This document discusses the importance of nonverbal communication and body language in the classroom. It presents research on how teachers can use their own body language to build rapport with students and read student nonverbal cues. The research included interviews with 14 teachers on their use of gestures, eye contact, tone of voice and other nonverbal signals. Case studies of 10 teachers describe how they use body language strategies like proximity, eye contact and hand gestures to engage students and manage behavior. The document concludes that nonverbal communication can help improve teaching practices and the learning process.
This document discusses theories and approaches to teaching listening and speaking skills. It covers:
1) The evolution of listening instruction from a bottom-up skills approach to one that sees listeners as active participants using various strategies. Speaking instruction has shifted from repetition drills to a communicative approach.
2) Key aspects of listening as comprehension (understanding discourse) and listening as acquisition (extracting meaning). Bottom-up and top-down processing are explained as well as cognitive and metacognitive strategies.
3) The importance of noticing in the intake process for developing speaking skills. Noticing and restructuring activities are suggested to help learners notice and productively use language from listening texts.
4)
This document discusses theories and approaches to teaching listening and speaking skills. It covers the evolution of how listening and speaking are taught, from mastery of skills to a more communicative approach. For listening, it describes bottom-up and top-down processing, as well as strategies for noticing and restructuring language. For speaking, it outlines conversational routines, functions of speaking as interaction, transaction, or performance, and implications for teaching different speaking skills. The challenges of developing fluency, accuracy and appropriateness are also addressed.
Communicative Language Teaching is the cornerstone for approaches that have shifted from a grammar-based language view to a functional view of language where communication is the main objective. Such approaches are CBI (Content-based instruction) and TBI (Task-based instruction). Today, both CBI and TBI are the leading approaches most teachers are currently using to teach a second/foreign language around the world. Both approaches have been proven to be effective, and the most important thing is that students are truly learning to use language to communicate their ideas to different audiences.
Psychological processes: Bottom-up and Top-Down Listening SchemataJC Mark Gumban
Bottom-up processing involves paying close attention to every detail of the language input, working from sounds to words to meaning. Top-down processing uses the listener's prior knowledge to make predictions about the message and how parts fit together. A document describes bottom-up and top-down listening processes and classifies examples of interactional language used for socializing and transactional language used for acquiring new information and skills.
THE IMPORTANCE OF TEACHING LISTENING AND SPEAKING SKILLSMorteza Mohammadi
English has spread widely all over the world, first because of the influence of the British Empire and, second due to the pre-eminence of North American influence in the world. In Europe, English has advanced as an international language especially after World War II, leaving behind other preeminent languages such as French.
The document discusses the key aspects and issues related to listening, speaking, reading, writing, language assessment, and implications for language pedagogy. It defines listening as an ephemeral process that involves prosody and fast speech unlike written text. Speaking is used to achieve meaning in social contexts. Reading involves processing at various linguistic levels while pursuing goals. Writing is not just representing speech but uses strategies to develop ideas. Language assessment involves making judgments about learners' language knowledge and use. The implications discussed focus on developing appropriate skills and strategies for learners through different pedagogical approaches.
Cognitive code theory in Applied LinguisticsAfshan Khalid
Cognitive Code Theory is a theory of second language acquisition that merged Chomsky's Transformational Grammar with Carroll's cognitive psychology. It views language learning as a conscious process of acquiring mental control over phonological, grammatical, and lexical patterns through analyzing these patterns as a system of rules. The key principles of Cognitive Code Theory are that learning occurs through cognitive memory structures, language learning should involve meaningful practice, and learners should discover grammar rules inductively. While it emphasized understanding language structure over usage, some criticisms are that it is more of a theoretical framework than a teaching method and ignores other influences on learning like culture, biology, and past experience.
The Community Language Learning (CLL) method involves 5 stages: (1) reflection on conversations between learners and counselors, (2) recorded conversations, (3) discussion of conversations, (4) transcription of conversations, and (5) analysis of language used. It focuses on building learner independence and community through small group tasks, reflection, and transcription of conversations. While CLL gives learners autonomy, some challenges include counselors being too non-directive, learners' initial difficulty speaking on recordings, and lack of spontaneity in early conversations.
This document discusses theories and approaches to teaching listening and speaking skills. It covers:
1) The evolution of listening instruction from a bottom-up skills approach to one that sees listeners as active participants using various strategies. Speaking instruction has shifted from repetition drills to a communicative approach.
2) Key aspects of listening as comprehension (understanding discourse) and listening as acquisition (extracting meaning). Bottom-up and top-down processing are explained as well as cognitive and metacognitive strategies.
3) The importance of noticing in the intake process for developing speaking skills. Noticing and restructuring activities are suggested to help learners notice and productively use language from listening texts.
4)
This document discusses theories and approaches to teaching listening and speaking skills. It covers the evolution of how listening and speaking are taught, from mastery of skills to a more communicative approach. For listening, it describes bottom-up and top-down processing, as well as strategies for noticing and restructuring language. For speaking, it outlines conversational routines, functions of speaking as interaction, transaction, or performance, and implications for teaching different speaking skills. The challenges of developing fluency, accuracy and appropriateness are also addressed.
Communicative Language Teaching is the cornerstone for approaches that have shifted from a grammar-based language view to a functional view of language where communication is the main objective. Such approaches are CBI (Content-based instruction) and TBI (Task-based instruction). Today, both CBI and TBI are the leading approaches most teachers are currently using to teach a second/foreign language around the world. Both approaches have been proven to be effective, and the most important thing is that students are truly learning to use language to communicate their ideas to different audiences.
Psychological processes: Bottom-up and Top-Down Listening SchemataJC Mark Gumban
Bottom-up processing involves paying close attention to every detail of the language input, working from sounds to words to meaning. Top-down processing uses the listener's prior knowledge to make predictions about the message and how parts fit together. A document describes bottom-up and top-down listening processes and classifies examples of interactional language used for socializing and transactional language used for acquiring new information and skills.
