Science is a systematised body of knowledge that explains certain general truths. Management is the process of getting things done through others effectively and efficiently. Study Material for XII Com

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XII Commerce
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Subtitle
Session 5 : Nature of Management : Science

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Management as Science
What is Science ?
• Science is a systematised body of knowledge that explains certain general truths.
• It is based on logically observed facts and findings.
• It can be acquired through study, observation, experimentation.
Some Basic Features of Science
 Systematised body of knowledge
 Principles based on experimentation
 Universal validity

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Management as Science
1. Systematised Body of Knowledge
• Science is a systematic body of knowledge.
• It means it has its own principles, laws and theories.
• Scientific principles are based on a cause and effect relationship.
• Law of gravity explains the reasons of an apple falling from a tree towards earth.
• Newton's Third Law states for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
• Management has also its own theory and principles that have developed over a period of time.
• These are drawn from various disciplines such as Economics, Sociology, Psychology, Anthropology, etc
• Management has its own vocabulary of terms and concepts which are means of communication.
• Thus Management has a systematised body of knowledge
• Theory of human behaviour explains the nature of people working in the organisation.
• Management by Exception explains the degree of controlling.
• Financial Leverage explains the degree of debt used in total capital.

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Management as Science
Principles based on Experimentation
• Scientific principles are first developed through deep observation.
• Next tested through repeated experimentation under controlled conditions.
• Examples :
1. Law of Gravitation
2. Law of Motion
• The principles of management also have evolved over a period of time.
• There are based on repeated experimentation and observation in different types of organisations and
in different situations.
• Examples :
1. Scientific Principles developed by FW Taylor
2. Administrative Management Principles developed by Henry Fayol

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Management as Science
However there is certain basic difference between two
• In science the result of an experiment can be predicted as replication possible.
• For example :
If you add Na (Sodium) + Cl2 (Chlorine Gas) = NaCl (Sodium Chloride) (Common Salt)
• But in Management result may not be replicated.
• Because it deals with human beings and human behaviour which cannot be predicted.
• Hence management can be called an Inexact Science or Social Science

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Management as Science
Universal validity
• Scientific principles have universal validity and application.
• These can be applied in all situations and in all the times.
• It means the result will be same every time and in everywhere.
• Principles of management can also be applied universal validity.
• But these are not as exact as the principles of science
• So they have to be modified according to a given situation.
Conclusion
Management can be termed as art but cannot be termed as pure science. It is inexact science or
social science.

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