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CRISPR Cas9について
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CRISPR-CAS9の概要と仕組を説明します
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CRISPR Cas9について
1.
CRISPR-CAS9 について
2.
-導入-
3.
CRISPR-CAS9とは・・ ゲノム編集の技術
4.
現在、最も注目を浴びる技術の一つ 次の10年を見据えたときに、 世界が直面する最も大きな問題に人類が 立ち向かうためのテクノロジーだ BILL GATES ビルゲイツ
5.
現在、最も注目を浴びる技術の一つ 私が基礎研究を始めてからの25年で 生まれた生命科学技術の中で、 おそらく最も画期的な技術ではないか 山中 伸弥 やまなか しんや
6.
-概要-
7.
DNA・遺伝子について ➖東京医科歯科大学のホームページ(http://www.tmd.ac.jp/mri/koushimi/shimin/tanaka_k.pdf)より引用
8.
DNA・遺伝子について 4種類の塩基の並び方が 遺伝暗号として、 生物の設計図となる ➖東京医科歯科大学のホームページ(http://www.tmd.ac.jp/mri/koushimi/shimin/tanaka_k.pdf)より引用
9.
遺伝子が発現するまでの過程 ➖東京医科歯科大学のホームページ(http://www.tmd.ac.jp/mri/koushimi/shimin/tanaka_k.pdf)より引用
10.
CRSPR-CAS9ができること 1)ノックアウト 2)ノックイン A TG
C C A G G G TC A A TG C C A G G G TC A A TG C C A G G G TC A A TG A A G C T G TC A A TC G A C GG A C
11.
CRSPR-CAS9の何がすごい? ・狙った箇所をピンポイントで 編集可能 ・とても手軽に実施可能 ■従来の技術の問題点 (放射線・紫外線・化学物質などを使用) ■CRSPR-Cas9の場合 ・狙った箇所の編集が困難 └意図した編集ができるかは確率論 └ガン遺伝子活性化などのリスク ・実施に工数がかかる
12.
CRISPR-CAS9の実用例 ・高い付加価値や新規形質を持つ 品種の産出 └筋肉の発達した鯛、など ・農産物や微生物の生産効率改善 └外部環境への耐性の強い野菜など ■食料・資源生産 ・遺伝病の治療 └HIV、筋ジストロフィーなど ・臓器移植等への応用 └iPS細胞と組み合わせる ・疾患研究 └疾患モデル動物の作成 ■医療分野
13.
-仕組み-
14.
CRSPR-CAS9のしくみとは? 古細菌の 免疫システムを応用!!
15.
細菌・ウイルスとは ・細胞はないが遺伝子情報を持つ ・自力で動けない ・生物の細胞に入り込み、 自分のコピーを作る ・非常に小さい (細菌の1/50程度の大きさ) ■ウイルスとは →生物でない ・細胞を持つ ・自らエネルギーを生産している ・細胞分裂を繰り返すことで 生存/増殖もおこなっている ■細菌とは →生物
16.
細菌がウイルスへの免疫を高めるしくみ 細菌 ウイルス DNA 酵素 ウイルスのDNAが 細菌内に入る 酵素が、DNAを 切り刻む ウイルス撃退専用 の酵素の作成 感染 ウイルスDNAの撃退 免疫形成
17.
「免疫酵素」をズームアップ 細菌 ウイルス DNA 酵素 ウイルスのDNAが 細菌内に入る 酵素が、DNAを 切り刻む ウイルス撃退専用 の酵素の作成 感染 ウイルスDNAの撃退 免疫形成
18.
「免疫酵素」はRNAとCAS酵素で形成 ガイドRNA ⇒対象となるウイルスの 遺伝子配列を発見 ウイルスの DNA配列 CAS9酵素 ⇒遺伝子を切り刻むCRISPR
19.
CRISPR-CAS9による遺伝子編集のメカニズム この部分の遺伝子配列を 変更すれば、 任意の遺伝子を編集できる
20.
〈その他補足情報〉 • 発生前(受精卵の段階)でないと編集ができない • ノックインは、CRISPR-CAS9とに、組み替えたい遺伝子 (細菌由来のものが多い)を細胞内に送り込むことで可能 •
ノックアウトだけで、様々なことが実現できるため、 現在想定されている実用化方法のほとんどがノックアウト • ノックアウトは自然界の突然変異で十分起こりうるため、 リスクも少ないとされている。
21.
-今後-
22.
今後の課題 ■技術的課題 ・誤って意図しない切断をしてしまうリスクがある など ■社会へ適応させる際の諸問題 ・受精卵への実験に関する倫理的問題 ・病気治療と付加価値との線引き ・新技術に対する法整備
Editor's Notes
2011年くらいに世に知らしめられた 近年実用化が進んでいる
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