THE IMPORTANCE OF TEACHING LISTENING AND SPEAKING SKILLSMorteza Mohammadi
English has spread widely all over the world, first because of the influence of the British Empire and, second due to the pre-eminence of North American influence in the world. In Europe, English has advanced as an international language especially after World War II, leaving behind other preeminent languages such as French.
The document discusses the key aspects and issues related to listening, speaking, reading, writing, language assessment, and implications for language pedagogy. It defines listening as an ephemeral process that involves prosody and fast speech unlike written text. Speaking is used to achieve meaning in social contexts. Reading involves processing at various linguistic levels while pursuing goals. Writing is not just representing speech but uses strategies to develop ideas. Language assessment involves making judgments about learners' language knowledge and use. The implications discussed focus on developing appropriate skills and strategies for learners through different pedagogical approaches.
Cognitive code theory in Applied LinguisticsAfshan Khalid
Cognitive Code Theory is a theory of second language acquisition that merged Chomsky's Transformational Grammar with Carroll's cognitive psychology. It views language learning as a conscious process of acquiring mental control over phonological, grammatical, and lexical patterns through analyzing these patterns as a system of rules. The key principles of Cognitive Code Theory are that learning occurs through cognitive memory structures, language learning should involve meaningful practice, and learners should discover grammar rules inductively. While it emphasized understanding language structure over usage, some criticisms are that it is more of a theoretical framework than a teaching method and ignores other influences on learning like culture, biology, and past experience.
The Community Language Learning (CLL) method involves 5 stages: (1) reflection on conversations between learners and counselors, (2) recorded conversations, (3) discussion of conversations, (4) transcription of conversations, and (5) analysis of language used. It focuses on building learner independence and community through small group tasks, reflection, and transcription of conversations. While CLL gives learners autonomy, some challenges include counselors being too non-directive, learners' initial difficulty speaking on recordings, and lack of spontaneity in early conversations.
Principles of teaching listening and speaking skillsNasir Mohammad
The document discusses listening as an important English language skill that is often overlooked in ESL classrooms. It provides definitions of listening and describes the various sub-skills involved, such as discriminating sounds, recognizing words, and using context clues. Effective listening requires both bottom-up processing of linguistic elements and top-down use of background knowledge. A survey of students found that regular listening practice in a language lab improved their speaking confidence, vocabulary, and cultural understanding. The document argues that teachers should provide structured listening activities with clear objectives, such as preparing students with background information and guiding them to focus on key details, in order to develop students' listening comprehension.
The document discusses principles and techniques for teaching listening and speaking skills to English language learners. It recommends exposing students to different types of listening and integrating skills. Some principles for teaching speaking include providing topics for discussion, creating interaction opportunities, and personalizing speaking activities. Sample listening and speaking activities mentioned include conversations, information gap activities, role plays, and picture-based tasks.
This document discusses teaching oral skills to English language learners. It outlines some of the challenges of teaching oral skills, such as lack of student motivation and large class sizes. It then describes various speaking activities that can be used, including discussions, speeches, role plays, conversations, and using audio media. For discussions, it recommends giving students specific roles and clarifying expectations. For speeches, it notes topics can vary by student level. Role plays are suitable for practicing social language. Conversations emphasize analyzing language use. The document concludes by discussing assessing classroom performance and ongoing developments that will impact language teaching.
Language learning cognitive approach (1)Tais Duarte
The cognitive approach to language learning deals with mental processes like memory and problem solving. It emphasizes that language learning is an active mental process, not just habit formation. The cognitive approach focuses on learning strategies that are compatible with learners' cognitive styles. Teachers encourage learners to think about their cognitive preferences and how to optimize learning. Grammar can be taught deductively or inductively, and errors are seen as part of the learning process. The role of the teacher is to analyze the language being taught and explore different student needs, while students take responsibility for their own learning.
The document discusses various techniques for teaching speaking skills, including both direct and indirect approaches. It emphasizes using tasks that focus on meaningful communication over language practice. Specific techniques mentioned include conversation practice, transactional activities like ordering from a catalog, and individual oral dialogue journals. Principles for designing speaking techniques include using a variety that cover accuracy and fluency, providing meaningful contexts, feedback, and opportunities for student initiation of oral communication. The document also discusses teaching pronunciation and considerations around error correction.
Structural Approach and Functional ApproachMEGHANA DODIYA
This document summarizes and compares the structural approach and functional approach to language teaching. The structural approach suggests that learners should develop rules for problem solving by filling gaps. It involves selecting and grading materials to teach frequently used structures. The functional approach views language as a means to express different functions like requesting and suggesting. It aims to impart instruction so that learners can attempt to use language in real-world contexts.
This document discusses teaching listening in TEFL. It begins by defining listening and describing the development of listening skills in a first language. It notes that over 50% of language use involves listening. The document then discusses reasons for the importance of listening in language learning. It outlines different types of listening and provides background on the history of teaching listening. It describes bottom-up and top-down listening processes and provides examples of classroom techniques that develop these skills.
This chapter discusses teaching listening skills. It introduces factors that affect listening like the text, interlocutor, task and listener characteristics. It then presents an interactive model of listening comprehension involving 8 steps like processing raw speech, inferring the speaker's objective, and assigning literal and intended meanings.
The chapter differentiates between monologues and dialogues and explores challenges in listening like clustering, redundancy and interaction. It distinguishes between micro skills like understanding individual sentences and macro skills like comprehending discourse. Finally, it provides principles for teaching listening like using authentic materials, developing strategies, and incorporating both bottom-up and top-down approaches.
