•Strategies
•Capabilities
•performance
External Situation
• Business Environment
• Technical Environment
Future Business Environment
Customer
Suppliers
Competitors
Demand for product

2. Specify Technology Strategy
95
Four main strategies
 Customers
 Competitive approach
 Investment
 Organizational culture
 What technologies to develop or buy
 Whether to seek technology leadership
 How to protect property right
 How to capture economic return
?

STRATEGI TEKNOLOGI ANTAR PESAING
POSISI
PESAINGAN
POSISI
PESAINGAN
Industri di fase
Awal pertumbuhan
Industri di fase akhir
pertumbuhan dan
awal kematangan
Bertahan
Bertahan
Inovator Inovator
Inovator
POSISI TEKNOLOGI POSISI TEKNOLOGI
Follower
Follower Aquisisi
Inovator Aquisisi
Follower
Proteksi
Proteksi
Joint
Venture
Rasio
nalisasi
Joint
Venture
Rasio
nalisasi
Rasio
nalisasi
Proteksi ?
Liquidasi

PEMILIHAN STRATEGI -TEKNOLOGI-POTENSI-PASAR
Karekteristik Tipe Akivitas Uraian Rekomendasi
1. Potensi (kuat) + Posisi
Pasar (kuat) + Keung-
gulan Teknologi (kuat)
• Pertahankan posisinya di pasar
• Dukungan pengembangan
• Konsilidasi keungulan teknologi
Stars
Kematian
Cash Cows
Dilema
(2 risk/ pasar
dan teknologi)
2.Potensi (lemah) + Posisi
Pasar (lemah) + Keung-
gulan Teknologi (lemah)
• Tarik posisinya dari pasar, keuali ada
return yang bisa menurunkan biaya dan
tanpa investasi yang berlebihan
3.Potensi (lemah + Posisi
• Tarik semaksimal mungkin likuiditas
dengan investasi yang minimal
• Eksploitasi kompentensi teknologinya dan
aplikasi/tranferst untuk potensi yang paling
berkembang
4.Potensi (kuat) + Posisi
gulan Teknologi (lemah )
• Investasikan semaksimal mungkin untuk
posisi yang terbaik (komersil dan reknologi)
• Tarik aktivitas jika ada potensi lain yang
lebih baik (komersial/teknologinya)

PEMILIHAN STRATEGI -TEKNOLOGI-POTENSI-PASAR (lanjt;)
Karekteristik Tipe Akivitas Uraian Rekomendasi
• Kerjasama untuk mendaptakan profit
dengan pertukaran teknologi yang
dikuasai dan posisi pasar
• Jual kemampuan teknologinya
Dilema
partial
(resiko komersial)
Dilema
partial
(resiko teknologi)
Cash Cows
Kematian
gulan Teknologi ((lemah)
• Kuasai secapat mungki kompotensi teknologi
(exteriur) : lisensi, brevet, akuisisi perusahaan
untuk mzmperoleh keuunggulan komersial
7. Potensi (lemah + Posisi
gulan Teknologi ((lemah)
• Turunkan investasi dan hasilkan likuiditas
semaksimalkan mungkin
• Tingkatkan kompetensi teknologi dan percepat
aktivitas yang menghasilkan
8. Potensi (lemah) + Posisi
Pasar ((lemah) + Keung-
• Tinggalkan sedikit demi sedikit sambil men-
ciptakan likuitditas
• Cari kompetensi teknologi unggulannya dan
eksploitasi semaksimal mungkin : aplikasikan
pada aktivitas lain atau transfer keluar
Sumber : Allouche and Smith (1996) : Le Outils de La Decision Strategiqye

Project Achievement Indicator

Greek Engineering
500-400 BC: Golden Age of Greece ( Art, Philosophy, Science,
Literature, and Government )
440 BC : Pericle Built Temple on the Acropolis
350 BC : Demetrius Produced the Most Fearsome
War Machine ( Belfry Had 9 Stories, 75 Feet
Square at the Base, Stood 150 Feet Tall, Weighed
180 Tons, Pushed by 3400 Soldiers)
270 BC : Ktesibios Designed Water Clock in Alexandria
Aristoteles: Mechanika Is the First Engineering Text
Plato: Natural Law
Archimedes: Archimedes Principle

