1) The conflict between Jews and Palestinians arose from the Zionist movement in the late 19th/early 20th century which advocated for the establishment of a Jewish state in Palestine.
2) Tensions increased under the British mandate as Jewish immigration grew, displacing many Palestinians and causing Arab resentment. Violence broke out between the two communities.
3) In 1947, the UN proposed partitioning Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states, which the Jews accepted but Arabs rejected, seeing it as unjust given they owned most of the land. War ensued and Israel declared independence in 1948, causing hundreds of thousands of Palestinian refugees.
The document provides a historical overview of the Israel-Palestine conflict over Jerusalem and the holy sites located there. It discusses how Jerusalem became an important religious site for Jews, Christians and Muslims. It then outlines the major events that have shaped the conflict, including Jewish migration to the region, the establishment of Israel in 1948, the Six Day War of 1967, and ongoing tensions and violence between Israel and Palestinian groups like Hamas. The document concludes by noting the complex issues that must be resolved for lasting peace, including borders, settlements, and the status of Jerusalem, as well as the human cost of the ongoing conflict.
The document provides background information and analysis of the Six Day War between Israel and neighboring Arab states. It describes the historical context leading up to the war, including the 1947 UN partition of Palestine and previous Arab-Israeli conflicts. Key events and decisions in 1967 that precipitated the war are outlined, such as military deployments, incidents along the Israel-Jordan border, and Egyptian orders that closed Israel's port of Eilat. The document also profiles important stakeholders and discusses the course of the war from June 5-10, when Israel gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights. Casualty figures for both sides are presented.
The document summarizes the Palestine-Israel conflict. It discusses how Zionist groups colonized the land of Palestine in the late 1800s, sparking tensions as more Jewish immigrants arrived. In 1947, the UN partitioned Palestine despite Palestinians owning most of the land, fueling war between Zionist and Arab forces. By the end of the war, Israel had captured 78% of Palestine and over 500 Palestinian towns were destroyed, creating over 750,000 Palestinian refugees.
“Tension between Israel and her neighbors was caused by the failure to resolv...Megan Kedzlie
The document discusses the tensions between Israel and its Arab neighbors. It argues that the primary cause of conflict was the failure to resolve the Palestinian question and establish a Palestinian state. This failure inflamed pan-Arab and pan-Islamic sentiments among Israel's neighbors and led them to support the Palestinian cause. The tensions were further exacerbated by the military strength Israel demonstrated in wars like the Six Day War and Yom Kippur War, as well as the proxy conflict between the US and USSR for influence in the region. While the Palestinian issue was a major source of conflict, resolving it may not be enough to achieve lasting peace in the Middle East.
This document provides a historical summary of Palestine before the creation of Israel:
- Canaanite civilization occupied the land from 3000-1100 BC, and those who remained became a mix of peoples including descendants of ancient Canaanites.
- Beginning in the 7th century AD, Palestine became predominantly Arab and Islamic.
- While Jewish kingdoms briefly ruled parts of the land from 1000-586 BC, they were only one of many groups to control the area over thousands of years, and the extended kingdoms only lasted around 73 years.
- By the 16th century, Palestine was firmly established as a predominantly Arab and Islamic province under Ottoman rule, though small Jewish immigration began in the late 19th century.
This document provides an overview of Judaism and key topics related to Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from a Jewish perspective. It discusses Jewish beliefs about Israel, important historical figures and events, the religious and political justifications for war in Judaism, challenges to a two-state solution, and public opinion polls showing support among Israelis and Palestinians for a two-state agreement. It aims to concisely summarize the key people, places, events, challenges and potential resolutions related to the conflict from a Jewish and religious viewpoint.
This article aims to demonstrate the urgent need for the celebration of peace between Israel and Palestine to prevent the escalation of civil war in Israel between Jews and Muslims, of a regional war between Israel and Iran and other Arab countries and even of a new world war involving the great powers. Current events in which Palestinians in the Gaza Strip launch rockets over Israeli cities and Israel retaliates by dropping bombs and rockets over the Gaza Strip, that could evolve into their occupation by the Israeli Army and the massacre of the population in Gaza, need to be stopped. Unlike past conflicts, the current conflict is also contributing to the outbreak of a civil war in Israel involving Israeli Jews and Arabs. Peace must be celebrated between Palestinians and Israelis in order to end the violence between the two sister peoples and end the bloodbath that has occurred in the region since the end of the First World War in 1918.
The document provides a historical overview of the Israel-Palestine conflict over Jerusalem and the holy sites located there. It discusses how Jerusalem became an important religious site for Jews, Christians and Muslims. It then outlines the major events that have shaped the conflict, including Jewish migration to the region, the establishment of Israel in 1948, the Six Day War of 1967, and ongoing tensions and violence between Israel and Palestinian groups like Hamas. The document concludes by noting the complex issues that must be resolved for lasting peace, including borders, settlements, and the status of Jerusalem, as well as the human cost of the ongoing conflict.
The document provides background information and analysis of the Six Day War between Israel and neighboring Arab states. It describes the historical context leading up to the war, including the 1947 UN partition of Palestine and previous Arab-Israeli conflicts. Key events and decisions in 1967 that precipitated the war are outlined, such as military deployments, incidents along the Israel-Jordan border, and Egyptian orders that closed Israel's port of Eilat. The document also profiles important stakeholders and discusses the course of the war from June 5-10, when Israel gained control of the Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, West Bank, and Golan Heights. Casualty figures for both sides are presented.
The document summarizes the Palestine-Israel conflict. It discusses how Zionist groups colonized the land of Palestine in the late 1800s, sparking tensions as more Jewish immigrants arrived. In 1947, the UN partitioned Palestine despite Palestinians owning most of the land, fueling war between Zionist and Arab forces. By the end of the war, Israel had captured 78% of Palestine and over 500 Palestinian towns were destroyed, creating over 750,000 Palestinian refugees.
“Tension between Israel and her neighbors was caused by the failure to resolv...Megan Kedzlie
The document discusses the tensions between Israel and its Arab neighbors. It argues that the primary cause of conflict was the failure to resolve the Palestinian question and establish a Palestinian state. This failure inflamed pan-Arab and pan-Islamic sentiments among Israel's neighbors and led them to support the Palestinian cause. The tensions were further exacerbated by the military strength Israel demonstrated in wars like the Six Day War and Yom Kippur War, as well as the proxy conflict between the US and USSR for influence in the region. While the Palestinian issue was a major source of conflict, resolving it may not be enough to achieve lasting peace in the Middle East.
This document provides a historical summary of Palestine before the creation of Israel:
- Canaanite civilization occupied the land from 3000-1100 BC, and those who remained became a mix of peoples including descendants of ancient Canaanites.
- Beginning in the 7th century AD, Palestine became predominantly Arab and Islamic.
- While Jewish kingdoms briefly ruled parts of the land from 1000-586 BC, they were only one of many groups to control the area over thousands of years, and the extended kingdoms only lasted around 73 years.
- By the 16th century, Palestine was firmly established as a predominantly Arab and Islamic province under Ottoman rule, though small Jewish immigration began in the late 19th century.
This document provides an overview of Judaism and key topics related to Israel and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict from a Jewish perspective. It discusses Jewish beliefs about Israel, important historical figures and events, the religious and political justifications for war in Judaism, challenges to a two-state solution, and public opinion polls showing support among Israelis and Palestinians for a two-state agreement. It aims to concisely summarize the key people, places, events, challenges and potential resolutions related to the conflict from a Jewish and religious viewpoint.