This document discusses teaching language functions. It defines a function as what a language item does in context rather than its literal meaning, such as suggesting, criticizing, or giving advice. Functions include asking questions, making requests, and expressing permission or sympathy. The document also discusses Halliday's theory of three metafunctions of language: using language to construe experience, interact socially, and create messages. Finally, it explains that teaching functions helps learners understand what they can do with language and see how context impacts functions.
The Natural Approach is a language teaching method developed by Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell. It is based on theories of how natural language is acquired. Key principles include:
1) Language is acquired through understanding messages, not conscious learning of grammar rules.
2) Students should receive large amounts of comprehensible input through activities focused on meaning, not production.
3) A relaxed environment helps lower students' anxiety levels so they can acquire language more easily.
This document discusses teaching speaking skills. It covers topics like types of spoken language, what makes speaking difficult, micro-and macro-skills of speaking, principles for teaching speaking like focusing on fluency and accuracy. It also discusses teaching conversation, pronunciation, factors affecting it. The role of feedback and how to treat errors is explained. Assessment of speaking is discussed covering item types, tasks and criteria for evaluation.
This document discusses the four main language skills - listening, speaking, reading, and writing - in the context of teaching English as a second or foreign language. It outlines some of the key subskills involved in each area and approaches that have been effective in teaching them. For listening, it notes the importance of understanding spoken language as well as acquiring a second language. For speaking, it discusses the development of oral communication skills and differences between oral and written language. For reading, it presents different perspectives on reading as a practice, product, or process. For writing, it describes how teaching writing as a second language differs from other skills and strategies that have proved successful in writing classrooms.
Teaching english as a foreign language language skillsSanta Requejo
This document summarizes and compares different approaches to teaching English as a foreign language. It outlines 10 aspects of various methodological approaches including their goals, the role of the teacher and students, the teaching and learning process, nature of student-teacher interaction, treatment of errors, and emphasis on specific language skills. Approaches discussed include grammar-translation, direct method, audio-lingual method, silent way, suggestopedia, community language learning, total physical response, natural approach, and communicative language teaching.
Analysing Students’ Communicative Strategies in Synchronous Telecollaboration...University of Valencia
Talk to be given at the "New Directions in Telecollaborative Research and Practice: The Second Conference on Telecollaboration in University Education" at Trinity College Dublin, 21-23 April, 2016.
Our presentation outlines a study carried out in the context of the European-funded project TILA (Telecollaboration for Intercultural Language Acquisition - Grant Agreement Number 2012-4001/001-001). This two-year project involved secondary school students from France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom.
Our aim in this presentation is to offer insights into the verbal and non-verbal characteristics of synchronous telecollaboration (STC). Our corpus consists of twelve recordings of tandem interactions between Spanish and British secondary school students aged between 14 and 15. In the first stage of our analysis we transcribed the video recordings. The transcriptions include all linguistically coded communication –both spoken and written– as well as annotations of paralinguistic and non-linguistic phenomena. In our analysis we draw on Goffman, 1956, Brown and Levinson, 1987 and Pennock-Speck and del Saz-Rubio, 2013. We focus specifically on Goffman’s (1956: 476) notion of deference, “a symbolic means by which appreciation is regularly conveyed to a recipient”. There are two main types of deference: “avoidance rituals”, similar to Brown and Levinson’s (1987) negative politeness strategies, and “presentation rituals” (Goffman, 1956: 481), akin to Brown and Levinson’s (1987) positive politeness strategies.
This research brings to light empirical evidence of the affordances of STC when compared with other kinds of online peer interaction. Our results show that participants systematically use body language and non-verbal cues along with verbal language to make their interlocutors feel at ease, to resolve potentially embarrassing moments and also to offer them praise. It also provides insights into how TC can enhance Classroom Interactional Competence (CIC) defined by Walsh (2011: 158) as “Teachers’ and learners’ ability to use interaction as a tool for mediating and assisting learning”. We posit that TC promotes CIC and that students benefit from the peer-feedback and the peer-scaffolding that ensue from interaction of this kind.
The FOUR(4) Macro Skills
REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION (ELT – 325) – Third Year Students – Module 1: The Four (4) Macro Skills: Reading, Speaking, Writing, Listening; 2021
MEMBERS:
BATIAO, REYMOND
ESCOTO, CHRISTIAN
SINAMPAGA, DIANA GRACE
The document discusses the key principles and techniques of communicative language teaching (CLT). It emphasizes that CLT focuses on developing students' communicative competence through meaningful, authentic activities that require real communication. CLT aims to engage students in using language functions for different purposes and considers fluency and accuracy equally important goals. Errors are viewed as a natural part of the learning process.
Listening: As Comprehension and Acquisition/Sklls and StrategiesMara Gabriel
This document discusses listening as comprehension and acquisition. It defines listening as the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages, which is key to effective communication. Hearing involves perceiving sounds while listening involves understanding. Comprehension refers to understanding, while acquisition is developing new skills. The document outlines types of listening skills like metacognitive, cognitive, and socioaffective strategies. It also discusses top-down listener-based strategies and bottom-up text-based strategies. Finally, it provides some ways to help students listen better in the classroom, like turn and talk activities, note taking, and cooperative learning.
1. The document discusses the nature of speaking and outlines several key components involved in speech production. It describes three main stages of speech production: conceptualization and formulation, formulation, and articulation.
2. It also discusses other important aspects of speaking such as self-monitoring and repair, automaticity, fluency, managing talk, and the knowledge that speakers require.
3. Additionally, the document differentiates between different types of spoken language such as monologue and dialogue, and identifies several factors that can make speaking difficult such as clustering, redundancy, reduced forms, and interaction.