COMPETITIVENESS
105
Competitiveness is the process by which one entity strives
to outperform another.
Entity : Person
Country
Company
Goals
To Win

To be Competitive
106
Ability
Desire to Win
Commitment
Availability of the resources

Competitiveness of the nations
107
Investment
In Productive Facilities
Standard or quality of living of their citizens
Productivity
S3 & Calon S3
Trade
Guru Besar
High Standard
Of Living

Xerox Experiences
108
Invention : Chester Carlson (Astoria NY).
Adanya pemikiran untuk menggandakan dokumen dengan cepat
dan mudah
Scientific and Technological
progress
Materials & Physical Phenomenon
Electrostatic charging &
Photoconductivity
Invention
Electro photography
XEROGRAHPY
XEROS=Dry
GRAPEIN = Writing or drawing

Xerox Machine Development
109
Idea
Research
Prototype
Commercialization
Improvement
1944
1944
Th 1949, Xerox 914
•Th 1959, Xerox 914
Fully Automatic
•Th1970, Xerox 9200
high speed

COMPETITIVENESS
111
Competitiveness is the process by which one entity strives
to outperform another.
Entity : Person
Country
Company
Goals
To Win

To be Competitive
112
Ability
Desire to Win
Commitment
Availability of the resources

Stage of Technological Innovation
113
1. Basic Research
2. Applied Research
3. Technological Development
4. Technological Implementation
5. Production
6. Marketing
7. Proliferation
8. Technology Enhancement

Process of Technologial Inovation
114
Idea Generation
• Recognition of need
•Alternative ways to meet
the need
• Analysis of alternative
Solution
•Section of best solution
and criteria for selection
•Proposal for
implementation
Concept Definition
Market Analysis
Technical Analysis
Business Plan
Apropval
Development
Test Market
Full Production and
Commercialization
Disposal

Innovation Chain Equation
115
Scientific
Invention
Recognized
Social need
Engineering
Development
Entre-
preunership
Management
Supportive
Environment
+ + + + +
=
Commercially
Successful
Innovation

INNOVATOR IMITATOR-
FOLLOWER
win
Lose
• Pilkinton (Float Glass)
•G.D Searle (NutraSweet)
•Du Pont (Teflon)
• IBM (PC)
• Matsushita
•Seiko (Q uart)
• RC Cola (Diet Cola)
• Bowmar (Calculator)
• EMI (Scanner)
• Xerox (“Start”)
•Du Pont (Teflon)
•DeHavilland (Comet)
• Kodak
(Instant photography)
• Northup (F20)
• DEC (PC))

Perkembangan Teknologi
Teknologi
Teknologi
Teknologi
Teknologi
Goal
Awal
Perbaikan

Transformasi Energi
Sumber Daya
& Energi
Alamaiah
Sumber Daya
& Energi
Mekanik
Sumber Daya
& Energi
Elektrik
Sumber Daya
& Energi
Informatik

119
1980
•Technology
revolution
•Manageme
nt of
Technology
1970
•Control
Theory
•Large-Scale
System
•Total System
Design
•Social
Systems
•Cybermetics
•Behavioral
theory
•Personal
Computers
1960
•Automation
•System
Design
•Teleprocessin
g
•Information
Systems
•Decision
Theory
•Simulation
•Systems’ Eng.
•Optimazation
Theory
1950
•Computeriza-
tion
•Reliability
•Oper.
Research
•Statistical
Analysis
•Network
•Techniques
1940
•Tool Design
•Productivity
•Eng. Economy
•Inventory
Theory
•Human Factors
•Materials
Handling
•Layout
1920
•Production
control
•Queueing
•Wage
Incentive
•Inventory
Models
•Mngt.
Planning
•SQC
1900
•Organizatio
nal
Concepts
•Motion
Study
•Piecework
1880
•Scientific
Management
•Time Studies
•Division of
Labor
•Standardizati
on
•Mass
Production
•Labor Unions
1880
•Slow
Progress in
science and
technology
•Agricultural
society
•The
industrial
Revolution
EVOLUTION OF PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY

1970
•Microprocessor
•Recombinant DNA
•Laser Printer
•MRI Scanner
•Space Shuttle
•Scanning
Tunneling
Microscope
1950-1969
•Sputnik I (USSR)
•NASA
•Integrated Circuit
•Operable Laser
•First Man in Space
•Telstar Satelite
•Keviar
•Fiber Optics
•Apollo XI
1940-1949
•Color TV
•Manhattan
Project
•General Purpose,
Electronic,
Digital Computer
•Supersonic Flight
•Transistor
•Instant Camera
•Jet Airliner
1901-1939
•Air Conditioner
•First Flight
(Wnght Bros.)
•Model T (Ford)
•Liquid-fueled
Rockets
•FM Radio
•Jet Engine
•Xerography
•Helicopter
1830-1900
•Telegraph (Morse)
•Improved plow
(Deere)
•Vulcanized Rubber
•Safety Elevator
(Otis)
•Internal
Combustion Engine
•Telephone (Bell)
•Phonograph
(Edison)
•Radio (Marconi)
1973-1829
•Cotton gin
(Whitney)
•Practical Steamboat
(Fulton)
•Steam powered
locomotive for
passengers and
freight
IMPORTANT TECHNOLOGICAL INNOVATIONS

Evolution of manufacturing systems
Era Concepts/Events Dates Key Figure
Craft
Production
Craft guilds, manual skills
and workmanship
Prior to
1900
Industrial
revolution
Steam Engine
Division of Labor
Interchangeable parts
1769
1776
1780
James Watt
Adam Smith
Eli Whitney
Mass
Production
and scientific
management
Principles of scientific
management
Time and motion studies
Work schedulling, work
incentives
Moving assembly line
Functional, divisional
organisation
Complete vertical
integration
Toyota begin making cars
1911
1911
1912
1913
1920
1930
1935
Frederick Taylor
Frank and Lilian
Gilberth
Henry Gantt
Henry Ford
Alfred Sloan
Henry Ford

Era Concepts/Events Dates Key Figure
Lean
production
systems
Principle of JIT anf Lean
production
1950s Taichi Ohno, Eiji
Toyoda
Global
competion and
flexible
manufacturing
FMS
CAD/CAM
MRP
1965
1965-1970
1975
Molin Ltd (UK)
Mass
custumization
CIM, EDS 1980s-1990s Joshep Orlicky

Dampak Perkembangan Teknologi informasi pada Sistem Produksi
123
Manajemen persediaan
Penjabaran Kebutuhan Bahan
Perhitungan Kebutahan Bahan yang
didasarkan pada struktur produk (BOM, OPC) :
MRP
Perhitungan Kebutahan Bahan yang
didasarkan pada struktur produk (BOM, OPC)
dengan memperhitungan penyesuaian secara
langsung (Closed-loop MRP)
Awal th 1960
th 1960- th 1965
th 1965- th 1970
th 1970- th 1980
Just in Time, Kanban, dan Optimized Production
Technique (OPT)
Perencanaan Kebutuhan Sumber secara terpadu
(MRP II)
Sejak awal 1980

Perkembangan Teknologi
manufakturing
124
FMS
Mekanik
Elektro
mekanik
CNC
CIM

Technology Life Cycles

Technology
performance
parameter
Time
New invention
Period
Technology
Improvement
Period
Mature
Technology
Period
Embryonic Growth Maturity Aging
Physical Limit

Physical Limit A
Technology
performance
parameter
Physical Limit B
A A’
B

Technology Live Cycles and market Growth
Market
Volume
Time
A B C D E F
A. Technology development D. Mature technology
B. Application launch E. Technology Substitution
C. Application growth F. Technology obsolescence

Product and market live cycle
Market
Volume
Time
A B C D E F
A. Concept Design Prototype D. Mature Stage
B. Product launch E. Substitution Product
C. Product growth F. Product obsolescence

Technology Planning
130

Technology Planning Frame Work
• Forecast the technology
• Analyze and forecast the environment
• Analyze and forecast the market/user
• Analyze the organization
• Develop the mission
• Design organizational actions
• Put the plan into the operation

Forecasting Technology
Future
Present
Time

Technology
performance
parameter
Limit of performance of S1
S1
S2
S1>S2
Technology 1
Technology 2