This article aims to demonstrate the urgent need for the celebration of peace between Israel and Palestine to prevent the escalation of civil war in Israel between Jews and Muslims, of a regional war between Israel and Iran and other Arab countries and even of a new world war involving the great powers. Current events in which Palestinians in the Gaza Strip launch rockets over Israeli cities and Israel retaliates by dropping bombs and rockets over the Gaza Strip, that could evolve into their occupation by the Israeli Army and the massacre of the population in Gaza, need to be stopped. Unlike past conflicts, the current conflict is also contributing to the outbreak of a civil war in Israel involving Israeli Jews and Arabs. Peace must be celebrated between Palestinians and Israelis in order to end the violence between the two sister peoples and end the bloodbath that has occurred in the region since the end of the First World War in 1918.
"Mandate for Palestine" - The Legal Aspects of Jewish Rights - PowerPoint Presentation. PowerPoint presentation can be downloaded at http://www.mythsandfacts.com/Conflict/mandate_for_palestine/Mandate_for_Palestine.ppt.
The document summarizes the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, which began as tensions rose between Arabs and Jews in British-controlled Palestine over the creation of a Jewish state. [1] The Arab League declared they would go to war if the UN partition plan was approved. [2] After Israel declared independence, surrounding Arab states invaded but failed to defeat the new nation. [3] The war resulted in hundreds of thousands of Palestinian refugees fleeing or being expelled from their homes.
The 1967 Six-Day War began when Israel launched surprise air strikes against Egypt to preempt an imminent Egyptian attack. Israel quickly gained control of the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. Over 250,000 Palestinians fled or were displaced from the newly occupied territories. The war was another military defeat for the Arab states but strengthened Palestinian nationalism and turned many Palestinians to more radical groups like the PLO. The territorial changes from the war formed the basis of the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
This document provides a historical overview of the Israel-Palestine conflict from the 19th century to present day. It describes how Jewish immigration to Palestine increased in the late 1800s due to antisemitism in Europe. After World War 1, Britain agreed to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine, contradicting the wishes of the indigenous Palestinian population. Violence increased throughout the 1920s-1940s as Palestinians resisted Zionist settlement and control over their land. The UN partition of 1947 led to war and the mass displacement of Palestinians known as the Nakba. Ongoing issues include illegal Israeli settlements, the blockade of Gaza, and denial of Palestinian rights and self-determination.
The Arab-Israeli conflict began in the late 19th century with the rise of Zionism and calls for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Tensions escalated after Britain assumed control of Palestine and issued the Balfour Declaration supporting a Jewish state. After the UN partition plan in 1947, war broke out as Arab states opposed the creation of Israel. The conflict has since involved multiple wars, uprisings, and diplomatic efforts towards a two-state solution, but the issues of settlements, Jerusalem status, and Palestinian refugees remain unresolved. Violence and terrorism on both sides continue to undermine peace negotiations.
The document discusses the antisemitic text "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" and its influence on Palestinian views and policies. It claims the Protocols describe a Jewish plan for global domination and were presented as authentic meeting minutes. While considered a forgery, some see elements reflected in current events. The Protocols helped fuel the Hamas movement and Palestinian Authority's demonization of Israel, justification of violence against Jews, and claims Israel seeks complete world control through media manipulation.
The document discusses the creation of the State of Israel in 1948. It provides background information on the Jewish diaspora, anti-Semitism faced by Jewish people, and the Zionist movement that advocated for establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The declaration of Israel's establishment on May 14, 1948 created a nation state for the Jewish people as a response to the long history of persecution and lack of a homeland.
The document summarizes the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict from the late 1800s to 1993. It discusses the migration of Jews to Palestine in the late 1800s, the Balfour Declaration of 1917 which supported "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people," and the subsequent tensions and wars between Arabs and Jews over control of the land, including the 1948 war surrounding the creation of Israel. It also outlines the 1967 Six Day War, the Intifadas, and the 1993 Oslo Accords that aimed to establish Palestinian self-governance.
This document provides a history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and an outline for a paper examining the conditions in Hebron that have contributed to the internal displacement of Palestinians. It discusses the Zionist movement in the late 19th century, the British Mandate after WWI, the establishment of Israel in 1948 and subsequent wars. It notes that Palestinians were forced to evacuate their homes and many still live in refugee camps. The document presents an outline to examine if geopolitical contestations over religious claims to Hebron have led to Palestinians there being considered internally displaced persons according to UN definitions and standards of human rights. It will analyze policies, statistics, and the situation of Palestinians in regards to rights around equality, discrimination, freedom of movement
Palestine and Israel Conflict is about the situation that Palestine People are facing these days & also the solution that how we can improved there state!
The document summarizes the historical reasons for the establishment of Israel in 1948. It explains that Palestine was created out of the Ottoman Empire and was under British control after WWI. Many Jews supported Zionism and returning to Palestine as their homeland due to the Holocaust and anti-Semitism in Europe. In 1948, the newly formed UN voted to create the state of Israel in the region of Palestine, despite opposition from the Arab population already living there. This led to war as Arab countries tried to prevent the creation of a Jewish state.
The document provides a history of modern Palestine, beginning with the Ottoman Empire's control of the region. After World War 1 and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the British gained control of Palestine under a mandate. Conflict arose due to the Balfour Declaration supporting Zionism and Jewish immigration. After World War 2 and the Holocaust, increased Jewish immigration led to violence and the UN proposed partitioning Palestine. This led to war and Israel declaring statehood in 1948, displacing hundreds of thousands of Palestinians. Subsequent wars and uprisings have occurred between Israel and Palestinians and their supporters over control of the land and the fate of Palestinian statehood. Peace efforts such as the Oslo Accords have so far failed to achieve a long-term solution
The Israel-Palestine conflict began in 1947 with the UN partition plan to divide Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. This was rejected by Palestinians and neighboring Arab states, who invaded Israel after its declaration of independence, though Israel prevailed. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians became refugees. Subsequent wars in 1967 and 1973 resulted in Israel occupying the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and Sinai Peninsula. Israel established settlements in occupied territories despite international condemnation. Palestinian uprisings (Intifadas) protested the occupation. Oslo Accords established limited Palestinian self-rule but the second Intifada and ongoing settlement expansion have prevented a lasting peace agreement. The U.S. is a key ally of Israel but this complicates
Zionism is a nationalist movement that supports a Jewish homeland in Israel. Since being expelled from Israel in the 2nd century AD, Jews have wanted to return. Zionism grew in the 1800s and led to the Balfour Declaration supporting Jewish and Palestinian homes in Israel. After World War 2 and the Holocaust, the UN partitioned the land into Israel and Palestine. Palestinians rejected this and immediately attacked Israel, losing the ensuing wars of 1948 and 1956. Conflict has continued since between Israel and neighboring Arab states and Palestinian groups like the PLO, with various peace efforts and attacks on both sides.
Rev. John Grueal and Exodus 1947: Aspirations of Concentration Camp SurvivorsArthur L. Finkle
Rev. John Grueal and Exodus 1947: Aspirations of Concentration Camp Survivors
Fascinating story of a Methodist Minister's vital role as a seaman on Exodus 1947 and his appearance before the UN Special Committee on Palestine.
