The document discusses a proposed EU directive that would legalize low levels of genetic contamination in conventional and organic seeds. Specifically:
- It would allow up to 0.3% GE seed contamination in oilseed rape, and up to 0.5% contamination in maize, beet, potatoes, tomatoes and cotton.
- These thresholds could result in 7,000 million unregulated GE plants being released each year across EU farmland, rising to 11,000 million with EU enlargement.
- Environmental, farmer and consumer groups oppose this proposal, arguing it threatens the viability of organic agriculture and farmers' rights to choose non-GE seeds.
Greek farmers sued seed companies Pioneer and Syngenta for selling them genetically modified (GMO) contaminated maize seeds without their knowledge. The Greek government destroyed over 100 hectares of contaminated crops. The seed companies offered compensation to farmers but required them to sign agreements not to oppose the companies. Some farmers rejected these offers and through their organization GESASE, sued the companies and Greek authorities for allowing the contaminated seeds on the market. The lawsuits aimed to preserve Greek agriculture and biodiversity from GMOs.
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and provides several key facts and figures:
1) Only four countries - the United States, Argentina, Canada, and China - grow almost 90% of the world's GM crops. The vast majority of other countries grow no GMOs.
2) Only four main crops - soy, maize, cotton, and oil-seed rape - make up over 99% of GMOs grown, with herbicide tolerance and insect resistance being the dominant traits.
3) Critics are concerned that genetic engineering may have unintended health and environmental impacts, as it allows for novel genetic combinations not possible through natural breeding.
This document discusses GMO crops and presents information on both sides of the debate. It summarizes that GMO crops can help control pests like corn borers but also presents concerns about their impact on other insects and potential for gene flow. The document also discusses an incident where unauthorized GMO corn contaminated the food system, highlighting issues with segregating and containing certain GMO crops.
Bio-pesticides development, use and regulation in KenyaILRI
Presented by Virginia Kimani at the Regional Experts Workshop on Development, Regulation and Use of Bio-pesticides in East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 22–23 May 2014
"Factors that determine whether biotechnologies can have positive impacts on ...ExternalEvents
"Factors that determine whether biotechnologies can
have positive impacts on the livelihoods of smallholders: Examples from India" presentation by Narayan Hegde, BAIF Development Research Foundation, Pune, India
This document summarizes a presentation on genetically modified foods. It begins by defining genetic modification as inserting DNA from one organism to another or modifying an organism's DNA to attain a desirable trait. Some examples of early GM foods are provided, such as the Flavr Savr tomato and Golden Rice. Potential benefits of GM crops include increased resistance to pests and stress, while concerns include risks to human health, the environment, and corporate control of the food system. The status of GM crops globally and in different countries is reviewed. In India, Bt cotton was the first approved GM crop, while Bt brinjal was also approved but not commercialized due to protests. The document concludes by acknowledging both benefits and risks require further
What is a GMO? Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering. This creates combinations of plant, animal, bacteria, and virus genes that do not occur in nature or through traditional crossbreeding methods.
One specific concern is the possibility for GMOs to negatively affect human health. This could result from differences in nutritional content, allergic response, or undesired side effects such as toxicity, organ damage, or gene transfer.
Contrary to what some believe, GMO crops can actually allow farmers to use less (and less toxic) pesticides on their fields. ... “On average, GM technology adoption has reduced chemical pesticide use by 37%, increased crop yields by 22%, and increased farmer profits by 68%.”
Prepared as a part of assignments for PBGG seminar @ UGA. Discusses misinformation regarding GMOs, backs up assertions with scientific evidences. Target audience: general public. Prepared and presented in 2013.
Greek farmers sued seed companies Pioneer and Syngenta for selling them genetically modified (GMO) contaminated maize seeds without their knowledge. The Greek government destroyed over 100 hectares of contaminated crops. The seed companies offered compensation to farmers but required them to sign agreements not to oppose the companies. Some farmers rejected these offers and through their organization GESASE, sued the companies and Greek authorities for allowing the contaminated seeds on the market. The lawsuits aimed to preserve Greek agriculture and biodiversity from GMOs.
The document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and provides several key facts and figures:
1) Only four countries - the United States, Argentina, Canada, and China - grow almost 90% of the world's GM crops. The vast majority of other countries grow no GMOs.
2) Only four main crops - soy, maize, cotton, and oil-seed rape - make up over 99% of GMOs grown, with herbicide tolerance and insect resistance being the dominant traits.
3) Critics are concerned that genetic engineering may have unintended health and environmental impacts, as it allows for novel genetic combinations not possible through natural breeding.
This document discusses GMO crops and presents information on both sides of the debate. It summarizes that GMO crops can help control pests like corn borers but also presents concerns about their impact on other insects and potential for gene flow. The document also discusses an incident where unauthorized GMO corn contaminated the food system, highlighting issues with segregating and containing certain GMO crops.
Bio-pesticides development, use and regulation in KenyaILRI
Presented by Virginia Kimani at the Regional Experts Workshop on Development, Regulation and Use of Bio-pesticides in East Africa, Nairobi, Kenya, 22–23 May 2014
"Factors that determine whether biotechnologies can have positive impacts on ...ExternalEvents
"Factors that determine whether biotechnologies can
have positive impacts on the livelihoods of smallholders: Examples from India" presentation by Narayan Hegde, BAIF Development Research Foundation, Pune, India
This document summarizes a presentation on genetically modified foods. It begins by defining genetic modification as inserting DNA from one organism to another or modifying an organism's DNA to attain a desirable trait. Some examples of early GM foods are provided, such as the Flavr Savr tomato and Golden Rice. Potential benefits of GM crops include increased resistance to pests and stress, while concerns include risks to human health, the environment, and corporate control of the food system. The status of GM crops globally and in different countries is reviewed. In India, Bt cotton was the first approved GM crop, while Bt brinjal was also approved but not commercialized due to protests. The document concludes by acknowledging both benefits and risks require further
What is a GMO? Genetically modified organisms (GMOs) are living organisms whose genetic material has been artificially manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering. This creates combinations of plant, animal, bacteria, and virus genes that do not occur in nature or through traditional crossbreeding methods.
One specific concern is the possibility for GMOs to negatively affect human health. This could result from differences in nutritional content, allergic response, or undesired side effects such as toxicity, organ damage, or gene transfer.
Contrary to what some believe, GMO crops can actually allow farmers to use less (and less toxic) pesticides on their fields. ... “On average, GM technology adoption has reduced chemical pesticide use by 37%, increased crop yields by 22%, and increased farmer profits by 68%.”
Prepared as a part of assignments for PBGG seminar @ UGA. Discusses misinformation regarding GMOs, backs up assertions with scientific evidences. Target audience: general public. Prepared and presented in 2013.
Genetically modified plants can be created by transferring genetic material from one organism to another. This technology has benefits like producing human insulin and improving crop varieties. For example, Bt cotton was developed using a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis to make cotton resistant to bollworms. India grows over 11 million hectares of Bt cotton. Regulations require evaluating GM crops for safety before commercial use. While GM crops can increase yields, issues around intellectual property, biodiversity, and socioeconomics require further consideration and policy approaches. Continued research and education are important to address agriculture needs sustainably.
Genetically modified agriculture in our food chainKim
This document discusses genetically modified agriculture and its presence in the food chain. It begins by defining agricultural biotechnology and genetic engineering as techniques used to alter plant and animal genes. It then notes concerns about Monsanto's role as a large seed company and use of genetically modified organisms in seeds and pharmaceutical development. The document also relays reports from farmers of health issues in animals fed GM corn varieties and mysterious cow deaths in Germany linked to a GM corn variety. Toward the end, it suggests people may unknowingly consume GMOs through grocery store produce, meats and processed foods since labeling is not required in the US.
Genetically modified organism tested in the philippinescbsua
This document discusses various genetically modified crops being tested in the Philippines, including biotech corn, canola, potato, cotton, squash, tomato, and papaya. The key benefits mentioned are increased crop yields, resistance to pests and diseases, and improved nutritional qualities. For example, Bt corn contains a protein that provides season-long protection from corn borers without the need for additional insecticides. Virus-resistant papaya and potato have been modified to resist specific viruses through biotechnology.
Regulation and intellectual property of agricultural biotechnologies: Perspe...ExternalEvents
Regulation and intellectual property of agricultural biotechnologies: Perspectives from the private sector presentation by "Adrianne Massey, Biotechnology Industry Organization, Washington D.C., United States of America
"
GMO's are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. A GMO is produced by inserting a gene from one organism into another, resulting in the expression of new traits. Major GMO crops include herbicide-resistant soybeans and corn, insect-resistant corn and cotton. While growers see benefits of higher yields and fewer pesticides, consumers and environmentalists have concerns about potential health risks and environmental impacts. Attitudes toward GMOs vary significantly among stakeholders.
The document discusses genetically modified (GM) crops. It begins by defining genetic modification and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It then provides background on the development of GM crops, listing important dates and events from 1980 to present. It also lists some of the major GM crops grown globally including soybean, maize, cotton, canola, and sugar beet. The document then discusses the area of GM crops grown by country, with the US, Brazil, Argentina, India, and Canada among the top growers. It also outlines some of the traits that have been genetically modified in crops, including insect and virus resistance, herbicide tolerance, and vitamin fortification. Finally, it describes the general process used to develop GM crops,
Enhancing Societal Acceptance of GM Crops in IndiaSenthil Natesan
Fate of agricultural biotechnology hinges on how it is perceived by the policy makers and the public
We can help provide information so the stakeholders can make informed choices and pave way for enabling policies
Integrated pest management and the future of farmingKTN
If you're involved in the Plants and Crops sector, give this webinar a watch.
In June 2020, industry, academia, farmers, growers, government and funders involved in the Plants and Crops sector came together to discuss Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and the future of farming.