137
1200 BC : Central Indirect Housing Heating in Beycesultan,
Turkey
312 BC : Appian Way( Roma - Capera) First Major Surfaced Roa
in Europe
40 AD : Claudius Built a Tunnel to Drain Lake Fucius for
Irrigation
100 AD : Alexandria Produced Engineering Manuscripts Entitled:
Mechanics, Pneumatics, Siegecraft, Automation-making,
The Surveyor’s Transit, and Measurement and Mirrors
97-104 AD : Frontinus Built Roman Aqueduct
Roman Engineering

Oriental Engineering
1. China
• Great Wall
400 BC : Invented Escapement Mechanisms for Clock
105 AD : Paper Was Made in China
1200 AD : Magnetic Needle Was Made
2. India
• Ironwork
• Jundishapur Was World Science Capital
• 700 AD: Indian System of Numbers Was Informed to
Western Civilization

European Engineering
1286 : Eyeglasses Invented in Europe
14 Century : Cannon Was Invented in Germany
15 Century : Renaissance
1474 : Republic of Venice Developed the First Formal
Patent Law
1483 : Leonardo Da Vinci Was One the Great Geniuses
Moved to Milan
1514 : Michelangelo Was Selected in Completing St
Peter’s Cathedral`
1594 : Galileo Was Issued a Patent on a Device for Lifting
Water

140
Oriental Engineering
1. China
• Great Wall
400 BC : Invented Escapement Mechanisms for Clock
105 AD : Paper Was Made in China
1200 AD : Magnetic Needle Was Made
2. India
• Ironwork
• Jundishapur Was World Science Capital
• 700 AD: Indian System of Numbers Was Informed to
Western Civilization

Modern Engineering Era
Big Five Engineering Newer Engineering
•Civil
•Mechanical
•Electrical
•Industrial Engineering
•Nuclear
•Computer
•Bioengineering
•Chemical
•Environmenta
•Etc.

Big 5 Disciplines
• Military Engineering
• Civil Engineering
• Mechanical Engineering
Mathematics + Physics Mechanical Principle Steam Engine
• Electrical Engineering
Mathematics + Physics Electrical Science
Telegraph: Samuel Morse
Carbon filament lamp: Thomas Edison
• Chemical Engineering
Mathematics + Physics + Chemistry Synthetic Material
• Industrial Engineering

The need for structured thinking about
technology
144
Conducting internal research and Development (R&D) activities
Directly investing in new equipment or people
Divesting or acquiring assets (company)
Licensing to or licensing from another company or organization
Actively patenting in a technical area to attack or defend for the future
Controlling R&D externally with other research organization or universities
Utilizing the results of public sector
Engaging in joint venture both for product of production process as well for
the necessary R&D for entering a new area
Re-training and re-directing existing resources and capabilities

Performance Criteria
Biaya Inventori Total ( Ot)
Ot = Ob + Op + Os
Ot = biaya inventori total
Ob = biaya pembelian
Op = biaya pemesanan
Os = biaya penyimpanan

The “Assets” Process
Asses
Current
Situation
Specify
Technology
Strategy
Select
Technology
portfolio
Secure
Long-Term
Position
Execute
Technology
Investment
Transfer
results for
deployment
Business
environment
Company
Strength
Market
need
Competitive
Position
External
Environment
Plan
Project
Results
Concept
trend
Adjustments
Criteria
Approach
Organizational
Systems
Application Targets
Returns
& Impact
Operational
Assets
1
2
3 4 5
6

147
Internal Situation
•Company Goals
•Strategies
•Capabilities
•performance
External Situation
Customer
Suppliers
Competitors
Demand for product

148
 Customers
 Investment
 How to capture economic return ?

Market Competence : What value to offer to customer
“product differentiation”, “low Cost producer”
Market Scope : Which market boundaries to target
“ Larges market shares”, “Specialized market share”
Market Timing : When to introduce Innovation
“ First Mover”, “Wait to improve ”

3. Select Technology Portfolio
150
Identify suitable candidate :
 Scanning literature
 Observing technical environment
 Monitoring competitor
 Forecast the emergence technology
 Monitoring supplier
Criteria : Payback-cost benefit ratio, marker or spin-off potential,
Business sector priority, etc

4. Execute Technology investment
151
 Organizing the work team
 Staffing the work activities
 Directing and leading the effort
 Controlling the activities to ensure compliance
with plan and need
Project management