PB Top 10 Things About Israel Palestine Conflictchan0496
The document outlines key aspects of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict over land and sovereignty. It discusses the competing claims to the land by Israelis and Palestinians, the British Mandate which divided the territory, and UN proposals for partition that were rejected. Major events include Israel declaring statehood in 1948, the 1967 Six Day War, and some peace settlements like the 1979 Camp David Accords. It also notes the current status of Palestine as a UN non-member observer state and key issues still to be resolved in the conflict.
In the 19th century, Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire with a population that was around 4% Jewish, 8% Christian and majority Muslim. There was no conflict between religious communities. In the late 1800s, Jews faced persecution in Europe which led Britain to agree to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine in 1917. After Britain gained control of Palestine in 1918, a new wave of Zionist immigration began and tensions rose between immigrants and Palestinians throughout the 1920s and 1930s over control of the land. The Palestinian revolt from 1936-1939 aimed to stop immigration and gain independence but was crushed by Britain, leaving thousands of Palestinians killed or expelled from their villages.
Israel claims all of the land as their biblical and historical homeland. They do not accept giving up any land.
The root of the conflict is both groups claim the same small piece of land as their homeland and religious heartland. Both see themselves as having a long historical connection and right to all the land. Compromise has been difficult.
The american war_congress_and_zionism-reuben_fink-azoa-1919-224pgs-pol-relRareBooksnRecords
The document is a compilation of statements from members of the American War Congress regarding Zionism and the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. It includes the Balfour Declaration and letters of support from the governments of Britain, France, Italy, Serbia, Greece, Holland, Siam, China and Japan. The Zionist Organization of America sent a letter to all members of Congress to gauge their support for the Zionist movement and potential Congressional action. The document provides responses received from Senators of various U.S. states expressing a range of views on the topic.
Martin Luther King Jr. argues that Zionism is the belief that Jews deserve the right to self-determination and an independent state in their historic homeland. He says anti-Zionism is inherently anti-Semitic because it denies Jews this fundamental right. He asserts that criticizing Zionism is effectively criticizing Jews. King draws parallels between the Jewish and African rights to nationhood and condemns denying Jews this right while supporting it for other peoples.
"Mandate for Palestine" - The Legal Aspects of Jewish Rights - PowerPoint Presentation. PowerPoint presentation can be downloaded at http://www.mythsandfacts.com/Conflict/mandate_for_palestine/Mandate_for_Palestine.ppt.
The document summarizes the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, which began as tensions rose between Arabs and Jews in British-controlled Palestine over the creation of a Jewish state. [1] The Arab League declared they would go to war if the UN partition plan was approved. [2] After Israel declared independence, surrounding Arab states invaded but failed to defeat the new nation. [3] The war resulted in hundreds of thousands of Palestinian refugees fleeing or being expelled from their homes.
The 1967 Six-Day War began when Israel launched surprise air strikes against Egypt to preempt an imminent Egyptian attack. Israel quickly gained control of the Gaza Strip and Sinai Peninsula from Egypt, the West Bank from Jordan, and the Golan Heights from Syria. Over 250,000 Palestinians fled or were displaced from the newly occupied territories. The war was another military defeat for the Arab states but strengthened Palestinian nationalism and turned many Palestinians to more radical groups like the PLO. The territorial changes from the war formed the basis of the ongoing Israeli-Palestinian conflict.
This document provides a historical overview of the Israel-Palestine conflict from the 19th century to present day. It describes how Jewish immigration to Palestine increased in the late 1800s due to antisemitism in Europe. After World War 1, Britain agreed to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine, contradicting the wishes of the indigenous Palestinian population. Violence increased throughout the 1920s-1940s as Palestinians resisted Zionist settlement and control over their land. The UN partition of 1947 led to war and the mass displacement of Palestinians known as the Nakba. Ongoing issues include illegal Israeli settlements, the blockade of Gaza, and denial of Palestinian rights and self-determination.
The Arab-Israeli conflict began in the late 19th century with the rise of Zionism and calls for the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. Tensions escalated after Britain assumed control of Palestine and issued the Balfour Declaration supporting a Jewish state. After the UN partition plan in 1947, war broke out as Arab states opposed the creation of Israel. The conflict has since involved multiple wars, uprisings, and diplomatic efforts towards a two-state solution, but the issues of settlements, Jerusalem status, and Palestinian refugees remain unresolved. Violence and terrorism on both sides continue to undermine peace negotiations.
The document discusses the antisemitic text "The Protocols of the Elders of Zion" and its influence on Palestinian views and policies. It claims the Protocols describe a Jewish plan for global domination and were presented as authentic meeting minutes. While considered a forgery, some see elements reflected in current events. The Protocols helped fuel the Hamas movement and Palestinian Authority's demonization of Israel, justification of violence against Jews, and claims Israel seeks complete world control through media manipulation.
The document discusses the creation of the State of Israel in 1948. It provides background information on the Jewish diaspora, anti-Semitism faced by Jewish people, and the Zionist movement that advocated for establishing a Jewish homeland in Palestine. The declaration of Israel's establishment on May 14, 1948 created a nation state for the Jewish people as a response to the long history of persecution and lack of a homeland.
The document summarizes the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict from the late 1800s to 1993. It discusses the migration of Jews to Palestine in the late 1800s, the Balfour Declaration of 1917 which supported "the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people," and the subsequent tensions and wars between Arabs and Jews over control of the land, including the 1948 war surrounding the creation of Israel. It also outlines the 1967 Six Day War, the Intifadas, and the 1993 Oslo Accords that aimed to establish Palestinian self-governance.
This document provides a history of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and an outline for a paper examining the conditions in Hebron that have contributed to the internal displacement of Palestinians. It discusses the Zionist movement in the late 19th century, the British Mandate after WWI, the establishment of Israel in 1948 and subsequent wars. It notes that Palestinians were forced to evacuate their homes and many still live in refugee camps. The document presents an outline to examine if geopolitical contestations over religious claims to Hebron have led to Palestinians there being considered internally displaced persons according to UN definitions and standards of human rights. It will analyze policies, statistics, and the situation of Palestinians in regards to rights around equality, discrimination, freedom of movement
Palestine and Israel Conflict is about the situation that Palestine People are facing these days & also the solution that how we can improved there state!
The document summarizes the historical reasons for the establishment of Israel in 1948. It explains that Palestine was created out of the Ottoman Empire and was under British control after WWI. Many Jews supported Zionism and returning to Palestine as their homeland due to the Holocaust and anti-Semitism in Europe. In 1948, the newly formed UN voted to create the state of Israel in the region of Palestine, despite opposition from the Arab population already living there. This led to war as Arab countries tried to prevent the creation of a Jewish state.
