Specially made for ICSE STUDENTS WITH AMPLE MAPS & NUMERICALS BASED QUESTIONS WHICH OFTEN COME IN BOARD EXAM.

2. *India has TROPICAL MONSOON TYPE of climate.
*It lies in tropical belt & climate is influenced by monsoon winds
which is confined to tropics(20°𝑁 𝑡𝑜 20°𝑆).
*Main characteristics are high temperature & dry winters.
*Himalayas in North & Indian Ocean in South provide distinctive
conditions.

4. • Despite the broad unity of monsoon type climate, variation
occur in different regions.
• Climatic conditions of North differ from south , yet have similar
monsoon type climate.
• These variations are expressed in pattern of winds, temperature
and rainfall.

5. • Climate is the sum total of weather condition over a large area for long period of
time.
• India’s climate is monsoon type of climate
• High temperature touches 50 degree c in western desert Rajasthan
• Low Temperature – 40 degree in Drass(Kargil) in winter, Jammu and Kashmir
• There is wide difference in day and night temperature
• Thar desert day temperature 50 degree Celsius in night 15 degree Celsius

8. *
*VARIATIONS occur not only in type of precipitation but also in its
amount & distribution.
*Himalayas – snowfall
*Rest of India- rainfall
*MAWSYNRAM in Meghalaya get about 1100cm rain , whereas
Jaisalmer in Rajasthan hardly receives 10cm of rainfall.

10. *
*1.The Himalayas
*2.Monsoon winds
*3.Latitude
*4.Varied Relief
*5.Altitude
*6.Influence of surrounding seas
*7. Western Disturbances
*8. Jet Streams
*9. Distance from the sea
*10. El – Nino Effect

11. Latitude-
• Tropic of cancer passes through middle of country
• It passes from Rann of Kuchh in the west to Mizoram in the east.
• South of it is tropical area,
• North of it is subtropical area.
• India has both of the above climate. Southern zone has warmer
• due to vertical overhead sun & climate in cold in Northern
India.
*

12. • Altitude- India has mountain to the north which has
height of 6000m
• It has vast coastal area elevation of 30m
• Himalaya prevent cold wind from central Asia
• Because of this subcontinent get milder winter than
central Asia.
• There is decrease of I°𝐶 𝑓𝑜𝑟 every 166 m rise in height
because temperature decreases with as you move to
higher altitude.
*

13. • It start from Mediterranean region in the winter month
• & influence the north west region of India.
• In winter due to shift in pressure belts Westerlies blow
from 20° N to 50° N & N . India comes under its influence.
• Tropical cyclone occur during the winter in Northern
Plains & bring rain.
*

14. *

15. *
*Air currents which determine the arrival & departure of
monsoon known as the jet streams .They develop in Upper
layers of the atmosphere.
*Westerly jet stream prevails over North Indian Plains during
winter while Easterly jet stream is responsible for Tropical
depression over India.
*Depressions play significant role in distribution pattern of
monsoon rainfall.
Highest rainfall occur along the track of these depressions.

17. *
*It’s a warm ocean current which sometimes appear off the coast
of Peru in S.America during the month of December.
*It increases the surface temperature of the sea & affects the
movement of monsoon winds in Indian Ocean , causes weak
drought like situation in Indian Subcontinent.

19. *
*The monsoon are experienced in tropical area between 20o
south to 20 o north .The monsoon are Periodic seasonal winds
which develop due to:
*1) The differential heating and cooling of land and water
*2) They are divided into two wind system:
*SUMMER MONSOON & WINTER MONSOON

21. *
*In summer land gets heated more than sea.
*There develops low pressure on land.
*Over the adjoining sea , air is comparatively cool, high pressure
develops .
*Winds blow from sea to land.
*Winds blow from Indian ocean to northward & north westward to Asia
bringing rainfall.
*Summer monsoon winds blows south west, so known as South West
Summer monsoon.

24. *
*During winter season , conditions are reverse than summer.
*A high pressure develops over landmass stretching from Central
Asia up to north west Indian plains.
*A low pressure develops over Indian Ocean.
*Winds blow from land to sea, bring cold dry weather.
*Southern coromandel coast Tamil Nadu gets rain from winter
monsoon.
*They blow north east so known as North East Winter Monsoon.

26. *
WINDS BLOW FROM LAND TO SEA
HIGH PRESSURE DEVELOPS ON LAND
LOW PRESSURE OVER INDIAN OCEAN

27. *
*Monsoon type climate has distinct seasonal pattern marked by
change of one season to another.
*A year is divided into four Principal season
*1. HOT & DRY SUMMER SEASON -(MARCH TO MAY)
*2.HOT & WET RAINY SEASON -(JUNE TO SEP)
*3. RETREATING SOUTH WEST MONSOON WINDS –(OCT TO NOV)
*4. COLD & DRY WINTER SEASON –(DEC TO FEB)

28. *
*In INDIA , hot season begins in MARCH & lasts till JUNE.
*Vertical rays of sun fall directly on Tropic of Cancer.
*From March to May, due to northward movement of path of
sun’s vertical rays, the length of day increases.
*This increase solar radiation .
*In south India, hot weather is not as intense as in north India.
*Coastal regions have maritime climate.

29. *
*The hot season is marked by weak winds.
*The low pressure northern plain draws winds from surrounding
area & give rise to thunder storm & strong gusty winds .
* These winds cause a shower of rain mostly in Punjab , Haryana
& UP.