The document discusses communicative competence and its related concepts. It begins by defining communicative competence based on Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance. Hymes later expanded on this idea by arguing that communicative competence involves sociocultural factors and the ability to convey and interpret messages within specific contexts. The document then discusses basic interpersonal communicative skills versus cognitive/academic language proficiency. It also covers the different components of communicative competence including grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, strategic, and organizational competence. The document goes on to define language functions and pragmatic concepts such as locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. It also discusses notions related to pragmatics, discourse analysis,
This study examined the effectiveness of using Second Life for an interdisciplinary graduate communication course. Data was collected through student journals, surveys, focus groups, and final presentations to analyze how and when learning occurred. Results showed that the virtual world facilitated experiential learning through feedback, experimentation, collaboration, and overcoming social anxiety. Students perceived Second Life as valuable for learning communication skills across disciplines. The study concluded virtual worlds can foster interdisciplinary learning through experiential activities while saving costs compared to real-world projects.
Principles of teaching listening and speaking skillsNasir Mohammad
The document discusses listening as an important English language skill that is often overlooked in ESL classrooms. It provides definitions of listening and describes the various sub-skills involved, such as discriminating sounds, recognizing words, and using context clues. Effective listening requires both bottom-up processing of linguistic elements and top-down use of background knowledge. A survey of students found that regular listening practice in a language lab improved their speaking confidence, vocabulary, and cultural understanding. The document argues that teachers should provide structured listening activities with clear objectives, such as preparing students with background information and guiding them to focus on key details, in order to develop students' listening comprehension.
The document discusses principles and techniques for teaching listening and speaking skills to English language learners. It recommends exposing students to different types of listening and integrating skills. Some principles for teaching speaking include providing topics for discussion, creating interaction opportunities, and personalizing speaking activities. Sample listening and speaking activities mentioned include conversations, information gap activities, role plays, and picture-based tasks.
This document discusses teaching oral skills to English language learners. It outlines some of the challenges of teaching oral skills, such as lack of student motivation and large class sizes. It then describes various speaking activities that can be used, including discussions, speeches, role plays, conversations, and using audio media. For discussions, it recommends giving students specific roles and clarifying expectations. For speeches, it notes topics can vary by student level. Role plays are suitable for practicing social language. Conversations emphasize analyzing language use. The document concludes by discussing assessing classroom performance and ongoing developments that will impact language teaching.
Language learning cognitive approach (1)Tais Duarte
The cognitive approach to language learning deals with mental processes like memory and problem solving. It emphasizes that language learning is an active mental process, not just habit formation. The cognitive approach focuses on learning strategies that are compatible with learners' cognitive styles. Teachers encourage learners to think about their cognitive preferences and how to optimize learning. Grammar can be taught deductively or inductively, and errors are seen as part of the learning process. The role of the teacher is to analyze the language being taught and explore different student needs, while students take responsibility for their own learning.
The document discusses various techniques for teaching speaking skills, including both direct and indirect approaches. It emphasizes using tasks that focus on meaningful communication over language practice. Specific techniques mentioned include conversation practice, transactional activities like ordering from a catalog, and individual oral dialogue journals. Principles for designing speaking techniques include using a variety that cover accuracy and fluency, providing meaningful contexts, feedback, and opportunities for student initiation of oral communication. The document also discusses teaching pronunciation and considerations around error correction.
Structural Approach and Functional ApproachMEGHANA DODIYA
This document summarizes and compares the structural approach and functional approach to language teaching. The structural approach suggests that learners should develop rules for problem solving by filling gaps. It involves selecting and grading materials to teach frequently used structures. The functional approach views language as a means to express different functions like requesting and suggesting. It aims to impart instruction so that learners can attempt to use language in real-world contexts.
This document discusses teaching listening in TEFL. It begins by defining listening and describing the development of listening skills in a first language. It notes that over 50% of language use involves listening. The document then discusses reasons for the importance of listening in language learning. It outlines different types of listening and provides background on the history of teaching listening. It describes bottom-up and top-down listening processes and provides examples of classroom techniques that develop these skills.
This chapter discusses teaching listening skills. It introduces factors that affect listening like the text, interlocutor, task and listener characteristics. It then presents an interactive model of listening comprehension involving 8 steps like processing raw speech, inferring the speaker's objective, and assigning literal and intended meanings.
The chapter differentiates between monologues and dialogues and explores challenges in listening like clustering, redundancy and interaction. It distinguishes between micro skills like understanding individual sentences and macro skills like comprehending discourse. Finally, it provides principles for teaching listening like using authentic materials, developing strategies, and incorporating both bottom-up and top-down approaches.
This document discusses teaching language functions. It defines a function as what a language item does in context rather than its literal meaning, such as suggesting, criticizing, or giving advice. Functions include asking questions, making requests, and expressing permission or sympathy. The document also discusses Halliday's theory of three metafunctions of language: using language to construe experience, interact socially, and create messages. Finally, it explains that teaching functions helps learners understand what they can do with language and see how context impacts functions.
The Natural Approach is a language teaching method developed by Stephen Krashen and Tracy Terrell. It is based on theories of how natural language is acquired. Key principles include:
1) Language is acquired through understanding messages, not conscious learning of grammar rules.
2) Students should receive large amounts of comprehensible input through activities focused on meaning, not production.
3) A relaxed environment helps lower students' anxiety levels so they can acquire language more easily.
This document discusses teaching speaking skills. It covers topics like types of spoken language, what makes speaking difficult, micro-and macro-skills of speaking, principles for teaching speaking like focusing on fluency and accuracy. It also discusses teaching conversation, pronunciation, factors affecting it. The role of feedback and how to treat errors is explained. Assessment of speaking is discussed covering item types, tasks and criteria for evaluation.
This document discusses the four main language skills - listening, speaking, reading, and writing - in the context of teaching English as a second or foreign language. It outlines some of the key subskills involved in each area and approaches that have been effective in teaching them. For listening, it notes the importance of understanding spoken language as well as acquiring a second language. For speaking, it discusses the development of oral communication skills and differences between oral and written language. For reading, it presents different perspectives on reading as a practice, product, or process. For writing, it describes how teaching writing as a second language differs from other skills and strategies that have proved successful in writing classrooms.