The document provides a history of modern Palestine, beginning with the Ottoman Empire's control of the region. After World War 1 and the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the British gained control of Palestine under a mandate. Conflict arose due to the Balfour Declaration supporting Zionism and Jewish immigration. After World War 2 and the Holocaust, increased Jewish immigration led to violence and the UN proposed partitioning Palestine. This led to war and Israel declaring statehood in 1948, displacing hundreds of thousands of Palestinians. Subsequent wars and uprisings have occurred between Israel and Palestinians and their supporters over control of the land and the fate of Palestinian statehood. Peace efforts such as the Oslo Accords have so far failed to achieve a long-term solution
The Israel-Palestine conflict began in 1947 with the UN partition plan to divide Palestine into separate Jewish and Arab states. This was rejected by Palestinians and neighboring Arab states, who invaded Israel after its declaration of independence, though Israel prevailed. Hundreds of thousands of Palestinians became refugees. Subsequent wars in 1967 and 1973 resulted in Israel occupying the West Bank, Gaza Strip, Golan Heights and Sinai Peninsula. Israel established settlements in occupied territories despite international condemnation. Palestinian uprisings (Intifadas) protested the occupation. Oslo Accords established limited Palestinian self-rule but the second Intifada and ongoing settlement expansion have prevented a lasting peace agreement. The U.S. is a key ally of Israel but this complicates
Zionism is a nationalist movement that supports a Jewish homeland in Israel. Since being expelled from Israel in the 2nd century AD, Jews have wanted to return. Zionism grew in the 1800s and led to the Balfour Declaration supporting Jewish and Palestinian homes in Israel. After World War 2 and the Holocaust, the UN partitioned the land into Israel and Palestine. Palestinians rejected this and immediately attacked Israel, losing the ensuing wars of 1948 and 1956. Conflict has continued since between Israel and neighboring Arab states and Palestinian groups like the PLO, with various peace efforts and attacks on both sides.
Rev. John Grueal and Exodus 1947: Aspirations of Concentration Camp SurvivorsArthur L. Finkle
Rev. John Grueal and Exodus 1947: Aspirations of Concentration Camp Survivors
Fascinating story of a Methodist Minister's vital role as a seaman on Exodus 1947 and his appearance before the UN Special Committee on Palestine.
PB Top 10 Things About Israel Palestine Conflictchan0496
The document outlines key aspects of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict over land and sovereignty. It discusses the competing claims to the land by Israelis and Palestinians, the British Mandate which divided the territory, and UN proposals for partition that were rejected. Major events include Israel declaring statehood in 1948, the 1967 Six Day War, and some peace settlements like the 1979 Camp David Accords. It also notes the current status of Palestine as a UN non-member observer state and key issues still to be resolved in the conflict.
In the 19th century, Palestine was part of the Ottoman Empire with a population that was around 4% Jewish, 8% Christian and majority Muslim. There was no conflict between religious communities. In the late 1800s, Jews faced persecution in Europe which led Britain to agree to establish a Jewish homeland in Palestine in 1917. After Britain gained control of Palestine in 1918, a new wave of Zionist immigration began and tensions rose between immigrants and Palestinians throughout the 1920s and 1930s over control of the land. The Palestinian revolt from 1936-1939 aimed to stop immigration and gain independence but was crushed by Britain, leaving thousands of Palestinians killed or expelled from their villages.
Israel claims all of the land as their biblical and historical homeland. They do not accept giving up any land.
The root of the conflict is both groups claim the same small piece of land as their homeland and religious heartland. Both see themselves as having a long historical connection and right to all the land. Compromise has been difficult.
The american war_congress_and_zionism-reuben_fink-azoa-1919-224pgs-pol-relRareBooksnRecords
The document is a compilation of statements from members of the American War Congress regarding Zionism and the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine. It includes the Balfour Declaration and letters of support from the governments of Britain, France, Italy, Serbia, Greece, Holland, Siam, China and Japan. The Zionist Organization of America sent a letter to all members of Congress to gauge their support for the Zionist movement and potential Congressional action. The document provides responses received from Senators of various U.S. states expressing a range of views on the topic.
Martin Luther King Jr. argues that Zionism is the belief that Jews deserve the right to self-determination and an independent state in their historic homeland. He says anti-Zionism is inherently anti-Semitic because it denies Jews this fundamental right. He asserts that criticizing Zionism is effectively criticizing Jews. King draws parallels between the Jewish and African rights to nationhood and condemns denying Jews this right while supporting it for other peoples.
The document outlines several international treaties and agreements related to nuclear non-proliferation between countries and regions. It discusses the main pillars of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty signed in 1970 which includes non-proliferation, disarmament, and peaceful use of nuclear technology. It also lists several regional nuclear weapon free zone treaties signed between African, Central Asian, and other countries along with bilateral arms control agreements between the US and USSR/Russia.
Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons - NPTAbdul Basit Adeel
What is the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons?
How Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons works?
What are the outcomes of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons?
The International Labor Organization (ILO) was established in 1919 as part of the League of Nations and is the only international organization that survived World War II. It became a specialized agency of the UN in 1946 and aims to promote world peace through social justice. The ILO is a tripartite organization with representatives of governments, employers, and workers. It currently has 183 member states and sets labor standards, provides technical assistance, and undertakes research to advance decent work for all.
The document summarizes how various ILO conventions have been implemented in Indian law. It discusses conventions related to forced labour, equal remuneration, discrimination, technical standards, minimum age, hours of work, weekly rest, occupational safety and health, and social security. For each convention, it lists the relevant Indian laws that incorporate the standards, such as the Factories Act, Mines Act, Building and Other Construction Workers Act, Workmen's Compensation Act, and others.
The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a UN agency that deals with labour issues and sets international labour standards. It was founded in 1919 to promote social justice and decent work. The ILO has a tripartite governing structure with representatives from governments, employers, and workers. It aims to advance workers' rights, employment opportunities, and social protection through setting and enforcing international labour standards. The ILO holds an annual International Labour Conference where its 194 member states establish labour policies and programs.
The document provides an overview of the International Labour Organization (ILO):
1) The ILO promotes opportunities for men and women to obtain decent work through standards and technical assistance to member states.
2) It has a tripartite structure involving governments, employers, and workers in setting policies and has a mandate to promote fundamental labor rights and standards.
3) The ILO was established in 1919 and provides technical assistance to implement its goal of decent work worldwide.
The document discusses the importance of disarmament and arms control in reducing threats from nuclear weapons and achieving peace. It notes that we must choose between disarmament, a divided world, or total destruction. Over 30,000 nuclear weapons currently exist worldwide in the arsenals of 9 states. The document outlines the differences between disarmament and arms control, and various international treaties and organizations working on limiting weapons proliferation and reducing stockpiles. While progress has been mixed, continued cooperation on binding agreements is important for global security.
The International Labour Organisation (ILO) was established in 1919 as part of the League of Nations to promote social justice and decent work. It is the only United Nations agency that survived World War II. The ILO aims to advance opportunities for women and men to obtain decent and productive work in conditions of freedom, equity, security and human dignity. It has 183 member states and brings together governments, employers and workers representatives to set labour standards, develop policies and devise programmes promoting decent work.
UNICEF was founded in 1946 by the United Nations to provide food, clothing and healthcare to children. It is now a permanent part of the UN and works to promote children's rights and wellbeing in 190 countries. UNICEF focuses on child survival and development, education, HIV/AIDS, child protection, and advocacy. It is primarily funded by governments and individual donors and overseen by a 36-member executive board. UNICEF uses digital marketing like websites, social media, emails and mobile apps to encourage support, ensure transparency, and build relationships.
The document discusses how clashes between civilizations have reshaped world politics over time. It provides definitions of key terms like "civilization" and "politics" and gives a brief history of pre-modern world civilizations. It then argues that clashes between civilizations, like the religious wars in Europe and the Cold War ideological battle between communism and capitalism, have significantly impacted the international system and global affairs by shaping events and geopolitical outcomes. Specifically, the emergence of China's economic power poses a challenge to the existing global economic balance of power and could further reshape world politics.
