Yellow Fever Introduction. PKK Tawau

1. DR. HELMY SAJALI MD, MPH, CMIA
EPIDEMIOLOGY OFFICER
Communicable Disease Control & Surveillance Unit
Tawau Health Office

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5. • 200,000 cases of YF annually, causing
30,000 deaths.
• 95% of all YF cases in America were
reported by four countries: Peru,
Bolivia, Brazil, and Colombia.
• In 2013, 23 cases of yellow fever,
including 15 deaths (case fatality rate,
CFR: 65.2%), were reported to
PAHO/WHO; all of these cases were
from Peru and Colombia.
• From 2000 to 2013, more than 1,100
laboratory-confirmed cases were
reported in the Americas, with the
largest numbers reported from Brazil
and Peru.

6. • The Eliminate Yellow fever Epidemics (EYE)
Strategy launched in 2017 is an
unprecedented initiative. With more than
50 partners involved, the EYE partnership
supports 40 at-risk countries in Africa and
the Americas to prevent, detect, and
respond to yellow fever suspected cases
and outbreaks.
• The partnership aims at protecting at-risk
populations, preventing international
spread, and containing outbreaks rapidly.
• By 2026, it is expected that more than 1
billion people will be protected against
the disease.

7. Acute Phase
• fever,
• muscular pain,
• headache,
• chills,
• anorexia,
• nausea and/or vomiting,
• bradycardia.
Incubation Period: 3 - 6 days (or longer) after the bite of an
infected mosquito.
Some are asymptomatic but most lead to an acute illness
characterized by two phases (Acute & Toxic):
Toxic Phase
(in 15% cases)
• Recurrent fever
• Jaundice
• abdominal pain
• vomiting
• hemorrhagic manifestations
(epistaxis, gingival bleeding,
hematemesis)
• Renal & liver failure
Half of the patients in toxic phase died within 10-14 days

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9. Yellow Fever Vaccination Requirement
• A Yellow Fever vaccination certificate is required from all visitors or
delegates (Malaysians and Foreigners) coming from or going
to/through countries with risk of Yellow Fever transmission (As stated
in International Health Regulations 2005 and Prevention and Control
of Infectious Disease Act 1988).
• Yellow fever vaccination is also required for travellers having transited more
than 12 hours through the airport of a country with risk of yellow fever
transmission;
• Travellers or delegates without a valid Yellow Fever vaccination
certificate shall be quarantined upon arrival in Malaysia for a period
not exceeding 6 days.

10. • The period of validity of an international certificate of vaccination
against Yellow Fever is 10 years, beginning 10 days after the date of
vaccination.
• If a person is revaccinated before the end of this period, the validity is
extended for a further 10 years from the date of vaccination.
• If the revaccination is recorded on a new certificate, travellers or
delegates are advised to retain the old certificate for 10 days until the
new certificate becomes valid.

11. Reminder to Malaysian Who Wants to Go to the Countries with Risk of
Yellow Fever Transmission
• Malaysians are advised to take the vaccination at least 10 days before
the date of departure to countries with risk of Yellow Fever
transmission for protection against infection.
• To carry the international certificate of vaccination during travel for
health check.
• To get the vaccination against Yellow Fever disease at the Approved
Yellow
• Fever vaccinating Centres in Malaysia.
• To report to Entry Point Health Office on arrival in Malaysia for health
check.

13. AFRICAN CONTINENT (29 COUNTRIES)
Angola Guinea
Benin Guinea Bissau
Burkina Faso Kenya
Burundi Liberia
Cameroon Mali
Central Africa Republic Mauritania
Chad Niger
Congo Nigeria
Côte d’Ivoire Senegal
Democratic Republic Of Congo Sierra Leone
Equatorial Guinea South Sudan
Ethiopia Sudan
Gabon Togo
Gambia Uganda
Ghana
SOUTH & CENTRAL AMERICA (13
COUNTRIES)
Argentina French Guiana
Bolivia Guyana
Brazil Panama
Colombia Paraguay
Ecuador Peru
Suriname Venezuela
Trinidad & Tobago

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