Teaching english as a foreign language language skillsSanta Requejo
This document summarizes and compares different approaches to teaching English as a foreign language. It outlines 10 aspects of various methodological approaches including their goals, the role of the teacher and students, the teaching and learning process, nature of student-teacher interaction, treatment of errors, and emphasis on specific language skills. Approaches discussed include grammar-translation, direct method, audio-lingual method, silent way, suggestopedia, community language learning, total physical response, natural approach, and communicative language teaching.
Analysing Students’ Communicative Strategies in Synchronous Telecollaboration...University of Valencia
Talk to be given at the "New Directions in Telecollaborative Research and Practice: The Second Conference on Telecollaboration in University Education" at Trinity College Dublin, 21-23 April, 2016.
Our presentation outlines a study carried out in the context of the European-funded project TILA (Telecollaboration for Intercultural Language Acquisition - Grant Agreement Number 2012-4001/001-001). This two-year project involved secondary school students from France, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain and the United Kingdom.
Our aim in this presentation is to offer insights into the verbal and non-verbal characteristics of synchronous telecollaboration (STC). Our corpus consists of twelve recordings of tandem interactions between Spanish and British secondary school students aged between 14 and 15. In the first stage of our analysis we transcribed the video recordings. The transcriptions include all linguistically coded communication –both spoken and written– as well as annotations of paralinguistic and non-linguistic phenomena. In our analysis we draw on Goffman, 1956, Brown and Levinson, 1987 and Pennock-Speck and del Saz-Rubio, 2013. We focus specifically on Goffman’s (1956: 476) notion of deference, “a symbolic means by which appreciation is regularly conveyed to a recipient”. There are two main types of deference: “avoidance rituals”, similar to Brown and Levinson’s (1987) negative politeness strategies, and “presentation rituals” (Goffman, 1956: 481), akin to Brown and Levinson’s (1987) positive politeness strategies.
This research brings to light empirical evidence of the affordances of STC when compared with other kinds of online peer interaction. Our results show that participants systematically use body language and non-verbal cues along with verbal language to make their interlocutors feel at ease, to resolve potentially embarrassing moments and also to offer them praise. It also provides insights into how TC can enhance Classroom Interactional Competence (CIC) defined by Walsh (2011: 158) as “Teachers’ and learners’ ability to use interaction as a tool for mediating and assisting learning”. We posit that TC promotes CIC and that students benefit from the peer-feedback and the peer-scaffolding that ensue from interaction of this kind.
The FOUR(4) Macro Skills
REMEDIAL INSTRUCTION (ELT – 325) – Third Year Students – Module 1: The Four (4) Macro Skills: Reading, Speaking, Writing, Listening; 2021
MEMBERS:
BATIAO, REYMOND
ESCOTO, CHRISTIAN
SINAMPAGA, DIANA GRACE
The document discusses the key principles and techniques of communicative language teaching (CLT). It emphasizes that CLT focuses on developing students' communicative competence through meaningful, authentic activities that require real communication. CLT aims to engage students in using language functions for different purposes and considers fluency and accuracy equally important goals. Errors are viewed as a natural part of the learning process.
Listening: As Comprehension and Acquisition/Sklls and StrategiesMara Gabriel
This document discusses listening as comprehension and acquisition. It defines listening as the ability to accurately receive and interpret messages, which is key to effective communication. Hearing involves perceiving sounds while listening involves understanding. Comprehension refers to understanding, while acquisition is developing new skills. The document outlines types of listening skills like metacognitive, cognitive, and socioaffective strategies. It also discusses top-down listener-based strategies and bottom-up text-based strategies. Finally, it provides some ways to help students listen better in the classroom, like turn and talk activities, note taking, and cooperative learning.
1. The document discusses the nature of speaking and outlines several key components involved in speech production. It describes three main stages of speech production: conceptualization and formulation, formulation, and articulation.
2. It also discusses other important aspects of speaking such as self-monitoring and repair, automaticity, fluency, managing talk, and the knowledge that speakers require.
3. Additionally, the document differentiates between different types of spoken language such as monologue and dialogue, and identifies several factors that can make speaking difficult such as clustering, redundancy, reduced forms, and interaction.
The document discusses communicative competence and its related concepts. It begins by defining communicative competence based on Chomsky's distinction between competence and performance. Hymes later expanded on this idea by arguing that communicative competence involves sociocultural factors and the ability to convey and interpret messages within specific contexts. The document then discusses basic interpersonal communicative skills versus cognitive/academic language proficiency. It also covers the different components of communicative competence including grammatical, sociolinguistic, discourse, strategic, and organizational competence. The document goes on to define language functions and pragmatic concepts such as locutionary, illocutionary, and perlocutionary acts. It also discusses notions related to pragmatics, discourse analysis,
This study examined the effectiveness of using Second Life for an interdisciplinary graduate communication course. Data was collected through student journals, surveys, focus groups, and final presentations to analyze how and when learning occurred. Results showed that the virtual world facilitated experiential learning through feedback, experimentation, collaboration, and overcoming social anxiety. Students perceived Second Life as valuable for learning communication skills across disciplines. The study concluded virtual worlds can foster interdisciplinary learning through experiential activities while saving costs compared to real-world projects.
Employment Issues: Persons with Disabilitieskmichel1
This document discusses special issues for persons with disabilities. It defines disabilities covered by the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and Social Security Disability benefits. It describes the process for applying for workplace accommodations under the ADA and examples of reasonable accommodations. It also discusses options for individuals receiving Social Security Disability benefits to continue working without losing their benefits. Referral resources are provided for advocacy organizations, employment services, and assistive technologies.