This document discusses UNESCO's focus on adult education and literacy rates in Africa. It provides literacy rate data for various African countries and regions. It also highlights Uganda specifically, noting its capital is Kampala, population of 37 million, and challenges around adult literacy, lack of effective education provisions, and insufficient educator training especially in rural areas. Sources of the information are cited.
This document provides background on the Arab-Israeli conflict, beginning with a brief overview. It notes that the conflict began as a struggle over land between Zionist Jews and Palestinian Arabs in Palestine after World War I. The land was divided after the 1948 war into Israel, the West Bank, and Gaza Strip. It discusses the competing claims of Jews and Palestinians to the land. The bulk of the document provides historical context, covering the British Mandate period, the rise of Zionist settlement, Palestinian resistance, and the events leading up to the 1947 UN partition plan and outbreak of fighting.
THE CONFLICT BETWEEN JEWS AND PALESTINIANS AND ITS FUTURE SCENARIOS.pdfFaga1939
This article aims to analyze the origins of the conflict between Jews and Palestinians and outline its future scenarios. Israel's history has revolved around conflicts with Palestinians and neighboring Arab nations that have been shaken by wars and clashes between Jews and Arabs who do not agree with the territorial division of the former Palestinian lands. From 1948 onwards, a series of conflicts took place in the region as a result of this dispute over territory between Jews and Palestinian Arabs. Under the argument of trying to annihilate the Palestinian group Hamas in response to the terrorist action of October 7, 2023, Zionism, which is in power in Israel under the command of Benjamin Netanyahu, carries out an unspeakable war crime against the Palestinian people with the policy of continuous and cowardly bombing of its urban centers and isolation of this population in Gaza, which functions as a ghetto similar, for example, to the Warsaw Ghetto in Poland implemented by Nazi Germany against the Jews. It is worth noting that there is only one solution to the conflict in the region: the construction of peace, the initiative of which should come from Israel, which can only happen if the Jewish people in Israel and throughout the world politically repel the Zionist, warmongering and fascist sectors, which exercise power in the country and establish a government that seeks conciliation with the Palestinian people. The continuity of the Israel-Palestine conflict also tends to produce a regional war involving all countries in the region. The transition from a regional war to a global conflict can also happen with the involvement of the great military powers (United States, Russia and China) in defending their interests and those of their allies in the region. We need to prevent the Israel-Palestine conflict from becoming the epicenter of a new World War. Only peace between Palestinians and Jews will avoid the worst for humanity.
This document provides background on the Palestinian case and the roots of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. It discusses how Palestinians have historically lived in the land now known as Palestine and considers several important documents related to the conflict, including the Balfour Declaration of 1917 in which Britain supported the establishment of a Jewish homeland in Palestine without consulting Palestinians. It examines Britain's contradictory promises to Arabs and Jews and argues Palestinians were denied rights laid out in Woodrow Wilson's declaration about self-determination after World War I. The document provides historical context on the roots of the conflict over territory and nationhood.
The document summarizes the long-running Arab-Israeli conflict, which began in the late 19th century with increased Jewish immigration to Palestine. There are competing claims over the land between Jews/Israelis and Palestinians/Arabs. The conflict consists of wars between Israel and neighboring Arab states from 1948-1973 over Israeli sovereignty and territorial integrity. A second aspect is the intractable conflict between Israelis and Palestinians over issues like borders, settlements, Jerusalem status, and Palestinian refugees. Resolving these core issues is challenging given the deep historical, religious and political narratives on both sides over claims to the land.
The document provides an overview of Israel, including its demographics, socio-cultural aspects, legal/bureaucratic environment, and economic climate. It notes that Israel has a population of over 6 million Jews and over 1.5 million Arabs. Culturally, Israel contains a diverse, multi-ethnic society with Jews and Arabs maintaining their unique identities. Israel has a parliamentary legal system based on western principles with courts that oversee civil, criminal, military, and religious matters. Economically, Israel is a leader in new technologies and partnerships with countries like India.
IT IS URGENT TO CELEBRATE PEACE BETWEEN THE STATE OF ISRAEL AND THE PEOPLE OF...Faga1939
This article aims to demonstrate the urgent need to celebrate peace between the State of Israel and the people of Palestine to avoid the escalation of the civil war in Israel between Jews and Palestinians, a regional war between Israel and Iran and other Arab countries and , even, of a new world war involving the great powers. The current events in which Palestinians from the Gaza Strip launch rockets on Israeli cities and Israel retaliates by launching bombs and rockets on the Gaza Strip, which could evolve into its occupation by the Israeli Army and the massacre of the population in Gaza, need to be stopped. There is only one solution to the conflict in the region: Jews and Palestinians celebrate peace and conciliation. The construction of peace can only happen if the Jewish people in Israel and throughout the world, as well as the Palestinians, politically repel the extremists who exercise power in their territories and establish governments that seek conciliation between the Jewish and Palestinian peoples. This would be the way to avoid the continuation of the conflict between the State of Israel and the Palestinian people, which could evolve into a regional war involving all countries in the region. The transition from a regional war to a global conflict can also happen with the involvement of major military powers with the United States and the European Union alongside Israel and Russia and China alongside the Palestinians. We need to prevent the conflict between the State of Israel and the Palestinian people from becoming the epicenter of a new World War. Only peace between Palestinians and Jews will avoid the worst for their people and for humanity.
Similar to Zionism The Birth of A Long Conflict (6)
Jérôme Raffi Torossian is a French citizen and green card holder who graduated from Loyola University Chicago with a double major in International Studies and Political Science and a double minor in International Business and Asian Studies. He has work experience in U.S. immigration law, international business and trade, and public affairs. His career has included positions in immigration law, international sales, and research assistance. He is fluent in English and French with intermediate skills in Chinese and beginner skills in Armenian.
Jérôme Raffi Torossian is a French citizen and green card holder who graduated from Loyola University Chicago with degrees in International Studies and Political Science and minors in International Business and Asian Studies. He has work experience in U.S. immigration law, international business and trade, public affairs, and the public sector. His experience includes positions as an immigration paralegal, sales assistant in China, assistant to commercial and public affairs directors for the Quebec government office in Chicago, and research assistant at Loyola University Chicago.
The Roles of Realism and Constructivism in the 1915 Armenian GenocideJerome Torossian
This paper primarily focuses on why the 1915 Armenian Genocide occurred in the last days of the Ottoman Empire. This question will mainly be investigated by looking at the roles of national interests via realism and moral norms via constructivism. The goal will be to distinguish which of the two theories played a major role in this crime against humanity.
This document is a resume for Jérôme Raffi Torossian, a French citizen and green card holder who graduated from Loyola University Chicago in 2017 with degrees in International Studies and Political Science and minors in International Business and Asian Studies. It outlines his education history in the U.S. and China, professional experience in immigration law, international business, and public affairs, research and publications, community service, and skills including fluency in English, French, and intermediate Chinese.
The document provides an overview of the political and social turmoil in China from the 19th century to the 1920s/30s that led to the Chinese Civil War between the communists and nationalists. It discusses how Western imperialism and unequal treaties weakened the Qing dynasty, allowing rebellions and the rise of warlordism after 1911. Growing nationalism and anti-imperial sentiment led to the establishment of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921. Initially, the communists and nationalists allied against the warlords and foreigners through the Northern Expedition from 1924-1927. However, Chiang Kai-shek purged communists in 1927, starting the civil war. Mao established communist bases and developed guerrilla warfare strategies. Ch
The document summarizes information about EU enlargement, including its history from the Treaty of Paris establishing the European Coal and Steel Community to the Treaty of Lisbon defining the EU's relationships. It outlines the main EU institutions and their locations. It lists current EU member states and candidate countries, and the Copenhagen criteria for joining the EU. Specific sections provide background on Turkey's and Croatia's paths to EU membership, including requirements and benefits of accession. Potential benefits and downsides of expansion are discussed.
