Chapters 1-3: Communications Introduction Communications Outline Purposes of Communications Communications Barriers Network Types Communications Flow: Directions Levels of Communication Influential Communication Forces Dimensions of Business Behavior Causes of Unethical Behavior Diversity Challenges: Barriers to Intercultural Communications Changing Technology Team Environment/Training Purpose of Communications To inform To persuade To entertain Business Communications mostly information and persuasion Communications Barriers Six Barriers: Education Level Job Experience Cultural Differences Customs Courtesies Religion Noise Pollution Mental Distractions People Movement and Interruptions Network Types and Communications Directions TYPES Formal—the Bureaucracy (e.g., the Organizational Chart and Rules/Policies) Informal (e.g., Grapevine) DIRECTIONS Upward (e.g., Employees to Management) Downward (e.g., Management to Employees) Horizontal (e.g., Coordination) Levels of Communications Five Levels: (1) Intrapersonal (within a person) (2) Interpersonal (between people) (3) Group (4) Organizational (5) Public Communications: Influential Forces Five Major Forces: (1) Legal (Federal, State, and Local Laws) (2) Ethical (Code of Conduct) (3) Cultural Diversity (4) Technological Advancements (5) Team Challenges Dimensions of Business Behavior Four Dimensions: (1) Illegal/Unethical (2) Illegal/Ethical (3) Legal/Unethical (4) Legal/Ethical Unethical Causes Seven Major Causes: Overemphasis on Profits Misplaced Company Loyalty Obsession with Personal Advancement Expectations of Not Being Caught Unethical Tone Set by Top Management Uncertainty about Particular Actions Unwillingness to Take a Stand for the Ethical Diversity Challenges: Barriers to Intercultural Communications Six Barriers: (1) Ethnocentrism (2) Stereotypes (3) Interpretation of Time (Chronemics) (4) Personal Space Requirements (Proxemics) (5) Body Language (Kinesics) (6) Translation Requirements Changing Technology Telecommuting (work at home or remote locations) Intranets (within an organization) Extranets (between organizations) Social Media (e.g., Facebook and Twitter) Work Teams/Special Training Work Teams (e.g., Virtual Teams): Decentralized Decision Making Common Purpose Measurable Goals Accountability Synergy Training (1) Problem-Solving (2) Goal Setting (3) Conflict Resolution (4) Personal Awareness Coherence Support details must flow smoothly from one sentence to another within a body paragraph Looks forward (sentences must connect to the following sentences like links in a necklace) Methods of Coherence (the glue that joins ideas): (1) Logical Order (Organizational Pattern) (2) Repetition of Words and Phrases (3) Use of Synonyms (words with a similar meaning) (4) Use of Transition Words, Phrases, or Clauses (5) Use of Parallel Grammatical Structures Examples: (1) In the front of the room .

1. Chapters 1-3: Communications
Introduction
Communications
Outline
Purposes of Communications
Communications Barriers
Network Types
Communications Flow: Directions
Levels of Communication
Influential Communication Forces
Dimensions of Business Behavior
Causes of Unethical Behavior
Diversity Challenges: Barriers to Intercultural Communications
Changing Technology
Team Environment/Training
Purpose of Communications
To inform
To persuade
To entertain
Business Communications mostly information and persuasion

2. Communications Barriers
Six Barriers:
Education Level
Job Experience
Cultural Differences
Customs
Courtesies
Religion
Noise Pollution
Mental Distractions
People Movement and Interruptions
Network Types and Communications Directions
TYPES
Formal—the Bureaucracy (e.g., the Organizational Chart and
Rules/Policies)
Informal (e.g., Grapevine)
DIRECTIONS
Upward (e.g., Employees to Management)
Downward (e.g., Management to Employees)
Horizontal (e.g., Coordination)
Levels of Communications

3. Five Levels:
(1) Intrapersonal (within a person)
(2) Interpersonal (between people)
(3) Group
(4) Organizational
(5) Public
Communications:
Influential Forces
Five Major Forces:
(1) Legal (Federal, State, and Local Laws)
(2) Ethical (Code of Conduct)
(3) Cultural Diversity
(4) Technological Advancements
(5) Team Challenges
Dimensions of Business Behavior
Four Dimensions:
(1) Illegal/Unethical
(2) Illegal/Ethical
(3) Legal/Unethical
(4) Legal/Ethical
Unethical Causes
Seven Major Causes:

4. Overemphasis on Profits
Misplaced Company Loyalty
Obsession with Personal Advancement
Expectations of Not Being Caught
Unethical Tone Set by Top Management
Uncertainty about Particular Actions
Unwillingness to Take a Stand for the Ethical
Diversity Challenges: Barriers to Intercultural Communications
Six Barriers:
(1) Ethnocentrism
(2) Stereotypes
(3) Interpretation of Time (Chronemics)
(4) Personal Space Requirements (Proxemics)
(5) Body Language (Kinesics)
(6) Translation Requirements
Changing Technology
Telecommuting (work at home or remote locations)
Intranets (within an organization)
Extranets (between organizations)
Social Media (e.g., Facebook and Twitter)
Work Teams/Special Training
Work Teams (e.g., Virtual Teams):