Abnt nbr 14639 posto de servico - instalacoes eletricasMônica Nobrega
Este documento estabelece os requisitos mínimos para instalações elétricas em postos de serviço. Ele define termos técnicos, classifica áreas de acordo com a presença de atmosferas explosivas e especifica condições como alimentação elétrica, níveis de tensão e seleção de equipamentos de acordo com a classificação de áreas.
Poluição Ambiental - Tema Postos de CombustíveisLukas Lima
O documento discute a responsabilidade ambiental de postos de combustíveis, incluindo práticas sustentáveis como reaproveitamento de água da chuva e energia solar. Também apresenta entrevistas com postos locais sobre como são construídos e instalados tanques de combustível, os principais riscos ambientais, e como lidam com resíduos gerados.
A Cabopec é uma empresa com mais de 30 anos de experiência no fornecimento de cabos de aço e peças para elevação de cargas. A empresa possui um laboratório próprio com equipamentos avançados para testes de resistência e qualidade. Seu objetivo é oferecer produtos e serviços de alta qualidade para atender as necessidades dos clientes de forma personalizada e eficiente.
O documento fornece diretrizes de segurança para o uso de escadas, incluindo inspeccionar escadas para defeitos, estabilizar a base da escada, e usar equipamentos de proteção como cintos de ferramentas. Ele também lista requisitos específicos para escadas de mão, plataformas móveis e escadas do tipo marinheiro.
Este documento descreve as normas e regulamentos aplicados a projetos de instalações elétricas residenciais no Brasil, incluindo NBR 5444 sobre simbologia, NBR 5410 sobre segurança, NBR 5419 sobre proteção contra raios, NR10 sobre segurança do trabalho, e outras normas sobre certificação e aprovação de projetos.
This document discusses the growing lithium market and how it presents an opportunity for International Lithium Corp. It notes that the oil market has declined to $30 per barrel from $100 previously, reducing the transportation energy market from $1 trillion to $330 billion. In contrast, the lithium market has grown from $1 billion at $6,000 per ton to $1.8 billion at $11,000 per ton. The document argues this shift from oil to alternatives like lithium is happening now, and represents a chance for International Lithium Corp to increase its market capitalization from $1.2 million previously to $4 million.
There are many theories on learning language. Theses theories have impacted First language and second language teaching methodology.Theories on language learning and teaching have evolved from the fields of psychology and linguistics. What follows here is a brief discussion on three major theories of language learning, namely, Behaviorist, cognitive and social interactionist theory.
Es una filosofía humanista de formación y un conjunto de sugerencias y técnicas de formación terapeuta puede utilizar en la construcción de relaciones con clientes, recopilación de información sobre sus puntos de vista internos y externos del mundo, y ayudándoles a alcanzar metas y lograr el cambio personal, y diseñado para convencer a la gente que tienen el poder de controlar su propia y la vida de otras personas para mejor, y las prescripciones sobre la manera de hacerlo.
The document discusses the concept of language learner autonomy. It provides a brief history of how the concept has evolved from the 1980s focus on learners doing things independently to a broader understanding of learners taking responsibility for their own learning. Several models of autonomy are presented that view it as a multi-stage process moving from lower to higher levels. The relationship between autonomy, motivation, and language acquisition is also discussed based on various learning theories. Overall, the document provides an overview of the key ideas and debates around language learner autonomy.
This document discusses anxiety in second language acquisition. It defines different types of anxiety, including trait anxiety, state anxiety, and language anxiety. Language anxiety is a specific type of situation anxiety associated with attempts to learn and communicate in a second language. Anxiety can affect the input, processing, and output stages of language learning. While anxiety may have some facilitating effects at low levels, high anxiety generally has a debilitating impact on language performance and learning. The document also discusses factors that influence language anxiety and implications for language teaching, such as promoting low-anxiety classroom environments.
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This document summarizes a case study on the emotive variables that influence motivation for vocabulary learning. The study examined two questionnaires given to second year Japanese university students in a content-based English course. The first questionnaire asked students about their perceptions and experiences with the vocabulary learning program. The second questionnaire probed student motivation, beliefs, and meta-cognitive awareness. Follow-up interviews found that lack of sleep, stress from other commitments, and upcoming tests and presentations negatively impacted motivation. The conclusion discusses the role of emotion, sleep deprivation, and emotional control strategies in language learning motivation.
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Universidad Técnica Particular de Loja
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Lecture 6 Focus on Learning and the Language learner.pptxaraiakzhigitovaaa
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Your body tells more than your words!
1. Your body tells more
than your words!
Feliciano Navarro de Haz
Professor Noelia Tintilay
Análisis del Discurso
Científico y Técnico
2014
2. Research Design
• Problem: How can body language help teachers see through their students?
Can classroom management be improved by the appropriate use of
body language and nonverbal communication?
• Objectives: Create a tool to help teachers build positive rapport with their students.
Bring awareness over the importance of body language and its
underlying meanings.
Enable teachers to read nonverbal expressions with a didactic purpose.
• Justification: Reading about body language I became aware of the connections it
has with teaching theories like NLP, TPR, and CLT.
3. Research Design
• Plausibility: I carried out interviews to 14 teachers, 2 psichologists and 1 psycho-pedagogue. In addition, I
elaborated a questionaire to which 73 students responded.
I consulted Paul Ekman’s and Chris Caswell’s Works on body language, along with web pages related to that topic.
• Theortical background: “The teacher’s primary responsibility is response-ability” (Peter Wilberg)
Body language is a voluntary movement of a part of the body in relation to an emotion, a thought or a sense.
Teachers are having lessons in how to read children’s body language and modify their own to tackle bad behaviour
in the classroom. (Henry, The Telegraph)
I Salta,most teachers claim to have taken courses in classroom management but not in body language specifically.
• Methodology: After conducting a survey investigation, this work adopted the form of a Descriptive Research.
