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護理急重症神經學檢查
萬芳醫院
神經內科-楊宗翰
2018.03.23
學習目標
 評估意識障礙
 認識腦幹反射與特殊呼吸模式
 了解肌力評估手法
 簡易中風定位
 高腦壓的臨床評估
 脊髓損傷的表現
 腦膜炎的評估手法
意識障礙
Altered mental status (AMS)
Consciousness = Arousal + Awareness
意識 覺醒 知覺
腦幹 + 丘腦 + 雙側大腦  覺醒
大腦皮質  知覺
Consciousness = Arousal + Awareness
意識 覺醒 知覺
覺醒
知覺
意識清楚
嗜睡
睡眠
昏迷
全麻
植物狀態
快速動眼睡眠
閉鎖症候群
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)
● 睜眼反應 (E1-4)
● 說話反應 (V1-5)
● VE: 插管
● VT: 氣切
● VA: 失語症
● 運動反應 (M1-6)
總分 3-15
(or 2E, 2T)
● 輕度: 13-15
● 中度: 9-12
● 重度: 3-8
當我們以
評估意識狀態
為目的時
永遠都是記錄
反應最佳的分數
去大腦
(橋腦以下)
去皮質
(中腦以上)
腦幹反射
中腦
橋腦
延腦
腦幹反射
中腦
橋腦
延腦
呼吸模式變化
● Cheyne-stokes式呼吸
● 廣泛性兩側大腦(或丘腦)病變, 也見於心衰竭, 尿毒症, 缺氧等
● 呼吸完全依靠CO2濃度來調控
呼吸模式變化
● 過度換氣
● 多原因,包括代謝性酸中毒(如DKA)、敗血病、尿毒症等
● 偶爾見於中腦、上橋腦腫瘤等病變
呼吸模式變化
● 失調型呼吸(Ataxic
breathing)
● 延腦中風或損傷,預後最差
● 長吸式呼吸(Apneustic
breathing)
● 見於中下端橋腦、上延腦中
風或損傷,預後不佳
● 偶爾見於K他命中毒
呼吸模式變化
中腦
橋腦
延腦
大腦
中風
Stroke
中風有兩種
腦出血神外 腦梗塞神內
中風症狀
● 症狀嚴重度取決於中風的位置與範圍
● 半邊全癱患者的中風範圍不見得比只有單手無力者來得大
● 小中風也可以造成意識改變
 需要整體的評估 (越多證據越好)
● 定位訣竅:先抓「縱」,再抓「橫」
● 縱:1. 運動、2. 感覺、3. 意識
● 橫:軀幹感覺缺損、腦神經、大腦高等功能(語言、計算、空間感…)
額葉
頂葉
橋腦
交叉 脊髓
交叉
運動
走前面
感覺
走旁邊
意識
走後面
快速評估無力: 旋前飄移 (pronator drift)
無力
● 肌肉力量評估:Medical Research Council (MRC) scale
MRC Grade 描述
5 正常
4+ 比正常稍差的力道對抗阻力
4 能部分抵抗阻力
4- 僅能稍微抵抗阻力
3 可以對抗重力,但是無法對抗阻力
2 沒有重力影響下可以自由運動(水平動作)
1 些微肌肉收縮,沒有關節運動
0 完全沒有動作
以槓桿原理
做關節前後固定
彎曲就完全彎曲
伸直就完全伸直
常用的腦神經
● 一嗅二視三動眼
● 動眼神經在中腦
● 四滑五叉六外旋
● 三叉跟外旋神經在橋腦
● 七顏八聽九舌咽
● 顏面神經在橋腦
● 十迷十一副十二舌下
● 吞嚥&構音在延腦
大腦功能 : 左邊管語言、右邊管空間
palsy
腦葉 功能異常
額葉 雙眼歪向病灶側
(左) 運動失語症
顳葉 (左) 感覺失語症
頂葉 (右) 左半忽略
枕葉 對側視野缺損
腦壓異常
Abnormal intracranial pressure
高腦壓
高腦壓其他表現
● 意識不清
● 噁心、嘔吐
● 頭痛(尤其在平躺時)
● 周邊視野缺損
● 癲癇
● Cushing triad:
● 高血壓 (高脈壓(收縮 ─ 舒張))、心跳慢、呼吸不穩
脊髓損傷
Spinal cord injury
皮節與肌節
T4
T10
L1
C7
S4
+ 呼吸肌無力
神經性休克
● 嚴重脊髓損傷如果出現在T6以上有可能會造成神經性休克
● 原因:交感神經功能喪失 周邊血管擴張 回心血減少
● 嚴重低血壓
● 心跳慢
● 肢體卻是溫暖而且乾燥的
● 異常勃起
中樞神經感染
CNS infection
腦膜刺激的測試
小複習
 意識 = 覺醒(腦幹) + 知覺(大腦)。GCS滿分E4V5M6