Here's what to expect:
• Scene-setting presentations including an overview of IPM approaches
• Thoughts on the current agricultural landscape in the UK, how IPM is being used and future opportunities
• A discussion around opportunities (e.g. funding) to support future work in this area
• An interactive session to gather audience input on challenges and opportunities for IPM
This event was hosted with the Institute for Sustainable Food at the University of Sheffield and the Transforming Food Production team of the Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund.
Find out more here: https://ktn-uk.co.uk/events/integrated-pest-management-and-the-future-of-farming
This document summarizes the work of the IPM cluster at icipe in Kenya, which develops integrated pest management strategies for horticultural crops. The goals are to stabilize food production, reduce losses to pests, and develop less input-dependent systems. The approach integrates classical biological control with other options. Examples discussed include fruit fly IPM for mangoes, using parasitoids and other tactics, and thrips IPM for beans, tomatoes, and onions using resistant varieties and biopesticides. Impacts assessed include increased yields, income, and adoption of strategies. Current research focuses on climate change impacts and developing novel strategies. Outreach aims to enhance capacity and adoption of IPM in Africa and Europe.
This document is a presentation on genetically modified (GM) crops submitted by Saurabh Pandey to Prof. Dayal Doss of the Department of Plant Biotechnology at UAS GKVK. It discusses the introduction and history of GM crops, public concerns about them, issues regarding human health risks and environmental safety, leading countries in biotech crops, and strategies to address risks like gene containment and insect and herbicide resistance. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of GM crops and issues related to their development and adoption.
The document discusses aflatoxin contamination in Africa and strategies to manage it. Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus that infect crops like maize and groundnuts. Studies show high levels of aflatoxins in staple crops across Africa, which poses risks to health and trade. Researchers are developing approaches like breeding resistant crop varieties, using atoxigenic biocontrol agents, and integrating management across the value chain to reduce contamination. Regional partnerships are needed to implement solutions and improve food safety.
This document summarizes the findings of a survey on public perception of biotechnology in India. The key findings are:
1. Most respondents were only somewhat familiar with GM/GE technologies and awareness levels were low. Newspapers and television were the dominant sources of information.
2. While many recognized potential benefits of GM crops like higher yields and reduced pesticide use, over 50% were unaware that GM foods are allowed elsewhere. Many had concerns about risks and impacts.
3. Regarding Bt cotton, most recognized yield increases and economic benefits to farmers, but some lacked awareness or had concerns about risks. Benefits were generally accepted but preference for organic cotton remained.
4. In conclusion, familiarity
Managing aflatoxin contamination of maize through breedingILRI
This document discusses managing aflatoxin contamination in maize through breeding. It notes that maize is a key crop worldwide but is susceptible to aflatoxin from the fungus Aspergillus flavus under stressful conditions. The author proposes an integrated breeding strategy to develop maize varieties with improved tolerance to drought, heat, insects and diseases to reduce contamination. This includes screening germplasm for resistance and combining traits using techniques like doubled haploid breeding. International collaboration is needed to accelerate progress in developing and disseminating resistant varieties to smallholder farmers.
Agricultural Nets & Floating Row Covers - New Tools for Vegetable Production in Africa www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Science Forum 2013 (www.scienceforum13.org)
Breakout Session 4: Food Safety
Peter J. Cotty, University of Arizona and Ranajit Bandyopadhyay presentation
Dr Evgeny Sagulenko is a microbiologist who has over 20 years of experience researching agricultural microbiology. His research interests include general microbiology, agriculture, and cancer research. He has a patent application for using bacteria from the genus Burkholderia to improve agricultural practices. Laboratory trials have shown that a biofertilizer containing these bacteria can increase plant growth for crops like rice, tomatoes, wheat, and corn. Developing the technology for commercial use would cost an estimated $3 million and involve further optimization, hydroponic, greenhouse and field trials. If successful, the biofertilizer technology could help increase crop yields while reducing environmental pollution from inorganic fertilizers and improving soil quality.
While industry and some scientists tout the benefits of genetically modified foods, others warn of potential health and environmental risks. The document discusses both sides of the debate over whether genetically modified crops should be grown, addressing issues such as improved crop traits, regulatory oversight, farmer experiences, and potential impacts on food security. Overall, reasonable people can disagree on this complex issue with valid arguments on both sides.
Country Status Reports on Agricultural Biotechnology - Indiaapaari
India has established policies and regulatory systems for agricultural biotechnology since the late 1980s. It has invested approximately $150 million USD annually in agricultural biotechnology research. Key areas of research include developing transgenic crops resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses, nutritionally enhanced crops, and precision breeding techniques like MAS. Major accomplishments include the genome sequencing of several crops, development of herbicide tolerant and Bt transgenic crops, and the creation of high yielding and stress resistant crop varieties. The document provides details on India's agricultural biotechnology landscape, including governing bodies, policies, priority areas, and achievements.
From PPB to Farmer Seed Network: Enhancing Farmer Seed System for Food Secur...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/agroecology-symposium-china/en/
Presentation of Yiching Song, from Chinese Academy of Science, on Participatory Plant Breeding and farmer seed networks in China. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology in China, held in Kunming, China on 29-31 August 2016.
The document discusses the activities of WG4: Seed System led by Dr. Hassan Machlab. The group will assess seed system regulations and capacities in each country and empower them as needed. Activities include exchanging information about seed production, collecting and distributing farmer varieties, and establishing regional variety trials and farmer-based seed production systems in countries that lack formal seed systems. The group will work with institutions from concerned countries and be monitored by implementing stakeholders and government research institutes with potential funding from donors.
Genetically modified plants can be created by transferring genetic material from one organism to another. This technology has benefits like producing human insulin and improving crop varieties. For example, Bt cotton was developed using a gene from Bacillus thuringiensis to make cotton resistant to bollworms. India grows over 11 million hectares of Bt cotton. Regulations require evaluating GM crops for safety before commercial use. While GM crops can increase yields, issues around intellectual property, biodiversity, and socioeconomics require further consideration and policy approaches. Continued research and education are important to address agriculture needs sustainably.
Genetically modified agriculture in our food chainKim
This document discusses genetically modified agriculture and its presence in the food chain. It begins by defining agricultural biotechnology and genetic engineering as techniques used to alter plant and animal genes. It then notes concerns about Monsanto's role as a large seed company and use of genetically modified organisms in seeds and pharmaceutical development. The document also relays reports from farmers of health issues in animals fed GM corn varieties and mysterious cow deaths in Germany linked to a GM corn variety. Toward the end, it suggests people may unknowingly consume GMOs through grocery store produce, meats and processed foods since labeling is not required in the US.
Genetically modified organism tested in the philippinescbsua
This document discusses various genetically modified crops being tested in the Philippines, including biotech corn, canola, potato, cotton, squash, tomato, and papaya. The key benefits mentioned are increased crop yields, resistance to pests and diseases, and improved nutritional qualities. For example, Bt corn contains a protein that provides season-long protection from corn borers without the need for additional insecticides. Virus-resistant papaya and potato have been modified to resist specific viruses through biotechnology.
Regulation and intellectual property of agricultural biotechnologies: Perspe...ExternalEvents
Regulation and intellectual property of agricultural biotechnologies: Perspectives from the private sector presentation by "Adrianne Massey, Biotechnology Industry Organization, Washington D.C., United States of America
"
GMO's are organisms whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques. A GMO is produced by inserting a gene from one organism into another, resulting in the expression of new traits. Major GMO crops include herbicide-resistant soybeans and corn, insect-resistant corn and cotton. While growers see benefits of higher yields and fewer pesticides, consumers and environmentalists have concerns about potential health risks and environmental impacts. Attitudes toward GMOs vary significantly among stakeholders.
The document discusses genetically modified (GM) crops. It begins by defining genetic modification and genetically modified organisms (GMOs). It then provides background on the development of GM crops, listing important dates and events from 1980 to present. It also lists some of the major GM crops grown globally including soybean, maize, cotton, canola, and sugar beet. The document then discusses the area of GM crops grown by country, with the US, Brazil, Argentina, India, and Canada among the top growers. It also outlines some of the traits that have been genetically modified in crops, including insect and virus resistance, herbicide tolerance, and vitamin fortification. Finally, it describes the general process used to develop GM crops,
Enhancing Societal Acceptance of GM Crops in IndiaSenthil Natesan
Fate of agricultural biotechnology hinges on how it is perceived by the policy makers and the public
We can help provide information so the stakeholders can make informed choices and pave way for enabling policies
Integrated pest management and the future of farmingKTN
If you're involved in the Plants and Crops sector, give this webinar a watch.
In June 2020, industry, academia, farmers, growers, government and funders involved in the Plants and Crops sector came together to discuss Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and the future of farming.
Here's what to expect:
• Scene-setting presentations including an overview of IPM approaches
• Thoughts on the current agricultural landscape in the UK, how IPM is being used and future opportunities
• A discussion around opportunities (e.g. funding) to support future work in this area
• An interactive session to gather audience input on challenges and opportunities for IPM
This event was hosted with the Institute for Sustainable Food at the University of Sheffield and the Transforming Food Production team of the Industrial Strategy Challenge Fund.
Find out more here: https://ktn-uk.co.uk/events/integrated-pest-management-and-the-future-of-farming
This document summarizes the work of the IPM cluster at icipe in Kenya, which develops integrated pest management strategies for horticultural crops. The goals are to stabilize food production, reduce losses to pests, and develop less input-dependent systems. The approach integrates classical biological control with other options. Examples discussed include fruit fly IPM for mangoes, using parasitoids and other tactics, and thrips IPM for beans, tomatoes, and onions using resistant varieties and biopesticides. Impacts assessed include increased yields, income, and adoption of strategies. Current research focuses on climate change impacts and developing novel strategies. Outreach aims to enhance capacity and adoption of IPM in Africa and Europe.