152
with plan and need
Project management

5. Transfer Results for Deployment
153
 Prototype development
 Scale up
 Production-purchase
 Distribution or installation

6. Secure Long Term Position
154
Monitoring

Methods of Acquisition and
Exploitation of Technology
155
 Using internal R &D
 Participating in a joint venture
 Contracting out for R&D
 Licensing in technology
 Buying the technology

Internal Situation
•Company Goals
•Strategies
•Capabilities
•performance
External Situation
Customer
Suppliers
Competitors
Demand for product

158
 Customers
 Investment
 How to capture economic return
?

Market Competence : What value to offer to customer
“product differentiation”, “low Cost producer”
Market Scope : Which market boundaries to target
“ Larges market shares”, “Specialized market share”
Market Timing : When to introduce Innovation
“ First Mover”, “Wait to improve ”

3. Select Technology Portfolio
161
Identify suitable candidate :
 Scanning literature
 Observing technical environment
 Monitoring competitor
 Forecast the emergence technology
 Monitoring supplier
Criteria : Payback-cost benefit ratio, marker or spin-off potential,
Business sector priority, etc

162
with plan and need
Project management

5. Transfer Results for Deployment
163
 Prototype development
 Scale up
 Production-purchase
 Distribution or installation

6. Secure Long Term Position
164
Monitoring

Methods of Acquisition and
Exploitation of Technology
165
 Using internal R &D
 Participating in a joint venture
 Contracting out for R&D
 Licensing in technology
 Buying the technology

Acquisition
method
Company’s
relative
standing
Urgency
of
acquisitio
n
Commitmen
t/investment
involve
Technology
life cycle
position
Categories of
technology
R&D High Lowest Highest Earliest Most
distinctive
Joint
venture
Lower Early Distinctive or
basic
Contracted
out R&D
Low Early Distinctive or
basic
License High Lowest Later Basic
Buying Low High No
commitment
All stages Basic

•Bidang kajian interdisipliner yang mengintegrasikan Iptek dan
•Pendekatan interdisipliner yang berkaitan dengan perencanaan,
pengembangan dan implementasi kemampuan teknologi untuk mencapai objektif
operasiona/strategis organisasi (level--mikro)
•Bidang pengetahuan yang berkaitan dengan penetapan dan implementasi kebijakan
pengembangan teknologi dan penggunaannya, dampak teknologi terhadap masyarakat,
organisasi, individu dan alam dengan tujuan untuk mensimulasikan inovasi, penciptaan
pertumbuhan ekonomi dan menjaga teknologi untuk kesejahteraan umat manusia (level-makro)
•Manfaat MOT:
* Bagaimana teknologi diciptakan
* Bagaimana eksploitasinya untuk menciptakan bisnis
* Bagaimana integrasinya strategi tek vs bisnis
* Bagaimana penggunaannya : kompetivitas advantage
* Bagaimana bisa menciptakan fleksibilitas sistem/manft.
* Bagaimana menstrukturkan organisasinya
* Kapan dan bilamana menerapakan/memutuskannya

Technology Creation trough R&D
168
 Basic Research
 Applied Research
 Development
 Technology enhancement

Technology Hierarchy
Research
Embryonic or emerging technology
New generation of technology
New application of technology
Product and process improvement
Technology transfer
Maintenance
Embryonic
Growth
Maturity

Discovery &
Understanding Invention
Functional
Application
Prototype
Manufacturing
Prototype
Volume
Production
of Product
Scientific
Feasibility
Technical
Feasibility
Prototype
Engineering
Prototype
Pilot
Production
Process
Basic Research
Applied Research
Developmental Research
Non Proprietary
With Patent Proprietary
Technology
Engineering
Science
Linear Process for Radical Inovation

Technology Transfer
171

Technology transfer
172
Technology transfer is a process that permits the flow
technology from a source to a receiver
Source Receiver

Source of Technology
International Technology Transfer
Regional Technology Transfer
Regional Technology Transfer
Cross Industry or cross sector Technology Transfer
Inter-firm Technology Transfer
Intra-firm Technology Transfer

Channel of Technology Flows
174
General Channel : educating, training, publication, etc
Reverse Engineering Channel :
Planned Channel :
a. Licensing
b. Franchise
c. Joint venture
d. Turkey Project
e. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
f. Technical Consortium and Joint Venture of R& D

