1. Labelling as a form of Social Control: Stan Cohen (1972/80): ‘Folk Devils & Moral Panics’… Cohen was interested in the truth behind the ‘Mods vs. Rockers’ media hype in the late 1960s. According to the media the violence between the ‘Mods’ and ‘Rockers’ was a national problem that represented the decay (atrophy) of society. Cohen reached very different conclusions compared to what the media was reporting…….

2. Cohen found the following in his research (which contradicted the media stories)….. > The ‘Violence’ that the media reported was actually minimal. > The majority of young people at the seaside during these so called ‘riots’ were not Mods or Rockers. > The media seemed to have painted a skewed picture of events & sensationalised the clashes between these two groups. In order to understand why this occurred (occurs), Cohen suggests we need to understand the concepts of Social Control, Folk Devils & Moral Panics .

3. What is a Moral Panic? The process of arousing social concern over an issue—usually the work of MORAL ENTREPENUERS. This inevitably involves the creation of a FOLK DEVIL. Who are these Moral Entrepreneurs? A Moral Entrepreneur is a person, group or organisation with the power to create or enforce rules & impose their morals, views & attitudes on to others e.g. > Politicians > Teachers > Parents > Religious Leaders What is a Folk Devil? Over simplified, ill-informed generalisations of particular people/ social groups who Moral Entrepreneurs wish to demonise e.g > Mods & Rockers > Hoodies > Lone-parent Families > Immigrants > Young Muslims > Paedophiles > Football Hooligans etc……….

4. By labelling groups and creating Folk Devils – as well as exaggerating the extent of these ‘problems’ in society through the Media, Moral Entrepreneurs are able to generate Moral Panics within society:

5. What does a Moral Panic Involve? Muncie (1987): > Simplification of an insubordinate/ subversive minority. > Simplification of Cause > Stigmatisation of those involved (Labelling). > Generation of trepidation amongst the public > A ‘Stamp Down’ on these groups Why would these Moral Entrepreneurs do this i.e. why would they misrepresent crime & deviance by generating Folk Devils & Moral Panics?

6. ……..Hegemony……… Hall (1976) ‘hegemony refers to the process by which the ruling class is able not only to coerce a subordinate class to conform to its interests, but to exert ‘hegemony’ or ‘total social authority’ over subordinate classes. The ‘Hegemonic Image of Crime’ is that is that it is ‘street related, in public and committed by strangers….this is not a true representation of what’s really going on. What are the effects of this Hegemonic Image f Crime on the Public i.e. YOU?! Fragments the working classes and turns them on one-another and thus justifies the use of repressive control. Justifies inequalities in society and reasserts the power of those in the higher echelons of society i.e. Labelling being used as a form of SOCIAL CONTROL. The problem continues however as by generating such folk devils and moral panics, the crime rate actually goes up…………………

7. Jock Young (1967/9) ‘Deviance Amplification Spiral’ Labels, Folk Devils & Moral Panics actually generate more crime! E.g. Drug Takers in Notting Hill….. Police in Notting Hill are susceptible to media stories & stereotypes and as such target these typical ‘folk devils’ regardless of what they have or have not done: > Police arrest drug marijuana smokers for minor offences > The media sensationlise these stories and thus have their Folk Devil ‘The Drug Taker’ and begin to generate a Moral Panic about ‘Drug Takers’. > In response to these stories, the police crack down even harder on these folk devils. > This pushes the ‘Drug Takers’ ‘underground’ – this raises police suspicion & pushes the price of drugs up – the police crack down even more harshly (More Media Coverage). > The ‘Drug Taker’s’ start resisting arresting arrest, turn to new types of drugs and have to organise themselves better (MORE DEVIANCE)

8. Moral Panics about Knife Crime means that more people are fearful of being attacked in the streets and therefore start carrying knives themselves. It is a fact that you are more likely to be stabbed or stab someone else if you get into an argument/ scuffle if you are carrying a knife yourself……………………Moral Panics lead to Deviance Amplification. The more people read about drug related problems the more likely they are to see for themselves what all the fuss is about. Summarise what you have learned about Labelling, Social Control & Deviance Amplification.