This document is a presentation on genetically modified (GM) crops submitted by Saurabh Pandey to Prof. Dayal Doss of the Department of Plant Biotechnology at UAS GKVK. It discusses the introduction and history of GM crops, public concerns about them, issues regarding human health risks and environmental safety, leading countries in biotech crops, and strategies to address risks like gene containment and insect and herbicide resistance. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of GM crops and issues related to their development and adoption.
The document discusses aflatoxin contamination in Africa and strategies to manage it. Aflatoxins are toxic metabolites produced by the fungus Aspergillus flavus that infect crops like maize and groundnuts. Studies show high levels of aflatoxins in staple crops across Africa, which poses risks to health and trade. Researchers are developing approaches like breeding resistant crop varieties, using atoxigenic biocontrol agents, and integrating management across the value chain to reduce contamination. Regional partnerships are needed to implement solutions and improve food safety.
This document summarizes the findings of a survey on public perception of biotechnology in India. The key findings are:
1. Most respondents were only somewhat familiar with GM/GE technologies and awareness levels were low. Newspapers and television were the dominant sources of information.
2. While many recognized potential benefits of GM crops like higher yields and reduced pesticide use, over 50% were unaware that GM foods are allowed elsewhere. Many had concerns about risks and impacts.
3. Regarding Bt cotton, most recognized yield increases and economic benefits to farmers, but some lacked awareness or had concerns about risks. Benefits were generally accepted but preference for organic cotton remained.
4. In conclusion, familiarity
Managing aflatoxin contamination of maize through breedingILRI
This document discusses managing aflatoxin contamination in maize through breeding. It notes that maize is a key crop worldwide but is susceptible to aflatoxin from the fungus Aspergillus flavus under stressful conditions. The author proposes an integrated breeding strategy to develop maize varieties with improved tolerance to drought, heat, insects and diseases to reduce contamination. This includes screening germplasm for resistance and combining traits using techniques like doubled haploid breeding. International collaboration is needed to accelerate progress in developing and disseminating resistant varieties to smallholder farmers.
Agricultural Nets & Floating Row Covers - New Tools for Vegetable Production in Africa www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214 ~
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079 ~
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159 ~
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348 ~
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden =
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440 ~
`
Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica
http://scribd.com/doc/239850233
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide =
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
Science Forum 2013 (www.scienceforum13.org)
Breakout Session 4: Food Safety
Peter J. Cotty, University of Arizona and Ranajit Bandyopadhyay presentation
Dr Evgeny Sagulenko is a microbiologist who has over 20 years of experience researching agricultural microbiology. His research interests include general microbiology, agriculture, and cancer research. He has a patent application for using bacteria from the genus Burkholderia to improve agricultural practices. Laboratory trials have shown that a biofertilizer containing these bacteria can increase plant growth for crops like rice, tomatoes, wheat, and corn. Developing the technology for commercial use would cost an estimated $3 million and involve further optimization, hydroponic, greenhouse and field trials. If successful, the biofertilizer technology could help increase crop yields while reducing environmental pollution from inorganic fertilizers and improving soil quality.
While industry and some scientists tout the benefits of genetically modified foods, others warn of potential health and environmental risks. The document discusses both sides of the debate over whether genetically modified crops should be grown, addressing issues such as improved crop traits, regulatory oversight, farmer experiences, and potential impacts on food security. Overall, reasonable people can disagree on this complex issue with valid arguments on both sides.
Country Status Reports on Agricultural Biotechnology - Indiaapaari
India has established policies and regulatory systems for agricultural biotechnology since the late 1980s. It has invested approximately $150 million USD annually in agricultural biotechnology research. Key areas of research include developing transgenic crops resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses, nutritionally enhanced crops, and precision breeding techniques like MAS. Major accomplishments include the genome sequencing of several crops, development of herbicide tolerant and Bt transgenic crops, and the creation of high yielding and stress resistant crop varieties. The document provides details on India's agricultural biotechnology landscape, including governing bodies, policies, priority areas, and achievements.
From PPB to Farmer Seed Network: Enhancing Farmer Seed System for Food Secur...ExternalEvents
http://www.fao.org/about/meetings/agroecology-symposium-china/en/
Presentation of Yiching Song, from Chinese Academy of Science, on Participatory Plant Breeding and farmer seed networks in China. The presentation was prepared and delivered in occasion of the International Symposium on Agroecology in China, held in Kunming, China on 29-31 August 2016.
The document discusses the activities of WG4: Seed System led by Dr. Hassan Machlab. The group will assess seed system regulations and capacities in each country and empower them as needed. Activities include exchanging information about seed production, collecting and distributing farmer varieties, and establishing regional variety trials and farmer-based seed production systems in countries that lack formal seed systems. The group will work with institutions from concerned countries and be monitored by implementing stakeholders and government research institutes with potential funding from donors.
The document discusses issues related to farming and agriculture in several Asian countries. It notes that over 150,000 Indian farmers have committed suicide since 1997 due to inability to repay crop loans. It also mentions that South Korea has leased over 230,000 acres of land in the Philippines to grow corn. The document further provides statistics from the UN FAO that over 1 billion people worldwide suffer from hunger daily, most of whom are small-scale farmers in developing countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.
The document outlines The Social Enterprise Seed Project, which aims to build a connected national social enterprise sector through establishing local support ecosystems. It will conduct a yearlong survey to comprehensively understand the existing social enterprise landscape and gaps. The survey will engage stakeholders to analyze conditions, understand goals and challenges, and address opportunities to increase the sector's reach. The project will identify connectivity gaps between stakeholders and provide them with resource-rich tools to pursue goals and partnerships more effectively.
The document describes a new system called SEED SYSTEM for evolving and funding exceptional class real estate projects in Asia. It seeks co-founders, angel investors, project investors, operators, developers, masterplanners, and architects to participate. The system aims to supply unique and exceptional experiences through developing niche luxury real estate markets. It believes that profitable ideas coupled with beautiful locations can transform land into rewarding environments for investors. Interested parties are invited to contact the organizer Philip Kozely to learn more or participate.
Environmental factors affecting seed development and maturationkartoori sai santhosh
The document discusses various climatic and environmental factors that affect seed development and quality in crops. It states that moderate temperatures are required for flowering and pollination to produce good seeds, while high temperatures can cause poor pollen development and seed set. Excessive rainfall, humidity, or winds can damage seeds and cause losses. Nutrition, soil moisture, and plant hormones also influence seed maturation and quality. Proper management practices like weed control are necessary to optimize seed production.
The deterioration of seed quality, vigor and viability, due to high relative humidity and high temperature during the post-maturation and per-harvest period is referred to as field weathering,
Deterioration caused by weathering is directly related to seed exposure to adverse conditions.
Exposure to hot and humid conditions, rainfall, photo period after ripening are per-harvest factors, cause seed quality loss.
This document discusses factors that affect seed deterioration. It identifies several key factors:
1. Environmental conditions like temperature, humidity and moisture content can accelerate the natural deterioration process in seeds. Prolonged exposure to moisture in particular degrades seed quality.
2. Biotic factors like fungi and insects can also cause seed deterioration if given suitable conditions of high moisture and warmth. Their activity degrades seeds and reduces viability.
3. Physiological and biochemical changes occur as seeds deteriorate, such as membrane damage, enzyme degradation, and increased lipid peroxidation, ultimately leading to loss of viability. Maintaining proper storage conditions is important to slowing these processes.
This document discusses seed storability and viability prediction in important oilseed crops. It covers several key topics:
1) Factors that affect seed viability and storability during storage like moisture content, temperature, packaging material and storage structure. Lower moisture content and temperature helps extend seed life.
2) Methods for predicting seed viability like accelerated aging tests, mathematical models and nomographs that relate viability to moisture content and temperature over time.
3) Biochemical changes that occur during storage like lipid peroxidation and accumulation of free radicals that can damage cell membranes and organelles leading to loss of viability over time.
4) The importance of understanding these factors and developing strategies to optimize seed storage conditions and predict viability
This document provides guidance for teachers on teaching the exploratory course on Horticulture as part of the K to 12 Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) curriculum in the Philippines. It begins with background information on the overall goal of the K to 12 curriculum and the conceptual framework for teaching TLE. It then describes the TLE exploratory courses, the structure of the learning modules, and new features of TLE instruction in the K to 12 system. The remainder of the document explains the parts of each lesson in the learning modules and the teacher and student tasks for each part, with the goal of ensuring TLE courses are taught effectively and as intended.
This document provides an exploratory learning module on horticulture for grades 7 and 8 students in the Philippines. It covers four lessons: (1) use of farm tools and equipment, (2) estimation and basic calculation, (3) interpretation of plans and drawings, and (4) occupational safety and health. Each lesson is directed at attaining specific learning outcomes and performance standards. The module introduces students to important hand tools, farm implements, and equipment used in horticultural operations. It emphasizes the safe and proper use of tools to make work easier and more efficient.
The document discusses various types of agricultural equipment used on farms. It describes machinery that provides power to replace manual labor, improve work capacity, and ensure quality and uniform results. Some examples of agricultural equipment mentioned include tractors, sprayers, combines, planters, plows, balers, and loaders. Each type of equipment has a specific purpose, such as cultivating soil, planting seeds, harvesting crops, or transporting grain. In total, over 20 different pieces of machinery used in agriculture are identified and briefly described.
When looking for a loan or venture capital to invest in a new or existing business, it is essential to develop a high quality proposal. Developing a good proposal requires (1) Plenty of advance planning (2) A detailed understanding of your business (3) Some accounting knowledge (4) Focus (5) Writing ability.
Every investment proposal is different, because every investment is unique. However, a successful investment proposal must focus on and answer three basic questions for the investor: (1) Is my investment safe? (2) When will I get back my initial investment and profits? (3) How much money will I make?