Penciptaan
dan pengu-
saan teknologi
Teknologi Konversi
Produksi
Kebutuhan Pasar
Pelanggan
Kebutuhan Sosial
Standar hidup, isu sosial
lingkungan
FOKUS PENGEMBANGAN TEKNOLOGI
MESIN PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI

•Bidang kajian interdisipliner yang mengintegrasikan Iptek dan
•Pendekatan interdisipliner yang berkaitan dengan perencanaan,
pengembangan dan implementasi kemampuan teknologi untuk mencapai objektif
operasiona/strategis organisasi (level--mikro)
•Bidang pengetahuan yang berkaitan dengan penetapan dan implementasi kebijakan
pengembangan teknologi dan penggunaannya, dampak teknologi terhadap masyarakat,
organisasi, individu dan alam dengan tujuan untuk mensimulasikan inovasi, penciptaan
pertumbuhan ekonomi dan menjaga teknologi untuk kesejahteraan umat manusia (level-makro)
•Manfaat MOT:
* Bagaimana teknologi diciptakan
* Bagaimana eksploitasinya untuk menciptakan bisnis
* Bagaimana integrasinya strategi tek vs bisnis
* Bagaimana penggunaannya : kompetivitas advantage
* Bagaimana bisa menciptakan fleksibilitas sistem/manft.
* Bagaimana menstrukturkan organisasinya
* Kapan dan bilamana menerapakan/memutuskannya

Proses Inovasi Teknologi
• Serangkait aktivitas kompleks untuk melakukan
transformasi ide/iptek menjadi realitas fisik dan
aplikasi nyata
• Proses transformai dari pengetahuan menjadi produk
dan jasa yang memiliki dampak sosial ekonomis
Tahapan Proses Inovasi Teknologi
1. Riset Dasar (baasic Research)
• Pemahaman fenomena alam, hukum alam
• Output pengetahuan bukan terapan
2 . Riset Terapan (Applied Research)
• Riset unruk “problem solving”
• Memperkokoh sistimatis teori lebih kokoh
• Pengembangan teknologi dan implementasinya
3. Pengembangan Teknologi (Techology Dev.)
• Aktivitas mengubah pength/ide menjadi tool (
(sofware, hard ware), produks dan jasa
• Feassibiity Study, pengujian konsep/rancang
bangun, pembangunan dan uji prototye

4. Implementasi Teknologi
• Pengenalan produks di pasar
• Penjajagan dan pengukuran komersialisasi produks
5 Produksi
• Konversi konsep disain,ide menjadi produk/jasa :
manufacturing, control prod., logistik dan distribusi
6.Pemasaran/Marketing
• Memastikan konsumen menjadi user teknologi:
evaluasi pasar, distribusi, promosi dan monitoring
7. Proliferasi
• Strategi penguasaan pasar, jangkauan dan dominasi
• Tergantung teknologi dan cara strategi pemasaran
8. Peningkatan Kapasitas Teknologi
• Maintenance kemutakhiran teknologi sebagai faktor
keunggulan kompetitif: kualitas, biaya, kostumisasi

A concurrent, interactive, and
nonlinear activity. It includes not only
science, engineering, and technology,
but social, political and economic
interactions as weel...... and the public
pulicy that either enables or mutes
the whole wealth creation process
Science
Technology
Management
Techology Mngmt
Entrepreneurships
Innovation
: How things are
: How to do things
: How to get things done
: Doing things
: Doing thing to make money
: Doing entreprenuerships
180

DAUR HIDUP (LIFE CYCLES) TEKNOLOGI
KURVA -S KEMAJUAN TEKNOLOGI:
Suatu pola peningkatan performance dari teknologi mengikuti kurva S :
• performance (sumbu Y) : kepadatan; kecepatan, (atribut teknologi)
• waktu (sumbu X) :
Parameter
Performance
Teknologi
W a k t u
Periode
Penemuan
Baru
Periode Perbaikann
Teknologi
Periode
Pendewasaan
Teknoogi
Keterbatasan Fisis
Periode
Obselet
Embrio Pertumbuhann Kedewasaan Kema-
tian
Kata kunci :
When a technology reaches its natural limits it becomes a mature technology
vulnerable to subtitutions or obselescence.