5. Decentralized Decision Making
Common Purpose
Measurable Goals
Accountability
Synergy
Training
(1) Problem-Solving
(2) Goal Setting
(3) Conflict Resolution
(4) Personal Awareness
Coherence
Support details must flow smoothly from one sentence to
another within a body paragraph
Looks forward (sentences must connect to the following
sentences like links in a necklace)
Methods of Coherence (the glue that joins ideas):
(1) Logical Order (Organizational Pattern)
(2) Repetition of Words and Phrases
(3) Use of Synonyms (words with a similar meaning)
(4) Use of Transition Words, Phrases, or Clauses
(5) Use of Parallel Grammatical Structures
Examples:
(1) In the front of the room was a white board, and at the rear
an overhead projector hung from the ceiling.
(2) Short-term memory can store about nine items; however,

6. long-term memory expands that storage capacity.
(3) The policemen violated the suspect’s rights by kicking and
punching him at the scene, as well as beating him in jail the
next day.
Coherence Exercise
Provide the correct order for the following sentences
(________________):
(a) In between are several other varieties, including the small
car, the American compact, the standard family sedan, and the
American luxury car. (b) At one extreme is the large limousine.
(c) Cars now come in a bewildering variety of sizes. (d) At the
other extreme is a vest-pocket foreign car that gives the
impression it could be wound up with a key.
Expression: 5Cs of Effective Communication
Effective Communication must be
(1) Clear—understandable
(2) Concise—short sentences
(3) Complete—fully support using solid evidence
(4) Correct—mechanically and grammatically sound
(5) Creative—when using creativity is required (e.g.,
marketing and creative writing)
Expression: Diction

7. Diction refers to “word choice”:
Denotative (dictionary meaning)
Correct words based on context (meaning within a specific
sentence or paragraph)
Connotative (adopted meaning based on common usage)
Synonyms (e.g., big-large)
Antonyms (e.g., big-small)
Homonyms (e.g., scene-seen)
Expression: Syntax
Syntax refers to “word arrangement” within a phrase, clause, or
sentence:
Phrases (i.e., infinitive, prepositional, gerund, and participial)
Clauses (i.e., dependent [subordination] and independent
[coordination])
Sentences (i.e., simple, compound, complex, compound-
complex, and parallel)
Paragraph Organizational Patterns
General-Specific (i.e., deductive reasoning)
Specific-General (i.e., inductive reasoning)
Comparison/Contrast
Process
Classification-Division
Cause-Effect
Exemplification
Time (Chronological)

8. Space (Descriptive)
Definition
Analogy
Climax
Persuasion
Body Paragraph: Example
EARTHQUAKES: DEVASTATING NATURAL DISASTERS
(A) Earthquakes represent nature’s fury. (B) During an
earthquake “the Earth’s surface shakes, which can be violent
enough to kill thousands of people and injure many more.” (6)
(C) Earthquakes are the worst natural storms because they cause
many deaths and injuries. (D) In a recent study by Harvard
University, the researchers found that the last ten major
earthquakes, rating over an “8” on the Richter magnitude scale,
caused over 15,000 deaths and injured more than 30,000
people.(1:23) (E) Dr. Paul Baker, the study’s leading
seismologist, said, “Earthquakes happen quickly without any
significant warning, so they leave massive graves and
destruction in their aftermath.” (1:29) (F) Nepal’s recent
Kathmandu earthquake, for example, caused over 3,000 deaths
and injured more than 6,000 people, while the other nine caused
9,000 deaths. (2:105) (G) In a recent MSNBC poll of earthquake
survivors, most of them felt that “the loss of life is significant
and the number of injured is unbelievable.” (3:9) (H) Without a
doubt, earthquakes will remain severe natural disasters—
causing many deaths and injuries.

9. Plagiarism
Definition: Stealing someone’s ideas and/or words.
Quotations—using verbatim (exact) words without
documenting them internally and placing them between
quotation marks
Paraphrases—changing only a few words from an original
source and claiming all words are your own
Penalties:
School Expulsion
Loss of Credibility—leaving questionable ethics
Loss of Job
Lawsuit/Fine
Body Paragraph: List of References
LIST OF REFERENCES
(1) Baker, Paul. “Harvard’s Study: Earthquakes and Their
Destruction.” Seismic Monthly (April 2015), pp. 23-30.
(2) Harris, John. “Nepal: Large Cracks Leading to Deaths and
Destruction.” Natural Disasters Monthly (January 2015), pp. 98-
109.
(3) Koirala, Sushil, Prime Minister. “When the Earth Shakes:
Political Ramifications.” The Washington Post (Friday,
November 22, 2014), p. 9.
(4) MSNBC Poll (March 5, 2015)
(5) Nepalese News Poll (March 9, 2015)
(6) Wikipedia: Earthquake Definition.
Grading of Body Paragraphs

10. Fourfold Criteria:
(1) Format (25%)—includes having a correctly written topic
sentence, providing specific evidence, and ending with a
conclusion/transition sentence.
(2) Content (25%)—includes providing solid evidence that
sufficiently supports the topic sentence.
Grading of Body Paragraphs
(3) Expression (25%)—includes adherence to unity, coherence,
diction, and syntax.
(4) Grammar (25%)—includes using the following grammatical
elements correctly:
Subject-Verb Agreement
Pronoun-Antecedent Agreement
Pronoun Case
Adjectives/Adverbs
Punctuation
Apostrophes
Capitalization/Numerals
Body Paragraph: Summary
Topic Sentence—what is a topic sentence?
Evidence/Support—what are the types of effective evidence?
Conclusion/Transition—what do we mean by these terms?
Unity—how do we achieve unity?

11. Coherence—how do we achieve coherence?
Expression—how do I improve it?
Plagiarism—how do I avoid it?
Grading—how do you determine my writing grades?
Conclusion
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING TO THIS PRESENTATION!
ANY QUESTIONS?
“I” METHOD OF DEVELOPMENT