This guide will provide you with an outline of a high quality Business Investment Proposal.
A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a protective seed coat that contains stored food. Seeds allow plants to maintain dormancy until conditions are suitable, protect the vulnerable young plant, provide food until photosynthesis is possible, and aid in plant dispersal. The main structures of a seed include the seed coat, hilum, embryo containing cotyledon, epicotyl/hypocotyl, plumule, and radicle. The seed coat protects the embryo while the cotyledon stores food and the epicotyl/hypocotyl and radicle form the basis of the stem and root.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. What is an equipment? (4 points)
An equipment refers to tools, instruments, devices, and machinery used in agricultural crop production operations that require more power than hand tools. They are usually motorized or animal-drawn. (4 points)
2. Give the specific uses and function of the following equipment:
A. Hand tractor (3 points)
A hand tractor is a small tractor powered by a gasoline engine and used for tilling small areas of land. Its functions include plowing, harrowing, and transporting farm inputs and outputs. (3 points)
B. Four wheel tractor (3 points)
A four wheel tractor is a
Theories & factors affecting growth and developmentAruna Naudasari
Kohlberg's and Fowler's theories of growth and development are discussed. Key points include:
- Growth refers to physical changes in size while development is the progressive increase in skills and abilities.
- Development follows cephalocaudal and proximodistal patterns from head to tail and center to periphery.
- Factors like heredity, environment, nutrition, and hormones influence growth and development.
- Physical growth involves changes in height, weight, head circumference, and chest size at different stages.
This document summarizes the key controversies surrounding genetically modified organisms (GMOs), including potential human health and environmental impacts, as well as issues regarding intellectual property, ethics, labeling, and society. It also outlines laws governing GMOs in the United States, European Union countries like France and Germany, and the United Kingdom. The US FDA regulates GMOs differently than the EU, which has more stringent safety testing and labeling requirements. Debate continues around the risks and benefits of GMO cultivation and consumption.
Genetically modified crops now represent 11% of the world's cultivated land, with the largest areas being in the Americas, India, and China. While GMOs promise benefits like increased yields and pest resistance, there are also concerns about their effects on biodiversity and the dominance of the market by a few large corporations who hold patents on GMO seeds. The cultivation and import of GMOs into the European Union remains a controversial issue with differing positions among member states.
The petitioner is concerned about a proposed European Commission Directive that would allow contamination of non-genetically modified seeds with genetically modified organisms (GMOs) at levels up to 0.3-0.7%. The petitioner wants products labeled as non-GM to be truly non-GM and does not want uncontrolled spread of GMOs due to contamination from GM crops growing in nearby fields without farmers' knowledge. The petitioner asks that the Directive ensure non-GM crop purity by requiring GMO producers to ensure purity rather than putting the costs and burdens on consumers or non-GMO farmers.
Sterling paper GM crops fight world hunger.IFST Food Science & Technology Jou...Sterling Crew
GM crops help fight hunger by increasing yields and reducing costs for farmers. They can be tailored to address local needs in developing countries by enhancing locally grown crops with traits like insect or drought resistance. However, controversies over GM safety and corporate influence continue in Europe, where regulations have blocked most GM crop cultivation. With the global population expected to increase by 2 billion by 2050, attitudes must shift to enable innovation that can boost food security and availability.
Crop protection products are treatments used to protect crops from pests and diseases. They contribute to long-term productivity by keeping crops healthy and yields high. Bringing a new crop protection product to market takes 9 years and costs €200 million on average. Integrated Pest Management, which combines multiple control methods, will be compulsory in the EU from 2014 and is an element of sustainable agriculture. The safe use of crop protection products is a key priority for the industry.
Health Effects on Letterhead with Links - AM July 25 (2)Andreea Modrea
1. The document summarizes potential negative effects of GMOs on soil, plant, animal, and human health. It discusses how GMOs and the herbicides used on them can damage soil health by killing beneficial bacteria and accumulating toxins. This can lead to superweeds and loss of nutrients.
2. Effects on plant health include the emergence of pesticide-resistant superbugs requiring stronger pesticides in a downward cycle. Cross-contamination of organic crops is also a risk.
3. Animal studies show GMOs can cause organ damage, tumors, and early death. As the staple of livestock feed, similar effects may occur in humans such as allergies and immune problems.
World hunger remains a problem despite successes of the Green Revolution. Better technology is needed to meet modern requirements, including genetically modified crops. Currently, 800 million people are malnourished worldwide, with Africa disproportionately affected. Food biotechnology employs modern genetics to enhance plant traits for food production and aims to combat hunger by allowing more food production on less land. However, debates continue around potential health, environmental and corporate control issues of GM foods.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in food and debates both sides of the issue. It notes that GMOs are now found in many common foods but are still controversial. While some see benefits like increased crop yields and drought resistance, others worry about impacts on health, small farmers, and patent control of crops. Quotes are provided from scientists, farmers, and organizations on both sides of the GMO debate.
Biotechnology has the potential to increase productivity in developing countries by increasing yields and reducing pesticide use for crops like cotton. Field trials of Bt cotton in India found yield increases of 80-87% compared to non-Bt and local varieties, along with a 70% reduction in insecticide use. However, access to biotechnology is limited by intellectual property rights held by companies in developed countries. An intellectual property clearinghouse could help reduce costs and improve access for developing countries by facilitating technology transfers. While biotechnology poses some environmental and health risks, these can be managed, and the technology could make an important contribution to agriculture if developed and used appropriately.
Impacts of genetically modified crops and seedsDebbie-Ann Hall
Genetically-modified (GM) seeds are a significant step forward in the production of agricultural crops. GM seeds are seeds that have been modified to contain specific
characteristics such as resistance to herbicides (in the case of "Roundup Ready" products)
or resistance to pests (in the case of Bt corn). But the method of modification used with GM seeds varies from the traditional method in an important respect: the genes have not been modified over generations of cross-fertilization, but rather inserted directly into the
DNA of the seed.
Although this method is more efficient, critics fear that the result — a "novel gene combination" — may have health or environmental impacts that are not
being adequately addressed. As a result, the technology is surrounded by significant
controversy.
Organic cotton is more environmentally friendly than conventional cotton. Conventional cotton requires heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides that pollute water and soil and pose health risks. Organic cotton is cultivated without these chemicals. It takes three years after switching to organic methods for the cotton to be certified organic and free of chemical residues. Farmers in India organize to produce organic cotton through associations like the Vidarbha Organic Farmers Association in order to have a cleaner, safer approach to cotton cultivation.
Organic cotton is more environmentally friendly than conventional cotton. Conventional cotton requires heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides that pollute water and soil and pose health risks. Organic cotton is cultivated without these chemicals. It takes three years after switching to organic methods for the cotton to be certified organic and free of chemical residues. Farmers in India organize to produce organic cotton through associations like the Vidarbha Organic Farmers Association in order to have a cleaner, safer approach to cotton cultivation.
Organic cotton is more environmentally friendly than conventional cotton. Conventional cotton requires heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides that pollute water and soil and pose health risks. Organic cotton is grown without these chemicals. It is identified by labels like organic, green, and eco-friendly cotton. Farmers in India have formed organizations to promote organic cotton cultivation and sell to buyers in countries like Japan. Organic cotton production in India makes up 15% of global supply.
Organic cotton is more environmentally friendly than conventional cotton. Conventional cotton requires heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides that pollute water and soil and pose health risks. Organic cotton is grown without these chemicals. It is identified by labels like organic, green, and eco-friendly cotton. Farmers in India have formed organizations to promote organic cotton cultivation and sell to buyers in countries like Japan. Organic cotton production in India makes up 15% of global supply.
Organic cotton is more environmentally friendly than conventional cotton. Conventional cotton requires heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides that pollute water and soil and pose health risks. Organic cotton is grown without these chemicals. It is identified by labels like organic, green, and natural cotton. Farmers in India have formed organizations to promote organic cotton cultivation and sell to buyers in countries like Japan. Organic cotton production in India makes up 15% of global supply.
Organic cotton is more environmentally friendly than conventional cotton. Conventional cotton requires heavy use of fertilizers and pesticides that pollute water and soil and pose health risks. Organic cotton is cultivated without these chemicals. It takes three years after switching to organic methods for the cotton to be certified organic and free of chemical residues. Farmers in India are organizing to produce organic cotton in response to consumer demand and environmental and health concerns about conventional cotton cultivation.
This document discusses genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and GM crops. It provides background on what GM crops are, including that they are plants that have been genetically engineered to express traits like herbicide tolerance or pest resistance. The document then discusses topics like the global acreage of GM crops, major GM crop producing countries, advantages and disadvantages of GM crops, food labeling policies regarding GMOs, and health and environmental risks of genetically engineered foods.
Similar to Save Our Seeds: Agriculture and Environment Threatened by GE Seed Contamination Law (20)
In the midst of the toxic atmosphere of Watts, seeds are sprouting, organic gardens are thriving, young people are discovering a vocation, and healthy, whole foods are becoming part of everyday life.
This document contains over 50 quotes from Mahatma Gandhi on topics like non-violence, truth, religion, love, service, forgiveness, and more. Some of the key quotes include "Where there is love there is life", "You must be the change you wish to see in the world", and "Non-violence is the greatest force at the disposal of mankind. It is mightier than the mightiest weapon of destruction devised by the ingenuity of man." The quotes reflect Gandhi's philosophy of non-violent civil disobedience and living a virtuous life focused on truth, love, forgiveness, and helping others.