Beberapa Nilai z
Tingkat Keyakinan
diinginkan (%)
Nilai z
90.11 1.65
95.00 1.96
95.45 2.00
99.11 2.58
99.73 3.00

Rumus-rumus Studi Waktu
Faktor Kelonggaran = Waktu tidak bekerja
Waktu total
Rata2 Waktu Elemen =  Waktu Elemen
Jumlah Siklus

TABEL KAREKTERISTIK SETIAP PERUBAHAN PHASE
Faktor Phase
Emergence
Phase
Pertumbuhan
Phase
Dewasa
Kompetisi kinerja fungsional
produks
variasi
pertumbuhan prod.
reduksi biaya prod.
Inovasi informasi kebutuhan
pelanggan
kesempatan yang
berkembang dari
"know-how" internal
tekanan biaya dan
perbaikan kualitas
produksi
Tipe Inovasi
dominant
perubahan cepat
dan sering produks.
perubahan cepat
dan sering proses,
volume bertambah
perubahan bertahap
(proses/produk),
produktiv. dan kualitas
Jalur produksi tersebar disain produks
belum stabil
majoritas produks
standart
Proses produksi fleksibel dan tidak
efisien, perubahan
sering terjadi
lebih rigid dengan
perubahan pada
material
efisien, padat modal,
rigid, ongkos
perubahan mahal
Spesialisasi
proses produksi
pekerja fleksibel, otomatisasi sub
kelompok kerja
spesialist, otomatis
dengan pemantauan,
kontrol tugas
Material inputs tidak spesifik spesifik sangat spesifik: bila
tidak tersedia
integrasi vertikal
Pabrikasi skala kecil, situasi
mirip dengan pilot
plant
mixte skala besar sangat
spesifik untuk
produks tertentu
Tipe
pengendalian
informal kerjasama,
berdasar kelompok
kerja dan proyek
terstruktur,
hierarkhis, objektif
dan berdasar aturan

TERIMA KASIH
ATAS PERHATIANNYA

Knowledge and Innovation

Audit Teknologi

Identifikasi Kebutuhan Teknologi
(Disalin dari MOT-ITB)
• Komponen Teknologi dan Tingkat Sophistikasi
• Penilaian dan Audit Teknologi : Model Audit Teknologi
• Identifikasi Kebutuhan Teknologi (Langkah)
• Infrastrukur Teknologi dan Iklim Teknologi

KOMPONEN-KOMPONEN TEKNOLOGI

Opportunity
Threat
Strength
Weakness
(Strategi Bertahan)
Kwadran I
Kwadran II
Kwadran II
Kwadran IV
(Progresif)
(Diversifikasi
Strategi)
(Ubah Strategi

• Pendekatan Kuantitatif SWOT
1. Penyusunan kriteria pada kolom 1 pada ke 2 faktor
2. Pemberian bobot masing-masing kriteria pada kolom ke 2
3. Pada kolom 3 melakukan rating terhadap kriteria terhadap
pengaruhnya pada organisasi
4. Mengisi pada kolom ke 4 perkalian bobot dan rating
5. Penjumlahan total skor untuk masing-masing faktor
internal dan eksternal
6. Meletakan nilai koordinat pada kwadran yang tepat untuk
mendapatkan strategi yang tepat

• Posisi Kwadran I
Organisasi kuat dan berpeluang, melakukan ekspansi, memper-
Besar pertumbuhan (progresif agresif)
• Posisi Kwadran II
Organisasi kuat dengan tantangan besar, rubah strategi yang
Kreatif tidak mengacu pada sebelumnya (diversifikasi strategi)
Turn-around strategy.
• Posisi Kwadran III
Organisasi lemah tetapi sangat berpeluang, ubah strategi yang
Baru karena strategi lama sulit memperbaiki kinerja
• Posisi Kwadran IV
Organisasi lemah menghadapi tantagan besar, strategi bertahan
Mengendalikan kinerja internal supaya tidak semakin terperosok
(Strategi Bertahan)

