oil reservoir managment

1. ‫مخازن‬ ‫از‬ ‫صیانت‬ ‫و‬ ‫مدیریت‬
(
‫دوم‬ ‫جلسه‬
)
‫مدرس‬
:
‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬

2. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
(1
‫های‬‫روش‬
‫شیمیایی‬
‫ازدیاد‬
‫برداشت‬
‫در‬
‫فاز‬
‫تولید‬
‫مخزن‬
(2
‫های‬‫روش‬
‫حرارتی‬
‫ازدیاد‬
‫برداشت‬
‫در‬
‫فاز‬
‫تولید‬
‫مخزن‬
(3
‫های‬‫روش‬
‫تزریق‬
‫گاز‬
(
‫حفظ‬
‫فشار‬
‫و‬
‫ازدیاد‬
‫برداشت‬
)
‫در‬
‫فاز‬
‫تولید‬
‫مخزن‬
(4
‫تطابق‬
‫تاریخچه‬
‫در‬
‫بحث‬
‫مدیریت‬
‫مخزن‬
(5
‫عدم‬
‫قطعیت‬
‫و‬
‫ارزیابی‬
‫ریسک‬
‫در‬
‫مدیریت‬
‫مخزن‬
(6
‫مدلسازی‬
‫مخزن‬
‫با‬
‫استفاده‬
‫از‬
‫یک‬
‫افزار‬‫نرم‬
‫مهندسی‬
‫نفت‬
(7
‫توصیف‬
‫خواص‬
‫سنگ‬
‫و‬
‫سیال‬
‫مخزن‬
‫با‬
‫استفاده‬
‫از‬
‫های‬‫داده‬
‫آزمایشگاهی‬
(8
‫های‬‫ارزیابی‬
‫اقتصادی‬
‫مدیریت‬
‫مخزن‬
(9
‫های‬‫روش‬
‫بهبود‬
‫تولید‬
‫در‬
‫فاز‬
‫تولید‬
‫مخزن‬
(10
‫های‬‫تکنیک‬
‫نگاری‬‫لرزه‬
‫در‬
‫فاز‬
‫اکتشاف‬
‫مخزن‬
(11
‫های‬‫ارزیابی‬
‫محیط‬
‫زیستی‬
‫در‬
‫فاز‬
‫توسعه‬
‫مخزن‬
(12
‫های‬‫روش‬
‫آوری‬‫جمع‬
‫و‬
‫تحلیل‬
‫های‬‫داده‬
‫مخزنی‬
(13
‫خطرات‬
‫و‬
‫ایمنی‬
‫در‬
‫مناطق‬
‫عملیاتی‬
‫در‬
‫فاز‬
‫توسعه‬
‫مخزن‬
(14
‫فرآیند‬
‫نظارت‬
‫و‬
‫پایش‬
‫در‬
‫مدیریت‬
‫مخزن‬

3. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
1

4. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
2
➢ The first goal of the exploration phase is to examine the prospectivity
of a petroleum province and rank geological plays and prospects to
decide their priority.
➢ The most fundamental question for a company to pursue exploration
work on a geological prospect is to ascertain the possibility of
hydrocarbons.
➢ Exploration is a risky and costly business.
➢ E&P companies usually work for several years before spudding their
first exploratory well (An exploratory well is drilled to confirm the
presence of oil/gas in a structure).
➢ Their work involves applying geological and geophysical methods to
establish the most favorable location for oil entrapment.

5. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
3
➢ Coring, well logging, and well testing methods permit collecting
additional information about the hydrocarbon bearing formation.
➢ Coring is a direct method to obtain a sample of rock from the
wellbore to perform Routine Core Analysis (RCAL) and Special Core
Analysis (SCAL).
➢ Well-logs provide quantitative estimates of pay thickness and fluid
saturations for the geological formations.
➢ A well-test is conducted to measure the production rate of oil, gas,
and water.
➢ A Choke test is an excellent method to determine the production
potential of a well and optimize its flow rates.

6. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
4
➢ The exploration phase is usually characterized by high geological
uncertainties and capital investments in seismic surveys and
exploratory drilling.
➢ Exploratory areas have high uncertainty about the discovery and
expose investments to many risks, including the risk of dry holes or
uncommercial ventures.
➢ Drilling operations in some exploratory areas may be unsuccessful
due to unexpected drilling conditions such as abnormal pressure and
temperature, causing equipment failures and blowouts.

7. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
5
Green fields: Oil and gas fields that have been discovered but not
yet developed.
Brown fields: Oil and gas fields that have been discovered and
developed (even a minor development)

8. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
6
❖ The next most important questions for an E&P company, having discovered
oil or gas, are about the discovery size and its commercial viability.
❖ Seismic data is undoubtedly beneficial to map the size of the subsurface
structure.
❖ The only way to prove whether this structure or what part contains oil is to
drill delineation appraisal wells.
❖ Extensive analysis of data gathered from drilling, logging, coring, sampling,
and testing reduces uncertainty in the size of the oil or gas reservoir, its
properties, and production rates.
❖ Proper analysis and integration of the static (initial reservoir conditions) and
dynamic (after the start of production) data enable the Field Development
team to build a reservoir model representing the reservoir architecture and
flow behavior.

9. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
7
❖ The model is further validated and tested against the information acquired
from new well drilling and by matching the production history at the well
and reservoir level.
❖ It serves as an essential tool to make production forecast and evaluate
possible development options.
❖ Delineation phase is characterized by high uncertainty and capital
investment, significantly reduced by the successful drilling of delineation
wells, data acquisition, and testing.
❖ By the end of this phase, the Field Development team is comfortable with a
reasonable assessment of hydrocarbons’ volume, production potential, and
commerciality.
❖ The new reservoir model helps design a conceptual development plan
(CDP) that includes a thorough analysis of various development options.

10. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
8
❑ The development phase starts after the appraisal phase is over and before
the onset of the production phase.
❑ Low-risk wells generate enormous subsurface and production data that
validate the reservoir model configuration and provide assurance for
performance forecasting.
❑ The development team is now more confident of its in-place estimates and
reserves calculations.
❑ It can now design an evidence-based Field Development Plan (FDP) with
long-term production forecasts to support the business strategy and goal.

11. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
9
❑ This phase is characterized by high capital investment in drilling
development wells and the simultaneous construction of surface facilities.
❑ This phase aims at building a subsurface and surface production capacity
that can deliver the plateau rate of oil/gas production without interruption as
the field transits from the development to the production phase.
❑ Depending on the field’s size and resources at the company’s disposal, the
development phase can last 5 to 7 years, or even longer.

12. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
10
1. Objectives of the FDP
2. Review of the CDP
▪ Status of existing locations
▪ Reservoir performance analysis
▪ Need for modification in the CDP or its extension
3. New data, its quality, relevance, and impact on the development planning
4. Possible development options and their evaluation based on the business
objectives
5. The recommended option for reservoir development
▪ New performance forecast, recovery factor, and reserves
▪ Type, location, number, and scheduling of wells
▪ Long-term oil, gas, and water production forecasts

13. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
‫حداقل‬ ‫وجود‬
5
‫کانی‬ ‫درصد‬
‫سنگ‬ ‫در‬ ‫رسی‬
‫ترکیبات‬ ‫وجود‬
‫نفت‬ ‫در‬ ‫قطبی‬
‫وجود‬
‫دو‬ ‫های‬‫یون‬
‫ظرفیتی‬
‫محیط‬ ‫در‬
11
6. Production handling and injection facility
▪ Project goals and background relevant to understanding the design
▪ Underlying assumptions about the need and schedule, design criteria, and
considerations (such as capacity, energy consumption, Health, Safety and
Environment (HSE) standards/regulations, sustainability, etc.)
▪ Location of the facility/facilities
▪ Limiting conditions for system operations
▪ Schedule and budget limitations
7. Need and timing for artificial lift methods
8. Effluent Water Disposal (EWD) and management plans
9. Cost of the total plan
10. Data gaps, uncertainties, and risks
11. HSE issues and concerns
12. Human resources requirement

14. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
‫حداقل‬ ‫وجود‬
5
‫کانی‬ ‫درصد‬
‫سنگ‬ ‫در‬ ‫رسی‬
‫ترکیبات‬ ‫وجود‬
‫نفت‬ ‫در‬ ‫قطبی‬
‫وجود‬
‫دو‬ ‫های‬‫یون‬
‫ظرفیتی‬
‫محیط‬ ‫در‬
‫نفت‬ ‫شرایط‬
‫خنثی‬ ‫یا‬ ‫دوستی‬
‫مخزن‬ ‫سنگ‬
12
o The production phase marks the first commercial production of oil and gas
from the subsurface via production wells drilled and connected to the
production facility for processing.
o It also marks a turning point in an oil/gas field’s lifecycle when the
investment curve shifts from expenditure to earnings.
o Depending on the field’s size, it can last for 10 to 50 years.
o Low capital expenditure (CAPEX), high operating expenditure (OPEX),
and high cash flow are the characteristic features of the production phase, as
most revenue is generated in this phase.
o It usually manifests three distinct periods identified as:
▪ Buildup
▪ Plateau
▪ Decline

15. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
13

16. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
14
During the buildup period:
❖ Oil/gas wells come online, and production builds up progressively.
❖ The production buildup depends on the availability and allocation of
resources such as drilling rigs and manpower.
❖ The higher the resources, the shorter the buildup period, and vice versa.

17. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
‫حداقل‬ ‫وجود‬
5
‫کانی‬ ‫درصد‬
‫سنگ‬ ‫در‬ ‫رسی‬
‫ترکیبات‬ ‫وجود‬
‫نفت‬ ‫در‬ ‫قطبی‬
‫وجود‬
‫دو‬ ‫های‬‫یون‬
‫ظرفیتی‬
‫محیط‬ ‫در‬
15
❖ The plateau period is characterized by a constant rate of production from the
reservoir.
❖ Production rate is controlled by well-productivity, well-life, infill drilling,
well-stimulation, and well intervention/maintenance activities.

18. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
16
❖ A continuous decline in oil rate after the plateau period indicates either the
loss of reservoir energy or the waning production potential of oil/gas wells
❖ Monitoring the performance of individual wells is, therefore, the key to
maintain production from a reservoir (measuring oil, gas, water production
rates of individual wells, bottom-hole pressures, gas oil ratio (GOR), and
water cuts)

19. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
17
❖ Abandonment is the terminal phase in the lifetime of an oilfield
characterized by an economic limit.
❖ The economic limit is described by the low production rate when it is no
longer economical to continue production because operating costs are
higher than the net revenue.
❖ The term “abandonment” is equally applicable in the context of production,
injection, and disposal wells.

20. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
18
❖ Decommissioning is a broader and more inclusive term
than abandonment.
❖ It includes the plugging and abandonment (P&A)
activities of wells besides dismantling of surface
facilities to restore the oilfield area to its original state.
❖ The process requires removing the tubing from the
well and plugging of hydrocarbon-bearing sections of
the well with cement to prevent any potential
leak/communication with the aquifers.
❖ All surface equipment is removed, and the casing pipe
is cut below the surface before relinquishing the field.
❖ A sturdy steel cap is then welded on top of the well.

21. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
19
➢ Decommissioning onshore and offshore facilities involve dismantling and
recycling/reusing the equipment and material in other locations after or
without refurbishment.
➢ The onshore decommissioning process is relatively straightforward and
cheaper than offshore.
➢ The decommissioning of offshore fields includes topsides and substructure.
➢ The substructure may be wholly or partially removed as obligatory under
the law/contract.
➢ Subsea pipelines or power cables can remain in place unless they interfere
with marine or fishing operations.

22. ‫شکیبا‬ ‫محمود‬ ‫دکتر‬
‫مشهد‬ ‫فردوسی‬ ‫دانشگاه‬
20
Modern abandonment operations are quite sophisticated and elaborate. Any
spills, blowouts, leakage, seepage, or interference of hydrocarbons with land
and subsurface aquifers can cause severe damage to air, soil, and the aquatic
environment in the neighborhood. Therefore, operators take no chances and
temporarily abandon a well for various reasons in compliance with regulatory
provisions.
❑ Successful exploratory wells, both onshore or offshore, maybe temporarily
abandoned by placing downhole plugs until production and transportation
facilities are constructed.
❑ Production wells with remaining reserves may also be temporarily plugged.
❑ Low oil prices may force the postponement of secondary recovery or EOR
operations for several years.

23. ‫شما‬ ‫به‬ ‫تقدیم‬