The document provides an overview of the history and development of diplomatic relations between the United States and Israel from 1948 to the present. It discusses key events that strengthened the alliance such as US recognition of Israel in 1948 and the 1985 Free Trade Agreement. The US provides significant military and economic aid to support Israel's security and has a strong pro-Israel lobby that influences US foreign policy. American Jewish voters and donors also factor into candidates taking pro-Israel positions to gain political support. Overall the relationship is characterized as very close due to shared democratic values and strategic interests in the Middle East.
The document discusses the history of U.S. government intervention in the economy from the laissez-faire approach to current policies. It describes how the government initially had little involvement but began implementing New Deal programs in response to the Great Depression. Government intervention increased further under Keynesianism and policies promoting full employment. The essay argues the government should legalize marijuana to gain tax revenue and reduce military spending, as over half of discretionary funding goes towards defense.
The document summarizes the Rwandan genocide that occurred in 1994 and discusses the role of the international community in responding to and preventing the genocide. It provides background on Rwanda's ethnic groups and the tensions that developed between Hutus and Tutsis due to colonial influences. In April 1994, extremist Hutus began systematically killing Tutsis and moderate Hutus in a genocide that killed nearly 1 million people over 100 days. The UN and international powers were slow to recognize this as a genocide and failed to take action to stop the killings despite warnings. While the UN later established a tribunal, the document argues more could have been done to prevent the genocide through early intervention and condemnation of hate speech.
The document summarizes the 2007-2008 European economic crisis. It began in the US with excessive household debt and the subprime mortgage crisis. This impacted European banks like BNP Paribas and spread the crisis to Europe. Countries like Greece had high debts and deficits, causing a sovereign debt crisis. The EU responded by creating financial stabilization mechanisms to provide loans to countries in need and imposing fiscal discipline policies. While the crisis increased EU centralization and coordination, decision making remained largely intergovernmental. The document argues the EU successfully prevented larger economic damage and built a closer economic union.
The Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) was formed in 1991 when Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Armenia secretly met and decided to dissolve the Soviet Union. The CIS Charter established that the member states would be independent and equal subjects under international law. The objectives of the CIS are to ensure international peace, strengthen cooperation among members economically and culturally, and protect human rights. Nine of the fifteen former Soviet republics originally joined the CIS, though some have since withdrawn. The headquarters is located in Minsk, Belarus.
Deng Xiaoping rose to power in China after Mao Zedong's death and instituted significant economic reforms. He dismantled Mao's people's communes and instituted a household responsibility system that privatized land and allowed farmers to keep surplus production. This restructuring of agriculture greatly increased food production. Deng also focused on modernizing industry, science, technology, and education to transform China's economy and catch up to more advanced nations. His reforms set China on a path towards becoming a global economic power.
Sovereignty vs Autonomy What Solution for XinjiangJerome Torossian
This document discusses tensions between Uyghurs and Han Chinese in the Xinjiang region of China. It provides background on Xinjiang's geography, demography, history of control by different empires, and periods of Uyghur independence. It notes that Uyghurs were the majority population until large-scale Han migration in recent decades. While China established an autonomous region for Uyghurs, some seek full independence. The document examines arguments for defending Uyghur rights and concerns over Chinese control and policies, but does not take a position on whether Xinjiang should separate from China.
These three regions - Taiwan, Xinjiang, and Tibet - have ongoing disputes with China over their political status and autonomy. Taiwan and China both claim sovereignty over the island, while Xinjiang and Tibet are autonomous regions within China but some groups seek independence or more rights. The disputes center around issues of self-determination, cultural and religious suppression, economic development, and historical claims over the territories.
International Norms of Justice: What Impact on the Ground?Jerome Torossian
This research examines how key actors in Algeria and Turkey view justice for human rights abuses through two case studies. The researcher conducted interviews and observation of relatives of victims, human rights activists, and legal professionals. The study found that thanks to international NGO networks, key actors supported the norm of individual criminal responsibility. It also found that power distributed among elites in these semi-authoritarian countries created opportunities for activists to pursue human rights prosecutions, and that high levels of legal mobilization among activists and victims facilitated ongoing domestic trials in Turkey.
Buddhism views death as an unavoidable part of life that is not to be feared but understood. According to Buddhism, death occurs when three factors - life, heat, and consciousness - cease to exist in the body, representing the complete disconnection of mind and body. Nothing in life is seen as permanent, and death is understood as simply marking the end of one life and the continuation of existence in future lives. While suicide is generally condemned as it violates the precept of not killing and may lead to further suffering in future lives, Buddhism accepts death in some cases such as allowing oneself to die from illness or starvation if focused on meditation. Euthanasia is evaluated on a case by case basis depending on the motivation
1) The Kingdom of Armenia under King Tigranes the Great in the 1st century BCE was a powerful empire that stretched from modern Turkey to Mesopotamia and from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean.
2) Armenia's geography, with mountainous terrain and natural resources, provided advantages for defense and wealth. The Armenian army, led by Tigranes the Great, was large and included cavalry, archers, and infantry.
3) Through military conquests and alliances, Tigranes expanded the Armenian Empire but eventually faced defeats against the Roman Empire under Pompey.
The document summarizes a book that analyzes the impact of Soviet policies on Armenia. It discusses how Armenia was incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1922 and the transformations that occurred to Armenian society and culture as a result of Sovietization. Key changes included the secularization of education with the banning of religion in schools, legalization of abortion, introduction of Russian language, and changes to family traditions like removing the patriarch's control and allowing divorce through one spouse's consent. While some traditions remained, the author argues Soviet policies significantly changed many aspects of Armenian life and development.
El Puerto de Algeciras continúa un año más como el más eficiente del continente europeo y vuelve a situarse en el “top ten” mundial, según el informe The Container Port Performance Index 2023 (CPPI), elaborado por el Banco Mundial y la consultora S&P Global.
El informe CPPI utiliza dos enfoques metodológicos diferentes para calcular la clasificación del índice: uno administrativo o técnico y otro estadístico, basado en análisis factorial (FA). Según los autores, esta dualidad pretende asegurar una clasificación que refleje con precisión el rendimiento real del puerto, a la vez que sea estadísticamente sólida. En esta edición del informe CPPI 2023, se han empleado los mismos enfoques metodológicos y se ha aplicado un método de agregación de clasificaciones para combinar los resultados de ambos enfoques y obtener una clasificación agregada.
Here is Gabe Whitley's response to my defamation lawsuit for him calling me a rapist and perjurer in court documents.
You have to read it to believe it, but after you read it, you won't believe it. And I included eight examples of defamatory statements/
An astonishing, first-of-its-kind, report by the NYT assessing damage in Ukraine. Even if the war ends tomorrow, in many places there will be nothing to go back to.
Acolyte Episodes review (TV series) The Acolyte. Learn about the influence of the program on the Star Wars world, as well as new characters and story twists.
Essential Tools for Modern PR Business .pptxPragencyuk
Discover the essential tools and strategies for modern PR business success. Learn how to craft compelling news releases, leverage press release sites and news wires, stay updated with PR news, and integrate effective PR practices to enhance your brand's visibility and credibility. Elevate your PR efforts with our comprehensive guide.