Good Food Helps your Children Excel in SchoolSeeds
Good Food = Academic Success for your Children~
INCLUDES LINKS TO:
Over 120 books and web sites on Education, Children's Health and Academic Success, Organic Food Recipes, Organic Non-Sugar Sweeteners, School Lunches ~ Over 300 books on Organic Gardening and Heirloom Gardening ~ Over 200 books on Sustainable Technology and Alternative Housing ~ Over 30 books on Renewable Energy ~ Many Free PDF files on Rain Gardens, Roof Gardens, Aeroponic Gardening, Rainwater Harvesting, Waterwise Gardening, Green Eco Churches, Vegetable Oil Cars, Organic Gardening Guides, Ram Pumps, Companion Planting, Garden Therapy Manuals, Faith Healing
The document is a companion planting chart that lists plants and herbs that can be used as natural repellents or companions for various insects and garden pests. It notes that mint, catmint, tansy, garlic, and pennyroyal can repel ants. Nasturtiums, tomato leaves, basil, spearmint, onions, stinging nettle, and garlic can deter aphids. Rosemary, mint, dill, sage, hyssop, garlic, oregano, spearmint, tansy, thyme, chamomile can help with cabbage butterflies. Garlic, tomato leaves, and pepper leaves on the plant can combat caterpillars.
Edible Schoolyards = Academic Success & Gardening with ChildrenSeeds
Organic Edible Schoolyards = Academic Success + Healthy Students ~
INCLUDES LINKS TO:
Over 80 books and web sites dealing with Gardening with Children - Over 300 books on Organic Gardening - Over 200 books on Sustainable Technology - Over 50 books on Renewable Energy - Many Free PDF files on Rain Gardens, Roof Gardens, Aeroponic Gardening, Rainwater Harvesting, Waterwise Gardening, Green Eco Churches, Vegetable Oil Cars, Organic Gardening Guides, Ram Pumps, Companion Planting, 7 - Garden Therapy Manuals
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher GuideSeeds
A square foot garden is a method for growing vegetables in a small space of 120cm x 120cm (4ft x 4ft). Each square is divided into 16 squares and planted with a different crop close together. Tall crops go in back and sizes decrease towards the front. Crop rotation is important to prevent nutrient depletion and control pests/diseases. Seeds are station sown by making holes and thinning extras rather than sowing rows and thinning. This allows growing a variety of crops in a minimal space.
City Farming, Backyard Farming, & Urban Farming - , Resources, Links & Much MoreSeeds
This document provides links to numerous resources on topics related to city farming, including articles, manuals, books, and websites. It begins by listing several articles and manuals on topics such as urban forestry, urban agriculture, and sustainable urban development. It then provides links to books on city farming, urban farming, and organic gardening. The document continues listing websites focused on city farming, organic growing techniques, renewable energy, and other sustainability topics.
Horseback Riding Therapy, Natural Horse Care, Natural Pet Food, Natural Pet CareSeeds
Horseback Riding Therapy, Natural Horse Care, Natural Pet Food, Natural Pet Care
- helping the Disabled, PTSD & the Elderly to Rehabilitation & Recovery
City Beekeeping ~ Honey for Health ~ Resouces, Books & Much MoreSeeds
This document provides links to resources about urban beekeeping and managing bee colonies, including books, websites, and videos. It notes that some of the links may not work properly in Microsoft Internet Explorer and recommends using alternative browsers. It then lists numerous references to books, websites, and other materials on topics related to beekeeping with honey bees and mason bees.
The document provides links to numerous resources about water wise gardening, landscaping with native plants, and conserving water outdoors. It includes manuals, books, articles and guides on topics like designing low maintenance gardens, choosing drought tolerant plants, saving water in the landscape, and creating sustainable gardens in various regions. All of the links are meant to be downloaded as a PDF for proper functioning.
Free Xeriscape Gardening Manuals, Books, Resources & Much MoreSeeds
This document contains links to over 100 publications, newsletters, fact sheets, and other resources related to xeriscape gardening and landscaping. The resources cover topics like the 7 stages of successful xeriscape design, drought tolerant plant guides for various regions, waterwise landscaping techniques, irrigation management, and more. The resources are from universities, conservation organizations, water districts and agencies across the United States and Canada.
This document provides information about keeping chickens in organic gardens and lists the titles and links for numerous books on topics related to raising chickens and using chicken manure and compost. It notes that some of the listed links may not work properly with Microsoft Internet Explorer and recommends using alternative browsers. It also provides a link to download the page as a PDF file.
Ram Water Pumps - Using No Fuel and No ElectricitySeeds
Hydraulic ram pumps use the energy of a large amount of water falling a small height to lift a small amount of that water to a much greater height, allowing water from springs or streams in valleys to be pumped to villages or irrigation schemes on hillsides. They can lift 1-20% of inlet water 10 times the intake height and work where water flows constantly and the usable fall is at least 91 cm. Their uses include lifting drinking water, pumping drinking water from streams, and lifting irrigation water. Advantages are low cost, simple construction, and not requiring fuel or electricity.
Este documento presenta una lista de libros en español sobre temas de agricultura orgánica, horticultura ecológica, acuaponía, abonos orgánicos, control biológico de plagas y más. Incluye el título de cada libro, autor(es), y enlaces a sitios como Google Books, WorldCat y librerías en línea donde se pueden encontrar los libros. La lista contiene más de 50 entradas de libros sobre diferentes aspectos técnicos y prácticos de la agricultura sostenible.
This document provides links to numerous resources on topics related to city farming, including articles, manuals, books, and websites. It begins by listing several articles and manuals on topics such as urban forestry, urban agriculture, and sustainable urban development. It then provides links to books on city farming, urban farming, and organic gardening. The document continues listing websites focused on city farming, organic growing techniques, renewable energy, and other sustainability-related topics.
The Wicking Worm Bed Revolution for Drought GardeningSeeds
The wicking bed system allows food to be produced with reduced and erratic rainfall by capturing water and nutrients below the surface. It improves soil quality over time by encouraging fungal decomposition that embeds carbon in the soil. Wicking beds regulate soil moisture for plant growth using a waterproof liner and drainage holes to retain an underground reservoir of water that wicks up through screening rocks and soil. This system produces higher yields with less water loss compared to conventional irrigation methods.
Garden Wicking Beds = Water Wise Gardening for Dry Lands & Summer DroughtsSeeds
- Wicking beds are a gardening system that allows plants to be grown with high water and nutrient efficiency in areas with sandy soils and long dry periods. They work by having a water reservoir underneath the planting medium that draws water up through capillary action and evaporation to hydrate the plants.
- They can be easily constructed using materials like plastic liners, barrels, or bricks to create a level bottom planter with a reservoir below. Various porous materials like gravel or broken bricks can be used to fill the reservoir space to store water.
- Wicking beds have been shown to greatly reduce water use for gardening while providing a consistent supply of nutrients and moisture to plants through the passive water movement between the reservoir and
The document describes how to construct a self-watering container using two 20-liter buckets. The container allows for growing a single large plant like a tomato or pepper. It is cheaper and easier to make than rectangular self-watering containers. Instructions are provided on drilling holes, adding a filler tube, and assembling the inner and outer buckets so that the inner bucket holds soil and plant roots while the outer holds water to keep the soil moist. Periodic filling of the filler tube is needed to replenish the water supply.
A Manual for Growing Food in Arid Lands & Summer DroughtsSeeds
This document is a handbook for growing food in arid Australia, specifically Alice Springs. It provides tips for planning and preparing a garden, including choosing a sunny location, adding paths to avoid compaction, and preparing the soil. It also discusses options for container gardening and creating no-dig garden beds. The handbook offers guidance on starting seeds and seedlings, including hardening off seedlings before transplanting. It provides advice on pruning fruit trees and hand pollinating some plants if bees are not present. The overall document aims to inspire and assist people in Alice Springs with growing their own food.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
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تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
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3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
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CapTechTalks Webinar Slides June 2024 Donovan Wright.pptxCapitolTechU
Slides from a Capitol Technology University webinar held June 20, 2024. The webinar featured Dr. Donovan Wright, presenting on the Department of Defense Digital Transformation.
How to Manage Reception Report in Odoo 17Celine George
A business may deal with both sales and purchases occasionally. They buy things from vendors and then sell them to their customers. Such dealings can be confusing at times. Because multiple clients may inquire about the same product at the same time, after purchasing those products, customers must be assigned to them. Odoo has a tool called Reception Report that can be used to complete this assignment. By enabling this, a reception report comes automatically after confirming a receipt, from which we can assign products to orders.
THE SACRIFICE HOW PRO-PALESTINE PROTESTS STUDENTS ARE SACRIFICING TO CHANGE T...indexPub
The recent surge in pro-Palestine student activism has prompted significant responses from universities, ranging from negotiations and divestment commitments to increased transparency about investments in companies supporting the war on Gaza. This activism has led to the cessation of student encampments but also highlighted the substantial sacrifices made by students, including academic disruptions and personal risks. The primary drivers of these protests are poor university administration, lack of transparency, and inadequate communication between officials and students. This study examines the profound emotional, psychological, and professional impacts on students engaged in pro-Palestine protests, focusing on Generation Z's (Gen-Z) activism dynamics. This paper explores the significant sacrifices made by these students and even the professors supporting the pro-Palestine movement, with a focus on recent global movements. Through an in-depth analysis of printed and electronic media, the study examines the impacts of these sacrifices on the academic and personal lives of those involved. The paper highlights examples from various universities, demonstrating student activism's long-term and short-term effects, including disciplinary actions, social backlash, and career implications. The researchers also explore the broader implications of student sacrifices. The findings reveal that these sacrifices are driven by a profound commitment to justice and human rights, and are influenced by the increasing availability of information, peer interactions, and personal convictions. The study also discusses the broader implications of this activism, comparing it to historical precedents and assessing its potential to influence policy and public opinion. The emotional and psychological toll on student activists is significant, but their sense of purpose and community support mitigates some of these challenges. However, the researchers call for acknowledging the broader Impact of these sacrifices on the future global movement of FreePalestine.
