for NURSING RESEARCH

1. TYPES OF RESERCH
1. Basic research
2. Applied research
3. Quantitative
4. Qualitative
5. Historical research
6. Conceptual research
7. Empirical research
8. Operational research
9. Evaluation research
10. Action research
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2. Basic research
• It is a theoretical or pure research in which data are
scientifically collected to advance knowledge or theory on
subject of interest without specific immediate practical use or
application. The goal of basic research is enrich knowledge for
its own shake or for intellectual curiosity.
It tries to find out truth. The findings of basic research may be
useful in scientific invention, developing technologies etc.
Aims to advance knowledge for intellectual pleasure.
Tries to find truth or facts
Seek generalization of study
Tries to say why things happen
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3. Applied research
• It is problem or action oriented research in which data are collected to use in
clinical or administrative field to find solution to the problem, evaluate practices
or strategies. It is carried out find solution to a practical or observed problem that
requires an action or policy decision. It answers questions related to the
applicability of basic theories in practical situation or applies truth/ facts into
practical situation.
Aims for practical application of theories or knowledge.
Tries truth or facts to apply in practical situation
Study directs to individual cases and cannot generalize.
Tries to say how things can be changed.
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4. Different between basic and applied
research
1 Basic research's aims to advance knowledge for
intellectual pleasure but applied research’s for
practical application of theories or knowledge
2 Basic research tries to find truth or facts but
applied Tries truth or facts to apply in practical
situation
3 Basic research Seek generalization of study but
applied research show individual cases and
cannot generalize.
4 basic tries to say why things happen but applied
Tries to say how things can be changed.
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5. Quantitative research
• This types of research based on the
measurement of quantity.
• Quantitative research is a formal, objective
systematic process to describe, test relationship
and examine cause and effect interaction
among variables.
• Quantitative research is pre-determined
question and its series.
• Basically, quantitative research method used in
surveys which, attempt to measure opinion.
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6. Qualitative research
• Qualitative research describe to culture and
behavior of humans and their groups.
• It also expresses commitment to view events,
actions, values etc.
• These types of research need to spend more
time in a community, thereby developing
report and identifying potential sources.
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7. Different between quantitative and qualitative research
1. Quantitative research always clears and familiar
about subject matter but in qualitative research
subject matter is unfamiliar.
2. In quantitative research variable and concepts
are known, but in qualitative always unclear.
3. Quantitative research used for descriptive
analytical propose but qualitative research used
for depth study.
4. In quantitative research define numerical value
but qualitative research defines behavior aspects
of certain group.
5. Quantitative is pre-determined question and
sample based research but qualitative research
never determine any sample.
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8. Historical research
• Historical research deals with what has happened
in past and how these events affects in present.
• Historical research is guideline for the present
and future for new knowledge and invention.
• Historical research used in new research,
literature review and repots.
• Clinical researcher have great quantities of data
such as history of the patients records that can be
used to establish cause effect relationship
between health delivery and the state of patient’s
health.
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9. Advantage of historical research
• Easy to know past event
• Time save for new research (as a literature
review)
• Predict future with past experience
Disadvantage of historical research
• From historical events chances of get wrong
information.
• Using bias information in new research, result
will not be fact.
• Historical data are never complete.
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10. Action research
• Action research is initiated to solve an
immediate problem.
• It produces guidelines for best practice.
• Action research is an interactive inquiry
process that balances problem solving actions.
• There are two types of action
research: participatory action research and
practical action research.
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11. Action research
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12. Action research
Is action research different from applied
research?
• It is different because ACTION research is a
decision oriented research, it response to
immediate needs to improve existing practice
• While, APPLIED/PRACTICAL research is that
seeking new information or new application of
scientific knowledge to the solution of a
problem
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13. Conceptual research
• Conceptual research focuses on the
concept or theory that explains or
describes the phenomenon being
studied.
• What causes disease?
• Conceptual research required using the
brain, not the hands.
• Con…
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14. Conceptual research
• How can we describe the motions of the
planets?
• The conceptual researcher sits at his desk
with pen in hand and tries to solve these
problems by thinking about them.
• He does no experiments but may make
use, since this is the mass of data that he
is trying to make sense.
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15. Empirical Research
• Empirical research is based on observed
and measured.
• Empirical research derives knowledge
from actual experience rather than from
theory or belief.
• Statement about the methodology being
used
• Con…..
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16. Empirical Research
• Research questions to be answered.
• Process used to study this group or
phenomena.
• controls or instruments used such as
tests or surveys.
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17. Empirical vs. conceptual
• Empirical and conceptual are two
different approaches of research.
• While empirical is dependent upon
observation and experimentation, and
produces verifiable results, it is mostly
used in scientific studies.
• On the other hand, conceptual analysis is
a popular method of research in social
sciences, and philosophy and psychology.17

