The document discusses the layers of the internet protocol stack and IP addressing. It explains the four layers - application, host-to-host, internet, and network interface layer. Each layer has specific protocols that define how data is transmitted and received. The layers work together to enable communication between devices on the internet. IP addresses identify devices and are organized into classes A, B, and C depending on network size.

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Rhys McBreen
(How the internet works)

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Contents
 The Layers and what they do
 IP Addressing

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Layers
 Application Layer
 Host-to-Host Layer
 Internet Layer
 Network Interface Layer
These layers stack on top of each other to form the basic
TCP/IP structure and functionality

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Application Layer
 This has to accommodate for all of the things an
application might want to do, so it has the most
protocols of any layer, these are a few:
 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
 Domain Name System (DNS)
 Routing Information Protocol (RIP)

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Hypertext Transfer Protocol
 This is used for viewing pages on the internet

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File Transfer Protocol
 Is for simple file transfer, like downloading a file.

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Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
 Is for things like hotmail, etc.
 This is the protocol for mail transfer from a mail server
to a client computer

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Domain Name System
 Ever wondered how your computer knows what server
to connect to when you type in ‘facebook.com’? This is
the protocol that gets the IP address of the server from
one of the many DNS servers across the world.
 This finds the nearest DNS server, connects to it, and
requests the IP of the website your trying to access.
 For example, facebook.com turns into 69.63.189.11
 This is used because facebook.com is far easier to
remember than 69.63.189.11

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Routing Information Protocol
 This gives a computers network card information as to
where to route the packets through
 Instead of the computer sending the packet to every
other computer on the internet, this gives a
simple, easy path for the data to go through

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Host-to-Host (Transport) Layer
 This is what the application layer calls on if it needs
data, or needs to send data
 This has two protocols:
 Transmission Control Protocol
 User Datagram Protocol

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Transmission Control Protocol
 This give a one to one connection service that is
reliable
 This also manages errors such as packet
loss, sequencing and acknowledgment of how many
packets were sent

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User Datagram Protocol
 UDP is a one to one or one to many communication
service
 It’s very unreliable and connectionless
 UDP is used when:
 the data wanting to be sent is very small (one packet)
 you don’t want to have the bother of setting up a TCP
connection
 when the applications provide reliable delivery

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Internet layer
 This handles addressing, packaging and routing
functions
 This has many protocols such as:
 Internet Protocol (IP)
 Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
 Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
 Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP)

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Internet Protocol
 This is an unreliable, connectionless protocol for
routing between hosts
 This protocol makes its best effort to get the data to
the receiving host
 If a piece of data does not get through, this protocol
does not attempt to recover that piece of data.

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Address Resolution protocol
 This resolves the MAC address (a unique number given
to every network capable device)
 It helps to deliver the packets to the receiving host by
giving the packets a path to go through

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Internet Control Message Protocol
 This is the protocol that makes sure that all of the
packets go through the network
 If a packet is not delivered, or is lost during
transmission, this protocol sends another request to
send the packet

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Internet Group Management Protocol
 This manages groups of hosts (computers, routers, etc)
 The groups can be of any size

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Network Interface Layer
 This handles placing ‘packets’ of data on and off of the
network medium
 This is designed to give the layers that stack on top of
this to be able to function normally across any network
medium

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IP Addressing
 IP addresses consist of 4, 8 bit “octets” that when
grouped together, make up the IP address of any
network capable device.
 There are 3 classes of IP address:
 Class A
 Class B
 Class C

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Class A IP Addresses
 These IP addresses make up the base on which all
network capable devices stand
 These types of IP addresses allow 126 networks and
16,777,214 devices. These are used for major networks
or ISPs

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Class B IP Addresses
 These classes of IP addresses are for large
networks, such as universities, schools and large
businesses
 They allow for 16,384 networks, under each class A IP
address, and 65,534 hosts, or users, in each network

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Class C IP Addresses
 These are for smaller networks, such as home
networks, small businesses, and other places such as
libraries
 These IP addresses allow for over 2,097,152
networks, but each with only 254 devices

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Bibliography
 http://technet.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc786128(WS.10).aspx

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