 腦幹反射:瞳孔反射(中腦)、角膜與洋娃娃眼(橋腦)、嘔吐反射(延腦)
 呼吸模式:Cheyne-stokes(廣泛大腦)、過度換氣(中腦)、長吸式呼吸
(橋腦)、失調呼吸(延腦)
 重要腦神經:動眼神經(中腦)、顏面神經(橋腦)、吞嚥(延腦)
 大腦皮質功能:左腦管語言、右腦管空間
 高腦壓會有瞳孔放大、視野缺損、以及Cushing triad
 脊髓損傷在C4會有呼吸肌無力、T6以上有可能會神經性休克
 腦膜炎的評估:脖子僵硬、Brudzinski sign、Kernig sign
隨堂測驗
● 1. 下列何種意識障礙可以正常覺醒但是知覺有異常:
● (A) 深度麻醉
● (B) 植物狀態
● (C) 快速動眼睡眠
● (D) 腦死
隨堂測驗
● 2. 病人因為腦出血送至加護病房。你發現病人有長吸式呼吸,
你為他做腦幹檢查發現角膜反射消失,可能的病灶在:
● (A) 雙側大腦
● (B) 中腦
● (C) 橋腦
● (D) 延腦
隨堂測驗
● 3. 在意識不清的病人出現雙上肢彎曲,雙下肢伸直。在
coma scale的M評分為:
● (A) M0
● (B) M1
● (C) M2
● (D) M3
隨堂測驗
● 4. 病人因為中風住院。右腳無法抬離床鋪但是可以在床上移
動。你評估他的右腳肌肉力量為:
● (A) MRC grade 1
● (B) MRC grade 2
● (C) MRC grade 3
● (D) MRC grade 4
隨堂測驗
● 5. 小夜班的時候,看護出來說爺爺的眼睛突然歪向左邊,而
且看著老闆很努力卻叫不出老闆的名字。你覺得可能的中風
位置是:
● (A) 左大腦
● (B) 右大腦
● (C) 腦幹
● (D) 脊髓
隨堂測驗
● 6. 大腦腫瘤的病人比較不常見下列何種表現:
● (A) 瞳孔放大對光無反應
● (B) 癲癇
● (C) 血壓上升
● (D) 心跳加快
隨堂測驗
● 7. 車禍病人送入加護病房。你發現病人的雙腳全癱,身體對
於在乳頭以上的刺激仍有反應,可能有脊髓損傷,受傷的位
置可能在:
● (A) C4
● (B) T4
● (C) T10
● (D) L1
隨堂測驗
● 8. 承上題,病人在住院第二天突然血壓掉。學姊說可能是因
為失血過多低血容性休克。但是你覺得原因是神經性休克,
以下何者不能支持你的想法:
● (A) 血壓低
● (B) 心跳慢
● (C) 肢體冰冷
● (D) 持續勃起
隨堂測驗
● 9. 病人懷疑腦膜炎,住院醫師將病人的右大腿彎曲之後慢慢
把小腿伸直,如果病人感到脖子緊痛,稱為有:
● (A) Kernig sign positive
● (B) Brudzinski sign positive
● (C) Babinski sign positive
● (D) Nuchal rigidity
隨堂測驗
● 10. 家屬說阿罵中風之後食量很差,飯都不吃完。你發現餐
盤的右半邊的飯菜都吃光了,左半邊都沒有動過的樣子。這
可能是哪邊中風的表現:
● (A) 左邊頂葉
● (B) 右邊頂葉
● (C) 左邊枕葉
● (D) 右邊枕葉
Thanks for your listening

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Inherited neuropathy
Inherited neuropathyInherited neuropathy
Inherited neuropathy
 
Acquired neuropathy (test with answer)
Acquired neuropathy (test with answer)Acquired neuropathy (test with answer)
Acquired neuropathy (test with answer)
 
Plexopathy and mononeuropathy (test with answer)
Plexopathy and mononeuropathy (test with answer)Plexopathy and mononeuropathy (test with answer)
Plexopathy and mononeuropathy (test with answer)
 

基礎急重症神經學檢查