Uraian Faktor Internal Eksternal Bobot Rating Skor
1.Kekuatan (strength)
 SOP yang berlaku
 Pekerja yang terlatih
 Kemitraan yang baik
 Harga Yang bersaing
2. Kelemahan
 Ketersediaan bahan (fluktuatif)
 Peralatan kurang baik
 Fungsi dan fasiltas R&D terbatas
 Penganan Bahan belum optimal
0.186
0.283
0.283
0.248
0.315
0.159
0.209
0.317
3
4
4
3
1
1
1
2
0.559
1.131
1.131
0.748
0.315
0.159
0.209
0.638
Total Skore Kekuatan- Kelemahan 2.249

Uraian Faktor Peluang- Ancaman Bobot Rating Skor
1.Peluang(Oppurtunity)
 Jumlah populasi yang besar
 Peningkatan konsumsi
 Peningkatan tingkat pendidikan
 Peningkatan pola hidup
2. Ancaman
 Gangguan keamanan
 Daya tawar pesaing
 Daya tawar pekerja
 Keberadaan usaha sejenis/lain
0.239
0.158
0.363
0.240
0.240
0.210
0.183
0.360
3
3
4
4
2
1
1
2
0.718
0.476
1.452
0.960
0.280
0.210
0.183
0.720
Total Skore Kekuatan- Kelemahan 1,99

O
T
S
W
(2,249, 1,997)
o
Posisi Perusahaan

Competitive Intelligence a national
priority for all the Nations
Political will of the decision makers
Information  idea  action  R&D  money
Henri Jean-Marie Dou
henri.dou@wanadoo.fr
http://www.imcsline.com
Jakarta, February 2, 2006

Extract from the Straits Times (Singapore), Friday, January 27th 2006
From Davos, Switzerland
“Harvard University president Lawrence Summers described as one
of the most important moments of history:
Asia’s new economic might.
What is happening in India and China … the integration of the fourth–fifths
of the world where people are poor with the one-fifth of the world where
the people are rich, has the potential to be one of three most important
economic events in the last millennium, alongside the Renaissance and
the industrial revolution”.
Indonesia should participate to the growing might of Asia

Competitive Intelligence leads you to the Knowledge
Era
Globalization
Competition
Imaterial Capital
Tacit Knowledge
Internal and external
developments
…..
A fundamental program for Indonesia

Competitive
Intelligence
Developing Countries
Developed Countries
World of Knowledge
Immaterial
Intellectual Capital
Rupture innovation
Increase the benefit of
their natural ressources.
Create more added value
products. Benefit from
foreign direct investments
FDI.
Education
Growing awareness in CI
National priority
National « think tanks »

The cycle of Intelligence
1 - Collect
2 - Management
3 - Analyze
4 - Understand
Strategic information
products
Information system
Formal and Informal
Sources
Data bases,
Intranets.. Automatic or
Manually, software
Experts
SWOT
Vision - Strategy - Questions
CEO

The example of South Korea
In 1962 the GNP of South Korea was of 87 US$ per capita
In 1997 it was of 10550 US$, the growth rate during this
period being established in the average of 8%
A change in technologies and products:
1960: wigs, toys, reinforcing plate, clothing
1970: ships, steel, electronics
1980: video tape recorders, electronic communication systems
automobile industrial facilities.
1990: television high definition, multi-media, communication systems
cellular,
1962: export 42 million dollars
1999: export 143 billion dollars

South Korea
These objectives were achieved by the development of a global system
of information, by the strategic technological choices,
by the creative imitation, the organization of the technology transfer
by scientific and technical education, a better knowledge
of the external markets, by the improvement of quality,
Thus
implementing the guiding principles
competitive Intelligence

Export A
IC
Immaterial Capital (IC)
of the Nation
(Tacit, Intangible Knowledge)
Import B
IC decrease IC remains egal IC increase
We aim to
Increase IC
Need to equilibrate the
Trade balance
Capital Immaterial
Competitive Intelligence for developing countries
Strategic vision (added value, FDI)
For Indonesia, this is the valorization of the natural resources (strong
added value products) which will ensure a long term revenue to create
a National Intellectual Capital.

Example of solution
One product among hundreds
from the Coconut

Technology Watch and Innovation,
creation of added value products
The state of the art in Coconut R&D
Concept, Methods, Tools
Concept, what to do with Coconuts ?
Method, extensive use of technological information
Tools, software, patent analysis
Cretaing kwowledge require human skills and Work flow technology
Political will of the decision makers
Information  idea  action  R&D  money

MOT-ok.pptx

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