4. Chapter 1: What is Nonverbal Communication?
• Communication is the process of sending and receiving messages. It has got
two dimensions; verbal (7%) and nonverbal (93 %). (Elfatihi 2006)
• Nonverbal Communication refers to all aspects of message exchange
without the use of words. These include:
6. Chapter 1: What is Nonverbal Communication?
• Universal Body Language: Seven facial expressions of emotion.
7. Chapter 1: What is Nonverbal Communication?
• Cross-cultural Body Language: Differences may show up in ways such as
physical touch, conversational distance, interactions between genders and use
of gestures.
• Reliability: 1- It backs up the limitations words have.
2- It reinforces the expression of feelings.
3- It is difficult to control.
4- It is more spontaneous than words.
8. Chapter 1: What is Nonverbal Communication?
• Categorization of nonverbal communication based on Zoric, Smid et al
(2007):
Chronemics, Vocalics, Haptics, Kinesics, Oculesics, Olfatics, Physical
Appearance, Proxemics, Silence and Symbolism.
9. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
• Why nonverbal communication for teachers?
With the advent of Communicative Language Teaching, communication became the
pivotal focus, which brought nonverbal communication to the surface (Elfatihi 2).
Verbal communication (7%) stimulates cognitive meanings for the students, while
nonverbal communication (93%) stimulates the student’s feelings and attitudes towards
the material (McCroskey 2006).
As teachers we look for confirmation that our students are grasping the concepts, and
identifying student’s nonverbal cues will help (Brock 1).
10. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
• Nonverbal signals in the classroom and their meanings.
Visual signals are in the spot light. These include:
1. Spacing and posture (proxemics and kinesics).
• Interpersonal distance (personal, social, public)
touch (intimate distance)
and sitting arrangement.
11. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom.
• Where do you prefer the teacher?
• Close 10 %
• Not far 75 %
• Far 15 %
• Do you like the teacher to move around the classroom?
• Yes 89 %
• No 11 %
12. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom.
• How often do you want the teacher to do so?
• Always 34 %
• Sometimes 62 %
• Never 4 %
• Which desk arrangement to you prefer?
• Pairs 53 %
• Circle 32 %
• Single rows 15 %
13. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
• Posture often indicates what a person’s intentions are.
Leaning Forward Leaning Away Leaning Over
14. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
2. Gaze (oculetics and kinesics). It is related to interpersonal spacing. People distance
themselves by looking down or away to avoid eye contact (Neill and Caswell 11).
Elfatihi claims that eye contact is a major requirement for classroom communication.
It serves, primarily, three functions:
• Comprehension checking.
• Motivation.
• Class control.
15. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
• You look at te teacher when… :
• You understand 11 %
• You want to understand 81 %
• You do not understand 8 %
• How often do you like the teacher to look at you?
• Always 12 %
• Sometimes 74 %
• Never 14 %
16. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
• Do you like to provide answers when the teacher looks at you?
• Yes 74 %
• No 26 %
Eye contact establishes the background for communication.
17. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
3. Head position and facial expressions (Kinesics).
• The effects of head position are often the same as those of posture on a
smaller scale (Neill and Caswell 11).
A raised chin, like stanting over someone is dominant.
A bowed head, like kneeling down is non-threatening.
18. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
• Facial expressions are both, easy and difficult to interpret.
• You can tell the mood of the teacher from his/her… :
• Speaking tone 42 %
• Gestures 12 %
• Facial expressions 45 %
19. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
• Smiling and frowning are the most prominent classroom expressions.
• Facial expressions which cause confusion:
20. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
4. Hand gestures (Kinesics). These can be grouped in:
• Speech-related gestures (two purposes)
21. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
• Relationship-oriented gestures. These include quick movements like pointing, and
holding up a hand. There are also more static gestures related to status and
confidence, which may show up during transitions from one class activity to another
(Neill and Caswell 90).
• There are three main objectives for using gestures in EFL classrooms, according to
Elfatihi:
• Presenting language items.
• Providing feedback.
• Managing the classroom.
22. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
• Do the teacher’s gestures help you to understand?
• Yes 85 %
• No 15 %
• What should the teacher use to explain?
• Speech 5 %
• Gestures 1 %
• Both 93 %
23. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
• What should the teacher use to point at you?
• Finger 32 %
• Open palm 68 %
• A finger point is downgrading and arrogant while an open palm conveys
more confort and value.
24. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
5. Intonation and pace of speech.
• Effective teachers have animated intonation; “flat”, unethusiastic speech
shows uncertainty (Neill and Caswell 98).
• The teachers interviewed for this research claim to make good use of
intonation patterns to communicate ideas, get attention, command authority,
etc. Most of them hardly ever resort to yelling.
25. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
• Two well known classroom issues are: behaviour deviancy and making
confrontations.
1. Deviancy is non-compliance with rules. Disruption represents a challenge
to authority. There are two categories in behaviour deviancy. The first are
defined as “open challenges”, the second are called “closed
challenges”(Neill and Caswell 51).
26. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
• Open challenges are characterised by:
o A high level of control checks.
o Variation in gaze direction.
o Visual involvement of prepherial pupils.
o Postural changes.
o Low task involvement.
o Increased noise level.
o Willingness to argue with the teacher.
27. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
• Closed challenges are characterised by:
o Limited gaze direction.
o Directed conversation.
o Relaxed posture.
o Few, or no control checks.
o Rapid head and arm movement.
o Increased smiling.
o Sporadic involvement in the work.
28. Chapter 2: Nonverbal Communication in the
Classroom
2. Making confrontations.
• In order to deal with open challenges a teacher needs to exert calm, desicive
control, using rules to depersonalise conflicts, and friendly relationships to
make conformity rewarding.
• Two techiniques that can be effective are: showing up, and confrontation in
privacy.
29. Chapter 3: Case Studies
• In order to obtain reliable results, different techniques were used ranging
from spontaneous observation and interviews to close ended questionnaires.
10 of the respondents were teachers of English from different provinces in
Argentina, and 2 of them from England.
