Drug addiction

1. Mechanisms and types of drug addiction
Department of Pharmacology
Zamanova Azhar
Group -GM19-054

2. Drug addiction
cronically relapsing disorders characterized by
compulsive drug use, an inability to limit the intake of
drugs and the emergence of a withdrawal syndrome
during cessation of drug use.
Dependence has been defined as a cluster of
behavioral, cognitive and physiological phenomena
that develop after repeated substance use.
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3. The main criterion for drug dependence is the appearance of various
types of ailments after stopping the drug or reducing its dose. It can be:
1.Pain – from mild to intense
2.Vegetative crises
3.State of excitement
4.Lethargy
5.Blood pressure problems
6.General malaise
7.Changes in biochemical blood test

4. Narcotic drugs
List I, prohibited, 163 in total:
• heroin
• cannabis (marijuana)
• coca bush
• LSD and its derivative
• coccus leaf
• mescaline
• opium and poppy
• psilocycin
Means that cause drug addiction.

5. List II, limited distribution:
drugs (45 in total): alfentanil, codeine, fentanyl
psychotropic substances (9 in total): etaminal Na
List III(limited distribution with some exceptions) (17 total):
mazindol
Na-hydroxybutyra
List IV(total 26):
acetone
KMnO4
ephedrine
red phosphorus
lysergic acid

6. Mental dependence- a condition in which a medicinal substance causes a feeling of
satisfaction and mental uplift and requires periodic administration of medicinal substances to
normalize the mental state.
Mental dependence syndrome– pathological need for the use of medicinal substances in
order to avoid mental disorders (without somatic withdrawal symptoms).
Types of drug addiction

7. Physical dependence– an adaptive condition manifested by severe somatic disorders when
the administration of the drug that causes this condition is stopped.
Physical dependence syndrome– a condition characterized by the development of
withdrawal symptoms after discontinuation of a drug or the introduction of its antagonists
Abstinence– a complex of disorders that arise a certain time after the cessation of the
action of drugs that cause addiction (mental and physical disorders).
Types of drug addiction

8. Why does drug addiction occur?
The drug effectively eliminates symptoms,
disturbing the patient’s well-being: anxiety, insomnia, vegetative crises,
panic attacks, headaches and muscle pain.
But the drug does not eliminate the cause of these disorders. Therefore,
you just have to stop taking it, and all the unpleasant sensations will
immediately return.

10. The most consistent and reproducible finding in
drug addiction is that abused substances
activate the mesolimbic dopamine system
The mesolimbic system consists of dopaminergic
neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and
their axonal projections to terminal fields in the
nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the prefrontal
cortex.

11. Opioids, alcohol, nicotine, cannabinoids and
psychostimulants all act on this system to increase
synaptic levels of dopamine (DA).
Receptor-mediated activity is the principal mechanism by
which any chemical messenger acts. Chemical messengers
are regulatory macromolecules, usually proteins. Receptors
have two major functions of recognition and transduction.
Correspondingly, each receptor has two domains, i.e., a
ligand-binding and an effector domain.. The binding of the
ligand causes a change in the quaternary structure of the
receptor.
Receptors have various effector mechanisms, which
are broadly of four types:
G protein-coupled receptors (Gs, Gi, Gq and G13)
1.
Receptors with intrinsic ion channels
2.
Enzymatic receptors
3.
Receptors regulating gene expression
4.

12. MR-brain tomography
On the left is a normal brain (gray) and a normal amount of cerebrospinal fluid
(black).
On the right is a brain damaged by long-term drug use. The volume of the brain is
reduced, and the vacated space is filled with fluid.

14. Literature
Mashkovsky M. D.Medicines. — 15th ed. - M.: New Wave, 2005. - 1200 p.
1.
Kharkevich D.A. Pharmacology. 1975 p.44
2.
Gupta S, Kulhara P. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of drug dependence: An overview and update.
Indian J Psychiatry. 2007 Apr;49(2):85-90. doi: 10.4103/0019-5545.33253. PMID: 20711388; PMCID:
PMC2917090.
3.