18. evaluation research
• Evaluation research is the systematic
assessment of the worth or merit of
some object.
• Evaluation research is the procedure to
evaluate a programme. (eg., treatment-
drug Therapy, practice-Nursing, policy-
Health policy)
• Evaluation research focuses out the
impact of social, economical, or health
programmers. 18

19. The propose of evaluation research
• To discover whether and how well the
objectives are being fulfilled.
• To determine the research for specific
success or failures.
• To direct the course of experiment with
techniques for increasing effectiveness.
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20. Operation research
• Operations research, or operational research in
British usage, is a discipline that deals with the
application of advanced analytical methods to
help make better decisions.
• The terms management science and decision
science are sometimes used as synonyms.
• Con… 20

21. Operation research
• Operations research arrives at optimal or near-
optimal solutions to complex decision-making
problems.
• Operations research is often concerned with
determining the maximum (of profit,
performance, or yield) or minimum (of loss,
risk, or cost) of some real-world objective.
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22. RESEARCH DESIGNS
1. Descriptive
2. Analytical
3. Experimental
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23. Descriptive research
Descriptive research, also
called statistical research, describes data and
characteristics about the population.
• Descriptive research answers the questions
who, what, where, when, "why" and how.
• The main goal of this type of research is to
describe the data and characteristics about what
is being studied.
• The description is used
for frequencies, averages and other statistical
calculations.
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24. Benefit/advantage of descriptive research
• It is less expensive and time consuming than
quantitative experiments;
• Collects a large amount of data for detailed
studying; As it is used to describe and not
make any conclusions it is easier to start the
research with it; and
• It can identify further area of study
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25. On the basis of Analytical research
Cross-sectional
comparative study
Case control study
Cohort studies
(longitudinal study)
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26. Cross-sectional comparative studies
• Cross-sectional studies are descriptive studies, in which
exposure (जोखिम) status is measured within a given
population.
• In cross-sectional studies, a disease (asthma) and
factors thought to cause or prevent the disease (e.g.,
fruits, vegetables, and pollution) are measured
simultaneously in a group of individuals.
• This type of research can be used to describe
characteristics that exist in a population.
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27. Cross-sectional comparative studies
• Cross-sectional studies provide a "snapshot"
of the relationship between a disease and
possible causes or preventive factors in a
population at a single point in time.
• Study never determine cause-and-effect
relationships between different variables.
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28. Case-control study
• In this type of study, investigation begins from
to compare between two groups; one with
problem (case) and one without problem
(control).
• It tries to find out possible cause or risk factor
of a problem or outcome.
• It looks backward from effect to cause.
• In case control study, we get risk factor is
collected in the same way for cases and
controls.
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30. Cohort studies काउहोट
• A group of people having something in common and
remains the same extended time period is called
cohort.
• It looks forward from cause to effect.
• In this study, risk factors in the two group to determine
whether greater portions of the population of those
with the risk factors are indeed (in real) affected.
• For example: in one community new sources of
drinking water is initiated by drinking water office and
there is also old sources of water. To identify whether,
the new sources of water is safe or not? Researcher
took both group who using new source of water (study
group) and old source of water (control group).
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31. Diagram of cohort study
Exposed to
risk factors
aasProblem
present/problem
absent
Compare
Not exposed
to risk factors
Problem
present/problem
absent
Compare
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32. Experimental research
• Experimental research is which the researcher
manipulates one or more variables, and
controls and measures any change in other
variables.
• Experimental research is what we call a true
experiment.
• When something is manipulated and
controlled and then the outcome happens
(example car start)
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33. Experimental research
• Experimental research is commonly used in
sciences such as sociology and psychology,
physics, chemistry, biology and medicine etc.
• Experiments are conducted to be able to
predict phenomenon.
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34. Experimental research
Experimental studies – Example 1
• An investigator wants to evaluate whether a new technique to
teach math to school students is more effective than the standard
teaching method. Using an experimental design, the investigator
divides the class randomly (by chance) into two groups and calls
them “group A” and “group B.” The random assignment process
results in two groups that should share equal characteristics at the
beginning of the experiment. In group A, the teacher uses a new
teaching method to teach the math lesson. In group B, the teacher
uses a standard teaching method to teach the math lesson. The
investigator compares test scores at the end of the semester to
evaluate the success of the new teaching method compared to the
standard teaching method. At the end of the study, the results
indicated that the students in the new teaching method group
scored higher on their final exam than the students in the standard
teaching group.
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35. Research design
• Research design is the "blue print" of the
study.
• The design of a study defines the study type
(descriptive, correlation, experimental,
review) and sub-type e.g., descriptive, Case
study, research
question, hypotheses, independent and
dependent variables, experimental design,
data collection methods) and analysis plan.
• Research design is the framework that has
been created to seek answers to research
questions. 35

36. Purpose of research design
• Answers the questions being investigated.
• The research design can be made is valid.
• It is a series of guide posts to keep one going
in the right direction.
• It reduces wastage of time and cost.
• It encourages co-ordination and effective
organization.
• It has also to be kept within the manageable
limits.
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