1. Torossian1
Jerome Torossian
Dr. Güneş Murat Tezcür
PLSC 368
26 April, 2015
Zionism: The Birth of A Long Conflict
When individuals are asked about what they think of the relationship between the Jews
and the Muslims, they will for the most part automatically respond that their relations are bad.
Indeed, people are more likely to give that answer because they are used to hearing through the
media or at school about the conflicts between these two communities in the Middle East.
However, the truth is that these two ancient people did not always fight against each other. In
fact, the Jews lived in lands ruled by Muslims for centuries and were considered, along with the
Christians, to be “people of the book” (Cohen 1). In the Muslim world, the Jewish people were
given the status of dhimmi, a term referring to a non-Muslim citizen (Cohen 1). By paying the
Jizya tax, they were able to gain certain rights as well as to be guaranteed to be under protection
(Cohen 1). When they were persecuted in many Christian lands of Europe in the 14th century, the
Jewish people were the ones who found refuge in the Ottoman Empire, which for them was
considered a safe haven (Avraham 1). Yet, many Jews decided to leave Muslim lands due to the
rising tensions between the two communities in the 20th century. This essay will discuss the
reason that led to a crisis between the Jews and the Muslims. My approach to this paper will be
to examine the history of Israel’s creation as a political entity, as well as the political and
religious implications of that history, which has led to the current conflict. At the same time, it is
important to explore why, unlike the Jews, the Palestinians failed to gain statehood.
2. Torossian2
According to James Gelvin, the author of “The Modern Middle East,” the dispute
between the Israelis and the Palestinians is mainly a “real estate dispute” (Gelvin 217). I agree
with his statement as it is true that both the Jews and the Muslims lived for centuries in what is
now known as Israel. Yet, one could also declare that the source of the dispute between these
two people has a religious aspect as well. Indeed, Jews argue that for God they are the chosen
people and that according to the Bible, God said to Abraham, “I will give the whole land of
Canaan—the land where you are now residing—to you and your descendants after you as a
permanent possession” (Genesis 17:8). In fact, Israel is often described as the Promised Land,
making reference to God’s promise to Abraham. In addition, the Jews strongly believe that this
land of the Middle East belongs to them since their ancestors lived there for more than 3,000
years. Moreover, it is interesting to see that even according to the Qur’an, it is stated that the
Jews should return to the land of Israel and that they should “dwell securely in the Promised
Land” (Qur'an 17:104). Thus, the “character of the Jewish people is […] defined both by the
temporal aspects of its historical legacy and by a belief that the experience of the Jews is part of
a larger Divine plan” (Tessler 7).
However, one can similarly argue that the Muslims also have a right to this land since
they have lived in that territory for many decades as well. In fact, the death of the prophet
Muhammad in 632 CE was followed by a huge Muslim expansion in the Middle East (Gelvin
15). Many of the different Arab caliphates such as the Umayyad, or the Abbasids, were all
having under their rule the land of Israel (Davies-Stofka 1). In addition, the Muslim Ottoman
Empire also had Israel as part of its territory until it became part of the British mandate (Gelvin
50, 51).
3. Torossian3
The conflict between the two communities escalated significantly during the period when
anti-Semitism was rising in Europe, and when a new ideology, Zionism, came into existence.
This political movement can be defined as Jewish nationalism, in which its supporters believe
that the Jews should have a state of their own in their historic home. The most important person
in the early times of the history of Zionism was an Austro-Hungarian journalist, Theodor Herzl.
According to James Gelvin, Theodor Herzl became a Zionist when he was in Paris while the
Dreyfus Affair occurred in 1894 (Gelvin 218). Alfred Dreyfus, a French army captain of Jewish
descent, was arrested for treason and falsely accused of spying for the neighboring country,
Germany. This trial became well known around the world and was a major symbol of injustice.
In the year 1896, Theodor Herzl published “The Jewish State”, in which he declared that anti-
Semitism was inevitable and that it will necessarily have catastrophic consequences to the Jewish
people. For Theodor Herzl, if France fell into the path of anti-Semitism, then the Jews would not
be secured anywhere because “Wherever they live in perceptible number, they are more or less
persecuted” (Herzl 85). Indeed, these people were subjected to attacks anywhere they were such
as “in parliaments, in assemblies, in the streets, […], and the position of doctors, lawyers,
teachers was becoming daily more intolerable” (Laqueur 91). Consequently, the only available
solution to the problem was the creation of a Jewish homeland either in Argentina, in Western
United States, or in Palestine. Theodor Herzl seemed more to lean for a nation in Palestine as it
was his ancestral land and believed that it would attract many people “with a force of marvelous
potency” (Herzl 96).
In 1916, the French and the British signed the Sykes-Picot Agreement, in which they
divided for themselves the control of the Middle East. Made during World War I, the two
colonial powers thus reduced the vast territory of what belonged to the Ottoman Empire. On
4. Torossian4
November 1917, the Balfour Declaration was established by the British, which “endorsed the
Zionist goal of establishing a “national home” in Palestine” (Gelvin 188). According to Mark
Tessler, author of the book “A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict,” “the Arabs […] were
disturbed by the declaration” as they wondered why the British did not mention “their political
and economic rights as well” (Tessler 149). In reality, this declaration violated the British
promise made to the Arabs in 1915. In fact, Sir McMahon, British high commissioner of Egypt,
promised to Hussein Ibn Ali, Sharif of Mecca, Britain’s “support for the restoration of the
caliphate if the Arabs would support the British war effort against Turkey” (Rydelnik, Easley
86). It is believed that the British accepted to let the Jews settle in Palestine because they thought
they would remain faithful to them. Indeed, some historians think that the British were convinced
that the Jews would be dependent on them due to their small population, and that they would “be
more than willing to help the British preserve the security of the […] Suez Canal” (Gelvin 188).
Likewise, David Llyod George, British former prime minister, argued that one of the reasons for
the Balfour Declaration was that it was part of their strategy “for mobilizing every opinion and
force throughout the world which would weaken the enemy and improve the Allied chances”
(Gelvin 188).
The Balfour Declaration was perceived as treason for the Arabs, and created a real
conflict between the Jews and the Muslims. For James Gelvin, the declaration was not the main
reason that led to immigration in Palestine because some Jews had already settled in the region
before (Gelvin 220). In fact, immigration to Palestine took place in many different ascents, called
aliya in Hebrew. In the first aliya, the new incoming Jews tried “to install a settler-plantation
colony,” which most of them were unsuccessful (Gelvin 220). Furthermore, both the second and
the third aliyot, which were from 1904 to 1914 and 1918 to 1923 respectively, had better results.
5. Torossian5
Indeed, these new people created “the collective and the communal farms, they organized the
labor federation,” and they made Hebrew as their official language (Gelvin 220). In addition, the
immigrants from the second and third aliyot had two specific slogans such as the “conquest of
land” and the “conquest of labor” (Gelvin 220). The first one referred to the need of the
immigrants “to make their imprint on the land of Palestine,” and the other one was the process of
having all Jews taking jobs in the economy (Gelvin 220). However, the purchase of land from
the new incoming Zionists provoked the displacement of many Palestinian farmers whose work
were no longer needed (Gelvin 221). In the past, the Palestinians mostly viewed themselves as
Ottomans. Yet, the rise of Zionists in Palestine led to the creation of Palestinian nationalism. For
James Gelvin, a Palestinian movement did not occur before because unlike the Zionists, the
imperialists did not “appropriate land, establish a rival and competing economy, or establish rival
and competing political structures” (Gelvin 222).
