2. TABLE OF CONTENTS
• ▶ Introduction.
• ▶ History.
• ▶ Problem Statement.
• ▶ Epidemiology.
• ▶ Clinical Features.
• ▶ Diagnosis.
• ▶ Treatment.
• ▶ Prevention.
3. Introduction/History
• ▶ Zika virus is an emerging mosquito-borne virus that was first
identified in Zika forest of Uganda in 1947 in rhesus monkeys
through a monitoring network of sylvatic yellow fever.
• ▶ When the monkey developed a fever, researchers isolated
from its serum a transmissible agent that was first described as
Zika virus in 1952.
• ▶ In 1954, it was isolated for the first time from humans in
Nigeria.
4. Problem Statement
• ▶ Since April 2015, a large, ongoing outbreak
of Zika virus that began in Brazil has spread to
much of South and Central America, and the
Caribbean.
• ▶ In January 2016, According to the CDC,
Brazilian health authorities reported more than 3,500
microcephaly cases between October 2015 and
January 2016. Some of the affected infants have had
a severe type of microcephaly and some have died.In
the worst affected region of Brazil, approximately 1
percent of newborns are suspected of being
microcephalic.
7. Transmission
• ▶ Zika virus is transmitted to people
primarily through the bite of an
infected Aedes species mosquito.
These are the same mosquitoes that
spread dengue,chikungunya and yellow
fever viruses.
• ▶ Species as A.aegypti,and arboreal
mosquitoes such as A. africanus, A.
apicoargenteus, A. furcifer, A.
hensilli, A. luteocephalus, and A.
vitattus.
8. Mother to Child transmission
• ▶ A mother already infected with Zika virus near
the time of delivery can pass on the virus to her
newborn around the time of birth.
• ▶ It is possible that Zika virus could be
passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy.
• ▶ To date, there are no reports of infants getting
Zika virus through breastfeeding. Because of the
benefits of breastfeeding, mothers are encouraged
to breastfeed even in areas where Zika virus is
found.
9.
10. Clinical
Features
• ▶ About 1 in 5 people
infected with Zika virus become
ill
• ▶ The most common
symptoms of Zika are
• fever,
• rash,
• joint pain, or conjunctivitis (red
eyes).
• Other common symptoms
include muscle pain and
headache.
12. Diagnosis
• ▶ There are no commercially
available diagnostic tests
• for Zika virus disease.
▶ Zika virus is diagnosed through PCR (polymerase chain
reaction) and virus isolation from blood samples.
▶ Diagnosis by serology can be difficult as the virus can
cross-react with other flaviviruses such as dengue, West
Nile and yellow fever.
13. Treatment
• ▶ No vaccine or medications are available to prevent or
treat Zika infections.
• ▶ Treat the symptoms:
• ▶ Get plenty of rest
• ▶ Drink fluids to prevent dehydration
• ▶ Take medicine such as acetaminophen to relieve fever and
• pain
14. Prevention
• ▶ No vaccine exists to prevent Zika virus disease (Zika)
• Prevent Zika by avoiding mosquito bites.
• Mosquitoes that spread Zika virus bite mostly during the
daytime.
• Mosquitoes that spread Zika virus also spread dengue and
chikungunya viruses.
16. INTRODUCTION
The Ebola virus is a severe infectious often fatal
■ disease in human and primates.
First appeared in1976 at Nzara in Sudan and at Yambuku
in the democratic republic of Congo near the Ebola river
in Africa.
Second appeared in Africa 1989 in Reston.
Third appeared in 2014 West Africa affecting Guinea,
Sierra, Leone, Liberia and Nigeria.
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17. • Ebola virus is called as
hemorrhagic because
bleeding will occur during
the course of illness.
• Ebola virus causes
bleeding inside and out side
the body.
• Ebola strikes mainly in
villages of central
• and west Africa but it has
also spread to African
cities too.
3
18.
19. Ebola virus disease (formally known as
Ebola hemorrhagic fever )is a disease
caused by the ebola virus in severe fatality
rate, 90% affects human and non human
primates.
6
Definition
21. MODE OFTRANSMISSION
Unsterilized needles.
Sub optical hospital
conditions.
Personal contact.
Through blood to blood
contact.
Human to human transmission.
Reusing needles and blood
gloves in hospital.
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22. 10
Ebola is introduced into the human
population through close contact with the
blood, secretions, organs or other bodily
fluids of infected animals.
23. MECHANISM OF
ACTION:
i. Every tissue are affected, except bones and muscles.
ii. The virus creates blood clots.
iii. Clots goes towards internal organs (lungs, Eyeball).
iv. It prevents oxygen to rise tissue.
v. The virus also destroys connective tissue(affinity with collagen).
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24. SYMPTOMS :
INTIAL SYMPTOMS;
High temperature (at least 38.8c)
Muscle, joints, abdominal pain
Nausea
Blood stream slow down
Loss of appetite
Rashes
Increased liver enzyme activity
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25. LATE SYMPTOMS:
Vomiting
Diarrhoea
Coughing
Pharyngitis
Prostration
Severe Vomiting Blood
Hemorrhage
Internal and external hemorrhages from orifices
(nose, mouth, skin, eyes).
Low white bloo
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d cell count.
26. Diagnosing Ebola can be difficult at first since early
symptoms, such as fever, are nonspecific to Ebola
infection.
Samples from the patient can then be collected and
tested to confirm infection are:
1. Antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA).
14
Diagnosing
27. TREATMENT
There are no licensed specific treatment.
Patients are Frequently dehydrated and requires oral
Rehydration with solution containing electrolyte.
New drug therapies are bieng evaluated.
However there have been very recent development
in preventative medication.
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28. CONTROLLING THE SPREAD
OF
EBOLA
a. Hospitals must follow precautionary methods, such as:
1. Wearing gloves.
2. Isolating infected individuals.
3. Practicing nurse barrier techniques.
4. Proper sterilization and disposal of all equipment.
b. Burials must be done correctly:
1. No washing or touching carcass.
2. Put into body bags and bury outside city.
c. Report any questionable illness to officials.
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29. CONCLUSION
Ebola virus is extremely virulent.
The infected organism does not have time to
react to the virus.
First symptoms appear during the critical
period.
Even though scientists have recently made
breakthroughs there is still need for extensive research
to find vaccines and cures for this deadly virus.
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30. REFERENCES :
www.wikipidea.com.
http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/spb/mn
pages/dispages/ebotabl.html.
Hampton, Tracy, Vaccines Against
Ebola and Marburg Viruses Show
Promise in Primates Studies, Medical
News and Perspectives. JAMA, Vol. 294
No. 2 July 2005.
Jones, Steven, Live attenuated
recombinant vaccine protects nonhuman19
primates against Ebola and Marburg