• The main reason for interviewing mostly EFL teachers lies on the fact that
the objectives of an EFL classroom interaction is learning a foreign language
of which students have little or no command yet.
30. Chapter 3: Case Studies
Teacher: Monica Jorgensen from Santiago del Estero (living in Salta).
Teaching Experience: More than 30 years.
Primary nonverbal cues: Hand gestures, silence and intonation variation.
Anecdote: “The invisible student”.
31. Chapter 3: Case Studies
Teacher: Melisa Villalba from Santa Fe.
Teaching Experience: Approximately 6 years.
Primary nonverbal cues: Eye contact, and touch.
Anecdote: “Relieving caress”
32. Chapter 3: Case Studies
Teacher: Analia from Buenos Aires.
Teaching Experience: More tan 10 years.
Primary nonverbal cues: Eye contact, silence, and hand gestures.
Anecdote: “Staring to confront deviancy”
33. Chapter 3: Case Studies
Teacher: Juliana from Capital Federal
Teaching Experience: 6 years.
Primary nonverbal cues: Hand gestures, folded arms, serious face, voice.
Anecdote: “The talkative boy”
34. Chapter 3: Case Studies
Teacher: Agustina from Salta.
Teaching Experience: 10 years.
Primary nonverbal cues: Eye contact.
Anecdote: “Queue up!”
35. Chapter 3: Case Studies
Teacher: Sabrina Altamiranda from Jujuy.
Teaching Experience: 2 years.
Primary nonverbal cues: Eye contact, and moving around.
Anecdote: “Getting closer”
36. Chapter 3: Case Studies
Teacher: Alec Macnaughton from London, UK.
Teaching Experience: 10 years.
Primary nonverbal cues: loud voice, clear and consistent expectations.
Anecdote: “Pack up, sit, and leave at my command”.
37. Chapter 3: Case Studies
Teacher: Mauro Romero from Salta.
Teaching Experience: 3 years.
Primary nonverbal cues: Loud voice, hand gestures, facial expressions.
Anecdote: “Asking the obvious?”
38. Chapter 3: Case Studies
Teacher: Andrea Martinez from Salta.
Teaching Experience: 8 years.
Primary nonverbal cues: Tone of voice.
Anecdote: “Creating a positive atmosphere”
39. Chapter 3: Case Studies
Teacher: Fernanda from Salta.
Teaching Experience: 2 years.
Primary nonverbal cues: Loud voice, hand gestures.
Anecdote: “Exhaust the naugthy one”
40. Chapter 3: Case Studies
Teacher: Laura Singh from Salta.
Teaching Experience: 6 years.
Primary nonverbal cues: Voice, hand gestures, moving around.
Anecdote: “Breathe in, breathe out”.
41. Chapter 3: Case Studies
Teacher: Paula Yvette Smyth from UK.
Teaching Experience: Not specified.
Primary nonverbal cues: Voice, moving around, facial expressions.
Anecdote: “Talk to the wall”.
42. Concluding Remarks
• Teachers can learn how to see through their students in order to evaluate
how to assist them.
• Classroom management is complemented by body language.
• Nonverbal communication can help to improve the teaching practice and
learning process.
• The study managed to bring some valuable contributions to the domain of
teaching and learning.
43. Bibliography
• Amos, Julie Ann. "Body Language Across Cultures." Body Language Expert. N.p., 2012. Web. 07 Aug. 2013. <http://www.bodylanguageexpert.co.uk/bodylanguageacrosscultures.html>.
• Breed, and Colauita. Looking, Blinking and Sitting: Nonverbal Dynamics in the Classroom. N.p.: Journal of Communication, 2006. Print.
• Brock, Barry E. Student Nonverbal Communication in the Classroom. Thesis. Center for Teaching Excellence, United States Military Academy, West Point, New York, 2011. N.p.: n.p., n.d. Print.
• Ekman, Paul. Emotions Revealed: Recognizing Faces and Feelings to Improve Communication and Emotional Life. New York: Times, 2003. Print.
• Helweg-Larsen M. Cunningham, To Nod or Not to Nod: An Observational Study of Nonverbal Communication and Status in Female and Male College Students. N.p.: n.p., 2004. Print.
• James Millar. Secrets of Body Language. 2008. DVD.
• John J. Okon, Role of Non-Verbal Communication in Education 2011.
• Julie Henry. "Teachers Get Lessons in Body Language." The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group, 29 Aug. 2013. Web. 07 Oct. 2013. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/educationnews/7229102/Teachers-get-lessons-in-body-
language.html>.
• Mccroskey, J. C., and Richmond V. P. Nonverbal Communication in Instructional Contexts, The SAGE Handbook of Nonverbal Communication. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2006.
• Miller, Patrick W. Body Language: An Illustrated Introduction for Teachers. Munster, IN: Patrick W. Miller and Associates, 2005. Print.
• Mohamed Elfatihi, The Role of Nonverbal Communication in Beginners’ EFL Classrooms (2006)
• Neill, S. R. St. J., and Chris Caswell. Body Language for Competent Teachers. London: Routledge, 2005. Print.
• Pelham, Libby. "Guide to Body Language Cues in Oppositional Children." Guide to Body Language Cues in Oppositional Children. N.p., 2010. Web. 10 Oct. 2012. <http://www.bodylanguageexpert.co.uk/guide-body-language-
cues-oppositional-children.html>.
• Rosas, Jesús E. Lenguage Corporal En 40 Días. N.p.: n.p., 2011. Print.
• White, John, and John Gardner. The Classroom X-factor: The Power of Body Language and Nonverbal Communication in Teaching. 2012
• Zoric, G. Smid. Facial Gestures: Taxonomy and Applications of Non-verbal, Non-emotional Facial Displays for Embodied Conversation Agents. N.p.: Nishida, 2007. Print.