Gender and Mental Health - Counselling and Family Therapy Applications and In...PsychoTech Services
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BPSC-105 important questions for june term end exam
Save Our Seeds: Agriculture and Environment Threatened by GE Seed Contamination Law
1. Chausseestr. 131
10115 Berlin - Germany
Telephone +49-30-308899-14
Fax +49-30-308899-30
International Genetic Engineering Campaign
ge@diala.greenpeace.org
http://www.greenpeace.org
Background Information October 2002
Save Our Seeds!
Agriculture and environment threatened by GE seed contamination law
As the European Union prepares to implement regulations that will further close the market to
genetically engineered (GE) food and crops, a new legislative threat to Europe’s non-GE status is
emerging: the prospect of legally allowed GE contamination in conventional and organic seeds.
In the coming weeks the European Commission will seek committee approval for a directive that could
see GE crops grown in Europe on a commercial scale by stealth. It would permit thousands of millions
of GE seeds to be mixed with ordinary planting seeds and released into European soil.
This proposal is formally opposed by over 300 farmer, environmental and consumer groups representing
over 25 million Europeans. Despite the potentially far-reaching and devastating consequences of this
piece of legislation both the European Parliament and the European Council are so far being excluded
from the decision making process.
Greenpeace is concerned that this seed contamination proposal could:
?? Result in unprecedented GE contamination of around 10% of EU arable land in the
next year.
?? Allow release of about 7000 million unmonitored and unregulated GE rape and maize
plants per year rising to 11,000 million GE plants following European enlargement.
?? Create agronomic problems for farmers and increase the use of outdated and
dangerous pesticides.
?? Add hundreds of millions of euros to the cost of producing the non-GE crops required
by European retailers and demanded by European consumers.
?? Threaten the viability of European organic agriculture.
?? Erode farmers rights to choose, save and control their own seeds.
?? Enact a controversial political decision without proper democratic procedure.
Greenpeace support establishing a threshold for non-GE seed purity at the level of detection – currently
agreed as 0.1%. Contrary to the claims of the genetic engineering industry this low level is not only
practical and desirable but in fact over 95% of all seed lots tested in Europe, including imported seeds,
already meet this standard. Austria and recently New Zealand have already enacted seed laws banning
genetic contamination of seeds beyond this level of detection.
This background briefing examines these issues, the current attitude of different members states to the
proposed GE contamination legislation and lists some of the 300 European agricultural, environmental,
food industry and consumer groups who are opposing this threat to our seeds.
International Genetic Engineering Campaign 1
2. The EU Seed Directive on GE Contamination – a license to pollute?
Since 1999 there have been sporadic examples of genetically engineered seeds becoming mixed with
stocks of conventional and organic seeds – often rendering seed lots illegal or unsaleable. As seed
contamination revelations mounted in June 2000 the EU Commission adopted an interim "gentlemens
agreement" not to tolerate any seed contamination with GE varieties not approved by the EU nor any
contamination with EU-approved GE seeds above 0.5%.i
The EU Commission for Health and Consumer Protection (DG SANCO) subsequently undertook to
establish a regulation on GE seed contamination with the assistance of a small technical committee:
The Standing Committee on Seeds and Reproductive Materials for Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry
. Following successful lobbying by the European seed and genetic engineering industry the working
draft of that proposed regulationii is now close to approval. The draft legislation establishes tolerances for
GE seed contamination below which it is unnecessary to label the seed as GE seed. In other words this
labelling threshold grants a license for GE companies to contaminate seed up to these thresholds.
According to the draft regulation:
??In a seed lot of oilseed rape up to 0.3% of the seeds can be from genetically engineered
varieties and the bag remain unlabelled.
??In a seed lot of maize, beet, potatoes, tomatoes or cotton 0.5% of the seeds can be from
genetically engineered varieties and the bag remain unlabelled.
??In a seed lot of soy 0.7% of the seeds can be from genetically engineered varieties and the bag
remain unlabelled.
Above these thresholds seed lots must carry a label indicating the presence of genetically modified
organisms (GMO’s). These thresholds only allow the presence of GE varieties which already have an EU
approval for growing. GE companies Monsanto, Aventis and Syngenta already have the necessary
European growing approval to contaminate conventional seeds of oilseed rape and maize should the
commission’s proposal be passed.iii The proposal was also intended to define the neccesary measures
to be taken by seed producers for maintaining the purity of conventional seeds but those measures have
now been removed from the text. Not to define such measures is of special significance since the
allowable contamination levels only apply if seed producers can prove they have taken all necessary
measures to prevent contamination.
The basis on which DG SANCO chose these thresholds was not a question of how low the levels of
contamination in seeds could be kept but instead what would be the maximum contamination level in
seed before the final foodstuff had to be labelled. Since there is currently a 1% threshold for GE
contamination in food products beyond which the food must be labelled, computer modelling was used
to estimate what levels of seed contamination could still deliver raw materials under that legal labelling
threshold.iv The resulting values of 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.7% are neither a reflection of how low it is possible
to keep GE contamination nor of the environmental impact of such contamination. It was also
acknowledged that, by choosing such high levels, the amount of contamination in the final product would
creep up over the long term - especially in oilseed rape.v
GE seed contamination – The need for control
Since 2000 a series of GE seed contamination scandals have exposed that genetically engineered
seeds can become mixed with stocks of conventional and organic seeds – often rendering seed lots
illegal or unsaleable:
?? Throught the spring and summer of 2000 it became apparent that between 2000 – 4000
hectares of Greek cotton fields had been contaminated by 847 tons of GE cotton seed. About a
1000 hectares of this was identified and half of the cotton was officially destroyed.vi
International Genetic Engineering Campaign 2
3. ?? In May 2000 it was discovered that a large quantity of GE rape seed produced by seed
company Advanta was contaminated with Monsanto’s transgenic GT-73 variety. It had been
imported and supplied to farmers in France, Germany, Sweden and the UK. Farmers ploughed
up the affected fields in order to receive government compensation.vii
?? March 2001, hundreds of tons of conventional maize and soy seed marketed by Syngenta and
Monsanto were confiscated by the Italian authorities following discovery of GE seed
contamination.viii
Since the purity of seeds is essential to maintaining the integrity of the food chain, environmental, farmer
and consumer groups responded to these discoveries by calling on lawmakers to implement tough
regulations to protect seeds from unwanted GE contamination. They pointed to the fact that most seeds
are still non-GE at this point and should be kept that way.ix
Meanwhile the seed and GE industry exploited these scandals to issue a tactical demand that
governments instead de-regulate and permit levels of GE contamination in seeds at agreed thresholds.
Genetic engineering companies such as Aventis and Monsanto, who had previously claimed GE
pollution was containable, now executed an astonishing 180 degree turn of rhetoric and began to plead
that they could no longer control the spread of their own GE creations. They argued that the trespass of
“adventitious” (unintended) GE contamination was now so unavoidable, even in seed production, that it
should be legally ‘tolerated’.x As a result of their lobbying this was the approach adopted by the
Commission.
"The hope of the industry is that over time the market is so flooded (with GE) that
there's nothing you can do about it, you just sort of surrender."
Don Westfall, vice- president Promar International, major US food industry consultancy
(Starlink fall-out could cost billions, The Toronto Star. Jan 9th 2001)
Small sounding numbers = floods of contamination
What may sound like small thresholds (0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7%) in fact creates wide open loopholes through
which thousands of millions of GE seeds can be released into the environment unregulated, unmonitored
and impossible to recall should something go wrong. Genetic engineering is an unpredictable technology
with potentially devastating effects on soil, insects and the health of agricultural ecosystems.
??General contamination of seed stocks as permitted by the proposed directive amounts to the
widespread growing of GE plants amongst conventional crops at a rate of 1 in every 200 plants
for maize, beet and cotton, 1 in just over every 330 plants for oilseed rape and about 1 in every
150 soy bean plants.
??Calculations by the Greenpeace Science Unitxi suggest that under the proposed seed
contamination directive it would be immediately legal to release up to 7000 million GE plants as
contamination across the almost 8 million hectares currently growing maize and rape. This
constitutes an unprecedented environmental release of GE plants. If all planted in one place that
number of plants would require over 32,000 hectares of land - an area twice as large as
Brussels.xii Worryingly, however, such contamination would in fact trespass on and contaminate
about ten percent of EU arable land.
??The potential release of GE plants through this legal seed contamination loophole would be
further increased following EU enlargement when it could extend to the 6.9 million hectares of
agricultural land in the so called ‘accession countries’ currently sown with maize and oilseed
rape. By also permitting seed contamination in these 13 countries Europe could be faced with
over 11,000 million unregulated GE plants – enough to fill over 90,000 football pitches – spread
over almost 15 million hectares of agricultural land.
??Calculations on a worst case scenario, (in which the pending approvals for growing of GE
cotton, sugarbeet and soy are passed,) show almost 15,000 million unregulated GE plants
International Genetic Engineering Campaign 3
4. could escape into the environment of an enlarged Europe through the provisions of the proposed
seed directive.
A regulatory nightmare for environmental monitoring agencies
Such widespread GE contamination through seed would raise significant problems for the environmental
protection measures enshrined in the new European horizontal legislation on GE crops – Directive
2001/18 which comes into force on the 17th October 2002.xiii This new directive requires that EU member
states put in place monitoring systems for all GE crops, that they maintain a register of where such
crops are grown and that they establish measures to recall such crops if neccesary. Seed
contamination by contrast will be generalised, unidentified and therefore unmonitorable and impossible
to recall. Furthermore, the legally sanctioned and varied presence of GE seed contamination could
frustrate the ability of environment agencies to set a baseline for effective monitoring of genetically
engineered organisms in the environment. Areas set aside for nature conservation would also be
affected.