30. *
*Loo is strong dusty winds blowing during the day.
*Found in north & NW parts, occasionally tornado like dust storm
occurs.
*Kaal Baisakhi-Thunder storm accompanied with rainfall
*Occurs in Assam & W Bengal
*Assam – Bardoli Chheerha
*toward the close of summer season in Kerala and Karnataka
thunderstorms and rainfall are mango showers as they help in ripening
of Mango.
*Karnataka –Cherry Blossoms

32. *
* June to September is Advancing Monsoon
*Differential heating of land & sea during summer month causes
monsoon winds towards the subcontinent.
*Land is heated & low pressure is created , pressure in ocean is
high, it attracts the south east trade winds.
*The S.E Trade winds after crossing equator is deflected towards
right because of Coriolis force , which reach west coast as South
West Monsoon .

34. *South West Monsoon winds bring heavy rainfall, accompanied by thunder
& lightning.
*Onset of rainfall in first week of June is termed as BURST OF MONSOON.
*During the monsoon there are dry periods in rainy season called the BREAK
OF MONSOON.
*Kerala is the first state to receive monsoon showers & is the last to
see its withdrawal.

35. *Due to the tapering topography of peninsular India, S W Monsoon divides
itself into 2 branches:
*A) ARABIAN SEA BRANCH
*B) BAY OF BENGAL BRANCH
*Rain brings down the temperature thus respite from heat.
*However the relief is as long as it rains.
*Relative humidity is quite high.

37. *
*Monsoon originating from Arabian sea split into 3 branches:
*A) one branch is obstructed by western Ghats-brings heavy rainfall in
windward side. Cause little rain in east of western Ghats.
*B) it strikes the coast north of Mumbai-move over Narmada &Tapi
river valley & cause rain in Central India.
*C)third branch strikes Saurashtra Peninsular & Kutch-
*It passes over W.Rajasthan along the Aravallis causing less rainfall.
*Arabian sea branch joins Bay of Bengal Branch in Punjab & Haryana &
causes rainfall in Western Himalayas.

39. *
*This branch is directed towards coast of Myanmar & parts of S E
Bangladesh.
*Due to presence of Arakan Hills, monsoon is deflected towards India.
*It divides into two branch
*A)Ganga Plains
*B)Brahmaputra Plains
*Tamil nadu coast remains dry during this season as is located parallel
to Bay of Bengal branch of SW Monsoon & also lies in rain shadow area
of Arabian Branch of SW Monsoon.

41. *
*SW Monsoon starts retreating from N.India in early October.
*Hence Oct-Nov are retreating Monsoon. This retreat is due to
trough of low pressure over ganga plain, due to apparent
southward movement of sun.
*Low pressure troughs is replaced by high pressure which is
marked by clear sky and drop in night temperature.
*The combination of high temperature and humidity gives rise to
oppressive weather known as October heat

42. *
*October is marked by clear sky, high temperature & high
humidity which is refered as OCTOBER HEAT.
*This is a transition between the rainy season & cold dry
season.
*By the end of October or beginning of November this weather
condition prevails over rest of the country.

43. *
*Tropical depression originating in bay of Bengal caused by local
variation of heat and moisture which lead to tropical cyclone.
*Whenever they occur, it leads to great loss of life and property
on the eastern region of india.

44. *
*Cold weather season starts by the end of November and continues till
march.
*In winter January is the coldest month.
*Temperature decreases from south to north.
*This weather is characterised by high pressure conditions over north
western plains which is due to oblique rays of sun which reaches india as
the sun moves to the southern hemisphere
*The winds blow from the land to the sea.
*They pass over the bay of Bengal picks some moisture and cause rainfall
on coromandal coast
*As this wind blow from northeast to southwest, they are called northeast
monsoon

45. *
*Characterised feature of cold weather season is inflow of depression
from west & north west. These low pressure system called Western
disturbances originate in regions of Mediterranean Sea.
* They travel eastward & reach India during winter. They bring winter
rain & snowfall.
*Helps in cultivation of rabi crops

46. *
*Distribution of rainfall is determined by-
1. Pressure conditions and direction of relief
2. Direction of winds bearing moisture
3. Cyclonic depressions determined by pressure gradient.

48. *
*Heavy rainfall regions(more than 200cm)
1. Windward side of Western Ghats
2. Meghalaya hills
*Moderate rainfalls(100-200cm)
1. Northern parts
2. Middle Ganga Valley
3. Madhya Pradesh
4. Eastern Maharashtra
5. Odisha,AP

50. *Low rainfall regions(50-100 cm)
1. Parts of Deccan plateau
2. Eastern Rajasthan
3. Punjab
4. Haryana
*Scanty rainfall regions (less than 50cm)
1. Desert and semi desert areas include northern parts of Kashmir and
western Rajasthan
2. Rain shadow regions of western Ghats lying in Deccan plateau

51. *NUMERICAL
* OR
*DATA BASED QUESTIONS

52. month jan feb mar apr may jun jul aug sep oct nov dec
temp 25 25.5 26.3 27.1 30 36.2 36 35.9 30.3 28.4 27 24.6
rainfall 24.5 23.1 15.0 2.4 0.1 11.0 9.3 7.2 4.0 9.4 14.5 20.4
STUDY THE CLIMATIC DATA GIVEN BELOW & ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS:
a)Calculate the annual temperature range.
b)What is the total annual rainfall?
c)Presuming that the station is located in India, give a reason for its location.
ICSE -2014

53. *

54. MONT JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
TEMP 23.1 24.8 26.5 29.3 32 32.8 33.1 32.1 30.5 29.3 28.7 26.1
RAIN 15.3 10.1 0.3 0.1 1.3 4.5 6.1 10.2 10.5 20.1 16.8 19.0
Study the data given & answer the following:
a)Calculate the annual rainfall experienced by the station.
b)Suggest a name of the station & give a reason for your answer.
c)Name the season during which rainfall is heaviest.
ICSE 2013

55. *

56. *