The Arabic population of Palestine was completely opposed to Zionists immigration
because Britain failed to follow its promise made towards them. In 1922, Winston Churchill
argued that “the whole Palestine west of the Jordan was thus excluded from Sir Henry
McMahon’s pledge” (Rydelnik, Easley 86). Consequently, the Arabs used violence to show their
discontentment over their injustice. In fact, Haj Amin el-Husseini, the Muslin leader in the
mandatory Palestine, caused riots against the Zionists in 1919 and asked Britain to reduce the
Jewish immigration (Rydelnik, Easley 86). More the Jews were entering Palestine, more
conflicts between the two communities were occurring. In 1929, riots once again exploded, in
which 135 Jews found death, and 350 of them were wounded (Rydelnik, Easley 87). In the same
year, the British created the Shaw Commission of Inquiry in order to investigate on the reasons
for the violence. They concluded that the Arabs “feared economic displacement by Jewish
6. Torossian6
immigrants,” and that they had to stop the Jews from purchasing more lands (Rydelnik, Easley
87). In 1930, the Passfield White Paper was issued and ended to a large degree the Jewish
immigration (Rydelnik, Easley 87). The anger from the Zionists was so great that Britain’s
former Prime Minister, Ramsey McDonald, sent a letter to Chaim Weizmann, leader of the
Zionists, in which he stated that he cancelled the white paper (Rydelnik, Easley 88).
The immigration of Jews to Palestine continued to significantly increase, especially with
the arrival of Adolf Hitler to power in Germany. Indeed, his spreading of anti-Semitism in
Europe during the 1930s encouraged the departure of many Jews to the land of Israel. It is
estimated by James Gelvin that from 1931 to 1935, the number of Jews in Palestine grew from
17 to 31 percent of the total population (Gelvin 222). The Zionists were purchasing more land
that it resulted in the “ejection of approximately twenty thousand peasant families” (Gelvin 223).
In addition, James Gelvin declared that around 30% of Palestinian farmers did not have land, and
that “another 75 to 80 percent did not have enough land for subsistence (Gelvin 223).
Consequently, Arab violence exploded and led to an Arab revolt from 1936 to 1939 (Rydelnik,
Easley 88). Orde Wingate, a British captain and a friend of the Jewish community, trained the
Jewish fighters to counter the Arabic attacks (Rydelnik, Easley 89). His training was successful
however; the mandatory government transferred and forbade him to ever come back in Palestine
(Rydelnik, Easley 89). In order to stop the revolt, the British intervened, in which they deported
people, made mass arrests, and dynamited the homes of suspected guerrillas and their supporters
(Gelvin 223). For James Gelvin, the British intervention and the revolt “ravaged the […]
leadership of the Palestinian community,” and led to the exile of many Palestinians. Yet, another
investigatory commission was formed in response to the British intervention in the Arab revolt
(Rydelnik, Easley 89).
7. Torossian7
In 1937, as the Arabs remained strongly opposed to the Zionists settlements, the Peel
Commission concluded that Palestine should be divided into two separate territories, one Jewish
and one Arab (Rydelnik, Easley 89). This solution was greatly accepted by the Jews; however,
the Arabs refused it. Interestingly, the British government also did not accept this solution and
decided to only limit the Jewish immigration to Palestine (Rydelnik, Easley 89). In 1939, another
White Paper was issued. It stated that the Jewish immigration will be reduced, and that an
independent Palestine will see the light “within ten years in the unlikely event that the two
communities learn to work together (Gelvin 223). Both communities rejected the paper as they
felt betrayed. Ten years later, Britain sent one hundred thousand soldiers in Palestine in order to
keep the peace (Gelvin 223). However, some Zionists made many terrorist attacks towards the
British because of their Jewish immigration policy. For instance, the one hundred thousand
British soldiers as well as many diplomats were the target of Zionist splinter groups. In addition,
the King David Hotel in Jerusalem was bombed in July 1946, which killed 91 people (Söderblom
2). As a result, the British got so tired of the Palestine issue that it transmitted it to the newly
founded United Nations.
In 1947, the resolution n.181 of the UN General Assembly was passed. It demanded that
“The Mandate for Palestine shall terminate as soon as possible” and that an “Independent Arab
and Jewish states […] shall come into existence” (UN Resolution 181). This resolution was
accepted by most of the Jewish people as it “upgraded the promised Jewish “homeland” to
“Israel the State” (Söderblom 4). Yet, for the Palestinians it was viewed as a complete injustice
(Söderblom 3). The Palestinian reaction can be comprehensible for the reason that 93 percent of
the land belonged to them, whereas the Jews owned only seven percent of it. Furthermore, the
Resolution gave most of the fertile lands to the Zionists while the Palestinians were given the
8. Torossian8
infertile soil (Söderblom 3). Obviously, it shows how unreasonable this partition plan was for the
Palestinian side. As a result, a civil war immediately broke out between the two communities in
“the wake of the United Nation’s vote to partition Palestine” (Gelvin 224).
The civil war was divided between the Palestinians, who tried to avoid the partition of
their land, and the Jews, who wanted to protect the territory given by the UN Partition Plan
(Chaigne-Oudin 1). According to Chaigne-Oudin, author of First Arab-Israeli War of 1948, the
Jews won the conflict for the reason that they were better prepared since they participated in
World War II, and because they received weapons from Czechoslovakia (Chaigne-Oudin 1).
However, the dispute significantly changed into a great war, especially after the British mandate
over Palestine expired. Indeed, once the British left the region, David Ben-Gurion, the first prime
minister of Israel, took the advantage and proclaimed the independence of Israel on May 14,
1948 (Chaigne-Oudin 1). This proclamation led the regional countries to side with the
Palestinians, and to declare war on the newly established nation. The 1948-1949 war was
successfully won by Israel and caused the exile of around 700,000 Palestinian refugees out of
their land (Chaigne-Oudin 1). Many more conflicts were fought against Israel such as the Six-
Day War of 1967 or the recent Israel-Gaza dispute of 2014. `
This ongoing dispute is ultimately complex to resolve for the reason that both of the
entities have their own separate arguments over who is the rightful owner of this land. History
shows that the Arabs were strongly opposed to the Zionist invasion. Of course, the Palestinians
were living in that territory before Britain agreed to let the Jews immigrate to Palestine. They
also argue that they were dispossessed from their own land because of the Jewish occupation.
However, the Jews claim that this land belongs to them since the antiquity and that God
promised to Abraham’s descendants the land of Israel. Consequently, the Jews argue that they
9. Torossian9
have the duty to reclaim that area. It is inevitably clear that after the Jews established a Jewish
state, a homeland for the Jewish people; it is impossible to imagine that a one-state solution can
come into existence and resolve the current conflict. The Palestinians should understand that
their dream to regain the territory of what is now Israel is unthinkable. The only solution to their
problem is to recognize Israel as a nation and agree to have a Jewish neighbor like Egypt and
Jordan did. In addition, Israel should accept the fact that Palestinians also have the right for
statehood. Therefore, a two-state solution is by far the most acceptable and available way to end
the Israeli-Palestinian struggle. It is the only path to peace and stability in that region of the
Middle East.
10. Torossian10
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