Wildlife watchdog warns of agronomic problems – superweeds and extra pesticides
In a recent submission, the UK government’s statutory nature conservation agency, English Nature,
strongly opposed the commissions proposed thresholds.xiv They warned:
?? Herbicide resistant weeds could be produced from such a large release of contamination. This
may force farmers to use older and more environmentally damaging pesticides such as
Paraquat and 2,4 D.
?? In the near future such weeds could establish resistance to multiple herbicides becoming
‘superweeds’ as has already occurred in Canada. This is proving extremely costly for farmers,
can out compete wild populations and is also leading to increased use of outdated and
dangerous pesticides.
Increased costs and risks to the entire food chain
While the seed and GE industry have successfully lobbied for a seed contamination proposal that suits
their interests, the real costs and impacts to the rest of the food chain from farmer to consumer have
been neither calculated nor considered by the committee responsible. What is clear is that such
massive release would put into serious question the non-GE status of European agriculture.
At present almost all food processors and retailers across Europe specifically request non-GE food
ingredients and raw materials.xv In order to maintain the ingredients in their final product well under the
current legal labelling threshold of one percent, non-GE processors will generally request that such raw
materials are delivered without any detectable traces of genetically engineered organisms. Major
European supermarkets such as Carrefour use sophisticated ‘identity preservation’ systems to keep GE
contamination in raw materials under the agreed detection limit of 0.1%.xvi Since GE seed
contamination is currently an irregular occurrence, European farmers growing crops from clean seed in a
GE-free environment can meet these non-GE requirements without problems.
The proposed directive however, saddling farmers with considerable GE contamination even before
growing, could place farmers suddenly in the difficult position of delivering GE contaminated food to
processors at contamination levels close to or exceeding 1%. Enquiries by Greenpeace to
supermarkets across Europe have confirmed that they would not tolerate rising levels of GE
contamination in food beyond the detection level of 0.1%. In effect this regulation could exclude EU
farmers from their own market.
Among the signatories of the Save Our Seeds petition are natural food producers and EuroCoop, the
European Community of Consumer Co-operatives, representing more than 3200 local or regional co-operatives
membership of which amounts to over 19 million consumers in the European Union. Their
International Genetic Engineering Campaign 4
5. members operate supermarkets across Europe and also favour the lowest possible seed contamination
threshold.
Burden of non-GE proof transferred to farmers at their expense
In order to avoid contamination in their final product farmers may be expected to test their seeds before
planting. This is already becoming a standard but costly practice for non-GE farmers in USA and
Canadaxvii. The Joint Research Centre of the EU estimates that putting in place such testing systems in
Europe to deliver a rape seed crop at under 0.1% GM contamination will cost the farmer an extra 112
Euros per hectare.xviii Since the EU annually grows 3 million hectares of conventional rapexix this measure
could end up costing many hundreds of millions of Euros to farmers, the food industry and potentially
the consumer. COPA/COGECA , the largest European body representing farmers organisations, has
requested that the GE industry, rather than non-GE producers, should carry the burden of cost:
“COPA/COGECA notice that the responsibility and additional costs linked to respecting the obligations
introduced for marketing conventional seed, i.e. non GMO seed, are shouldered uniquely by producers
of conventional seed, and not by those who choose to produce genetically modified plants. Such an
approach is obviously dubious and must be reviewed. It does not correspond to the expectations of
European consumers,who, in the current context, are calling rather for the isolation of GMO crops, not
the creation of GMO-free niches, and are refusing to pay for the additional cost of conventional
products.”xx
A direct attack on organic agriulture
Specifically at risk from the GE seed contamination directive are organic producers. They must exclude
GE crops from their production in order to maintain their organic certification. Supply of non-GE seeds
are essential to them. As consumer demand for organic food rockets and governments try to support
this environmentally friendly method of growing, much of organic farming in Europe is being carried out
under permissions that allows use of conventional seeds in order to help keep up growth in production .
Should the commissions proposals be adopted, organic farmers who unknowingly buy GE contaminated
seed could face a significant loss of earnings as well as burdensome testing costs. They may not be
able to sell their crops at all. Once GE crops have contaminated their land cleaning up that genetic
pollution will also prove difficult. For some emerging organic markets such as the EU market in organic
rapeseed, most seeds are currently sourced conventionallyxxi and thus most of that organic crop is at
risk. There is a precedent for this: In less than 5 years GE seed contamination has already destroyed
almost the entire production of organic rapeseed in Canada’s main growing region of Saskatchewanxxii. If
the same happened in Europe organic farmers could lose their livelihoods and consumers would lose
choice.
Organic farmers are further disadvantaged in the case of GE seed contamination because, without
chemical weed control options, GE contamination is likely to spread faster once it has taken hold in
their crops or else be much more expensive to remove - requiring extra manual labour.xxiii
Farmers lose control and rights
Besides the extra costs of testing and maintaining a non-GE crop, farmers could find themselves losing
yet more control over their most vital agricultural input: the seed. The rights of a farmer to choose,
control and save their seeds are generally recognised as an important part of food security and essential
to sustainable conservation of genetic resources.xxiv These rights would be eroded by the introduction of
this directive. By establishing thresholds below which unlabelled GE contamination is permissible by
seed companies farmers may have no choice but to unknowingly plant GE crops on their land. Just as
consumers have a right to know if they are being sold GMO’s so too should farmers have a right to know
what they are planting.
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6. The age old practice of saving seeds could also be eroded. The recent EU Joint Research Centre report
on Co-existence of GE, Conventional and Organic Crops in European Agriculture notes that, once
established, levels of seed contamination would increase much faster year on year for farmers who save
and re-grow their own seed.xxv Therefore farmers intending to sell non-GE products will likely be forced to
buy certified seeds every planting season, again increasing on farm costs significantly, decreasing the
genetic diversity of available seed stocks and taking locally adapted varieties out of existence.
Wrong and unaccountable decision making procedure
It is of particular concern that such a far-reaching measure is being decided by an unelected technical
committee behind the closed doors of the EU’s ‘comitology’ procedure. Moreover, it seems inappropriate
that the drafting of the regulation is being carried out by DG SANCO and not also, as would be
expected, the Environmental and Agriculture Commissions. The Standing Committee on Seeds, who
have been considering the text of the proposal, is composed of seed officials from each of the member
states and is usually responsible only for setting uncontentious technical standards. In early November
they will be asked by the commission to give an ‘indicative vote’ of whether they support the proposal.
This will be followed by a final vote amongst themselves after which the directive will be brought into law.
Unfortunately the Standing Committee on Seeds does not have formal expertise in matters of GE
contamination of the environment or non-GE marketing. Indeed they are not being asked to consider
these aspects. Both the European Parliament and Council, who have been extensively involved with
previous GE legislation, have been excluded from the drafting and decision-making of this seed directive.
In July 2002 the Environment Committee of the European Parliament sent a specific request to the
commission for this matter to be brought under co-decision. The commission has yet to respond.
There are even questions arising as to whether the Standing Committee on Seeds is in fact legally
empowered to set such thresholds. The European Green Partyxxvi have pointed out that Article 21.2 of the
new horizontal directive on GMO’s 2001/18 explicitly states that adventitious thresholds for labelling GE
products (including seed) should be set by another committee established under that directive. Again
there has been no response from the commission on this legal question.
While neither ministers, the public or their elected representatives in the EU Parliament have any say in
the decision making on these controversial thresholds, the one body that will be offered sixty days to
comment and propose amendments is the even less transparent and less accountable World Trade
Organisation.
Solution: Zero tolerance is practical, desirable and already standard
The biggest myth in the discussion on GE seed contamination is that it is unavoidable and that zero
tolerance is impossible. This myth is often repeated by the GE companies and their seed industry allies.
In fact the only limit on achieving zero GE contamination of seeds is the accuracy of methods of
detection. At present it is agreed that the presence of GE seeds can be reliably detected at 1 seed in a
batch of a thousand seeds (0.1%). This level therefore represents a ‘technical zero’. As techniques
improve and the level of detection drops this technical zero will get closer to actual zero.
Currently the overwhelming majority of seeds in the EU have less than 0.1% GE contamination. In the
wake of seed contamination scandals in 2000 all EU member states agreed to start testing seed lots of
maize, oilseed rape, cotton and soy.
In over 3000 seed samples analysed so far by EU goverments less than 5%
show any detectable GE contamination. In other words 95% of all seed lots
tested in the EU, including imported seeds, are already produced under the
zero tolerance threshold of 0.1% GE contamination:
Austria
July 2001 – The Austrian Agriculture Ministry analysed 11 rape seed lots, 71 soya seed lots and 155
maize seed lots. GE contamination was found in only 18 maize seed lots and 1 soy seed lot.xxvii
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7. May 2002 – The Austrian Agriculture Ministry analysed 134 seed lots of rape, maize and soy seeds
and found no contamination at all.xxviii
France
March 2002 - 132 seed lots of maize, soy and corn from 31 companies were analysed by the French
government. Only one lot of maize seeds from the US was contaminated (at 0.2%)xxix
Aug 2002 – 447 Imported seed lots from USA, Chile, Hungary, South Africa and Turkey were analysed
by the French Government. 107 samples were found contaminated.xxx
Germany
2001 – 12 German Federal Counties (Lander) analysed 266 samples of maize seeds and 215 samples
of rape seed and found only 10 GE contaminated samples (9 maize and 1 oilseed rape)xxxi
Greece
June 2002 - Greek Ministry of Agriculture announced the test results on conventional seeds of maize,
tomato, beets and cotton for autumn 2001-spring 2002. They tested 1249 samples and found 1246 not
contaminated. Only 2 cotton samples and one maize sample tested positive for GE.xxxii
Sweden
Spring 2002 - Several tests on rape, sugerbeet and potato have been conducted and the samples sent
to a French lab called Agrogene. This includes both imported seeds and seeds produced in Sweden. No
GE contamination above 0.1% has been detected.xxxiii
UK
Oct 2002 – The Department for Environment, Food, Regions and Rural Affairs announced a
comprehensive audit of all UK seed stocks of maize, soy, beet and oilseed rape since summer 2000. 75
beet seed lots, 113 rape seed lots, 12 soy seed lots and 238 maize and sweetcorn lots were audited
and only 5 cases of maize contamination found xxxiv
It is significant that many of the seeds tested by national governments and found to be uncontaminated
have been sourced from the US, Canada or South America where there is already widespread growing of
GE crops. In January 2002 the American farm website Cropchoice.com published a partial list of over 30
US seed companies who confirmed they could provide seed at under 0.1% contamination.xxxv This
included companies with strong genetic engineering interests such as Delta Pine and Land.
Austria and New Zealand lead the way
The practicality of establishing zero tolerance regimes for GE contamination has already been
recognised and proved by at least two nations:
Austria: Following the discovery in May 2001 of 180 tonnes of GE contaminated seed, the Austrian
Regulation on GE Seed Contamination came into effect on 1 January, 2002. This law states that every
batch of seeds sold in Austria must be tested by the producer to ensure that there is no contamination
with GE seeds. Imported seeds are monitored, certificates are required and the government carries out
random testing. The authorities take action if contamination exceeding 0.1% is detected in test
samples. Sanctions include the seizure of seed and fines of up to € 14.500 rising to € 21.800 in case of
recurrence.xxxvi As a result of these measures the latest analysis of seeds sold in Austria showed no GE
contamination at all. Pioneer, the worlds largest seed producer owned by GE company Du Pont, has
explicitly confirmed that they now have no trouble supplying seeds to the Austrian Market at under 0.1%
GE contamination.xxxvii
New Zealand: New Zealand is an important seed producing country for US companies who use the
difference in seasons to grow up seeds for export. During the recent 2002 elections it emerged that the
government had previously agreed with GE company Novartis to cover up the accidental import and
growing of 15,000 GE maize seeds in December 2000 . On 1st August 2002, following the revelations of
this ‘corngate’ scandal, the New Zealand Government established a tough new testing regime for all
shipments of imported sweetcorn, maize, rapeseed and soybean seeds to ensure zero GE
International Genetic Engineering Campaign 7
8. contamination. “If the testing shows any contamination at all then the seeds will be rejected” explained
the new Zealand Director of Plants Biosecurity, Richard Ivess.xxxviii In August one seed lot of maize was
found to contain GE contamination at less than 0.05% and was incinerated by the producers, Australian
based Pacific Seeds. Pacific Seeds have since assured Greenpeace that they are also able to supply
non-GE seeds at under the level of detection to the European, New Zealand and Australian markets.xxxix
Save our seeds! The European public speaks out.
Over the last year a growing number of agricultural, environmental, consumer and trade organisations
have expressed concern at the thresholds for GE seed contamination proposed by DG SANCO. A
common ‘Save Our Seeds’ petition has been signed by over 300 organisations representing over 25
million members and also by around 70,000 individuals across Europe. It calls for a single threshold for
GE contamination in seeds at the level of detection (currently 0.1%).
i European Commission DG SANCO, Discussion Document for the Standing Committe on Seeds and
Propagating Material for Agriculture, Horticulture and Forestry, 19 June 2000. Brussels
ii Draft COMMISSION DIRECTIVE ../…/Ecof … amending Council Directives 66/400/EEC, 66/401/EEC,
66/402/EEC, 66/403/EEC, 69/208/EEC, 70/458/EEC and Decision 95/232/EEC as regards additional
conditions and requirements concerning the presence of genetically modified seed in seed lots of non-genetically
modified varieties and the details of the information required for labelling in the case of seeds of
genetically modified varieties Brussels, 02.07.2002, P./secr/doc2001/va/1542en02july2002
http://www.zs -l.de/gmo/downloads/Seed_Directive_3_July_2002.pdf
iii Approval for Growing GMO’s under part C of Directive EU 90/220 has been granted for GE male sterile
glufosinate resistant oilseed rape Ms1Rf1 produced by Plant Genetic Systems (now Aventis), Monsantos BT
maize Mon810, Syngenta’s BT176 maize and Aventis T25 glufosinate resistant fodder maize.
iv SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON PLANTS Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Plants concerning the
adventitious presence of GM seeds in conventional seeds.(Opinion adopted by the Committee on 7 March
2001) p2. SCIENTIFIC COMMITTEE ON PLANTS SCP/GMO-SEED-CONT/002-FINAL 13 March 2001
http://europa.eu.int/comm/food/fs/sc/scp/out93_gmo_en.pdf
v ibid p9.
vi Greenpeace Greece, Chronology of the GE Cotton Scandal in Greece, (June 2002).
vii A chronology of this seed contamination can be found at http://www.envoy.dircon.co.uk/dig-it-up/diary.htm
viii Reuters, Italy police seize more Monsanto seed in raid ,ROME (April 10 2001).
ix For full list of signatories calling for zero tolerance approach see www.saveourseeds.org.
x EuropaBio, press release - GM Mix-up: the need of practical thresholds, Brussels May 29th 2000
http://www.europabio.org/upload/articles/article_11.pdf
xi for calculations see accompanying tables prepared by Dr Janet Cotter, Greenpeace Science Unit:
Table 1: Immediate Impact of Proposed GE Seed Contamination Directive on European Arable Land, Table 2:
Impact of Proposed GE Seed Contamination Directive on Arable Land of EU Accession States ( including
Turkey) Upon Enlargement,
Table 3: A worst- case scenario for impact of proposed GE Seed Contamination Directive on EU Arable Land (
15 member states plus Accession states including Turkey)
xii The land area of Brussels is 161 sq km (source =
http://www.economist.com/cities/findStory.cfm?city_id=BRU&folder=Facts-Figures)
xiii Directive 2001/18/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 March 2001 on the deliberate
release into the environment of genetically modified organisms and repealing Council Directive 90/220/EEC.
xiv Biotechnology Advisory Unit, English Nature , DEFRA Consultation 02/03-165 -Commission proposals on
thresholds for the adventitious presence of approved GMOs in seeds. Response on behalf of the British
Statutory Nature Conservation Agencies (August 2002)
xv For a full overview of European market rejection of GE ingredients see Greenpeace International ,The
advantages of non-genetically engineered soya and corn for the Brazillian market (2002).
xvi Personal communication with Chantal Jaquet, Head of Environment Affairs at Carrefour.
xvii P27. The Soil Association, Seeds of doubt, North American farmers’ experiences of GM crops (Sept 2002),
UK.
xviii P 96. European Commission, Joint Research Centre ,Table 39 – Total monitoring costs for oilseed rape
production, section 4.2.5 Scenarios for co-existence of genetically modified, conventional and organic crops in
European agriculture, May 2002..
xix Total EU Area figure for oilseed rape for 2000 was 3,035,000 ha. Table 4.4.1.1 (rapeseed), European Union,
Directorate-General for Agriculture. Agriculture in the European Union: Statistical and economic information
2001 (jan 2002) http://europa.eu.int/comm/agriculture/agrista/2001/table_en/index.htm
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9. xx Comments of COPA/COGECA (Main European Farmers Association) SEM(02)09P3-jf Brussels, 11 March
2002
xxi p22. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, section 3.1.1, Scenarios for co-existence of genetically
modified, conventional and organic crops in European agriculture, May 2002..
xxii Saskatchewan Organic Directorate, News Release: Organic Farmers Sue Monsanto and Aventis ,
Saskatoon, January 10, 2002 –http://www.saskorganic.com/oapf/pdf/press-rel-10jan02.pdf
xxiii p v. European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Conclusions, Scenarios for co-existence of genetically
modified, conventional and organic crops in European agriculture, May 2002.
xxiv The concept of farmers rights are recognised in The International Undertaking on Plant Genetic Resources
(IUPGR) Resolution 5/89 . See FAO, What are Farmer Rights?
http://www.fao.org/DOCREP/x0255e/x0255e03.htm#P29_4338
xxv p126. European Commission, Joint Research Centre section 7.1.1 Scenarios for co-existence of genetically
modified, conventional and organic crops in European agriculture, May 2002.
xxvi Commission proposes to introduce through comitology tolerance levels for the adventitious presence of
genetically modified organisms in conventional seeds – Letter to EU Commission March 2002 by Dan Leskien,
European Greens.
xxvii http://www.parlinkom.at/pd/pm/XXI/AB/texte/024/AB02494_.doc
xxviii http://www.parlinkom.at/pd/pm/XXI/AB/his/036/AB03653_.html
xxix http://www.minefi.gouv.fr/DGCCRF/actualities/index.html
xxx Agence France Presse, Des traces d'OGM dans un quart des analyses de semences de maïs importées -
PARIS, (7 août 2002)
xxxi Table of seed analysis results by federal counties compiled March 2002 by Greenpeace Germany
xxxii Press release issued by the Greek Ministry of Agriculture on June 5th 2002 (in greek).
xxxiii Information provided to Greenpeace Sweden by Swedish Seed Testing and Certification
Institute.
xxxiv http://www.csl.gov.uk/prodserv/cons/GMI/GMI2.cfm#seedaudits
xxxv Robert Schubert, Findin’ non-GMO seed in the United States -Cropchoice Article #561 17 Jan 2002
http://www.cropchoice.com/leadstry.asp?recid=561
xxxvi see Thomas Fertl – Greenpeace Austria, No genetically contaminated seeds: Austrian Regulation leads EU
way to pure seeds, (Oct 2002)
xxxvii Letter from Pioneer Austria to from the government of the federal county Vorarlberg, 1. March 2002.
xxxviii Associated Press Worldstream, New Zealand adopts strict tests to keep out genetically modified seeds
(1st Aug 2002).
xxxix Personal communication from Chris Bazley MD of Pacific Seeds to Greenpeace Australia, 3rd sept 2002.
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