Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices What are the Challe.docxtjane3
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices: What are the Challenges?
Internet security, in general, is a challenge that we have been dealing with for decades. It is a regular topic of discussion and concern, but a relatively new segment of internet security is getting most attention—internet of things (IoT). So why is internet of things security so important?
The high growth rate of IoT should get the attention of cybersecurity professionals. The rate at which new technology goes to market is inversely proportional to the amount of security that gets designed into the product. According to IHS Markit, “The number of connected IoT devices worldwide will jump 12 percent on average annually, from nearly 27 billion in 2017 to 125 billion in 2030.”
IoT devices are quite a bit different from other internet-connected devices such as laptops and servers. They are designed with a single purpose in mind, usually running minimal software with minimal resources to serve that purpose. Adding the capability to run and update security software is often not taken into consideration.
Due to the lack of security integrated into IoT devices, they present significant risks that must be addressed. IoT security is the practice of understanding and mitigating these risks. Let’s consider the challenges of IoT security and how we can address them.
Some security practitioners suggest that key IoT security steps include:
1. Make people aware that there is a threat to security;
2. Design a technical solution to reduce security vulnerabilities;
3. Align the legal and regulatory frameworks; and
4. Develop a workforce with the skills to handle IoT security.
Final Assignment - Project Plan (Deliverables):
1) Address each of the FOURIoT security steps listed above in terms of IoT devices.
2) Explain in detail, in a step-by-step guide, how to make people more aware of the problems associated with the use of IoT devices.
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IoT References:
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-secure-your-iot-devices-from-botnets-and-other-threats/
https://www.peerbits.com/blog/biggest-iot-security-challenges.html
https://www.bankinfosecurity.asia/securing-iot-devices-challenges-a-11138
https://www.sumologic.com/blog/iot-security/
https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/number-connected-iot-devices-will-surge-125-billion-2030-ihs-markit-says
https://cdn.ihs.com/www/pdf/IoT_ebook.pdf
https://go.armis.com/hubfs/Buyers%E2%80%99%20Guide%20to%20IoT%20Security%20-Final.pdf
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/smart-farming-how-iot-robotics-and-ai-are-tackling-one-of-the-biggest-problems-of-the-century/
Video Resources:What is the Internet of Things (IoT) and how can we secure it?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_X6IP1-NDc
What is the problem with IoT security? - Gary explains
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3yrk4TaIQQ
What are the Challenges of IoT Security?
IoT has many of the same security challenges that other systems have. There are, howe.
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices What are the Challe.docxlmelaine
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices: What are the Challenges?
Internet security, in general, is a challenge that we have been dealing with for decades. It is a regular topic of discussion and concern, but a relatively new segment of internet security is getting most attention—internet of things (IoT). So why is internet of things security so important?
The high growth rate of IoT should get the attention of cybersecurity professionals. The rate at which new technology goes to market is inversely proportional to the amount of security that gets designed into the product. According to IHS Markit, “The number of connected IoT devices worldwide will jump 12 percent on average annually, from nearly 27 billion in 2017 to 125 billion in 2030.”
IoT devices are quite a bit different from other internet-connected devices such as laptops and servers. They are designed with a single purpose in mind, usually running minimal software with minimal resources to serve that purpose. Adding the capability to run and update security software is often not taken into consideration.
Due to the lack of security integrated into IoT devices, they present significant risks that must be addressed. IoT security is the practice of understanding and mitigating these risks. Let’s consider the challenges of IoT security and how we can address them.
Some security practitioners suggest that key IoT security steps include:
1. Make people aware that there is a threat to security;
2. Design a technical solution to reduce security vulnerabilities;
3. Align the legal and regulatory frameworks; and
4. Develop a workforce with the skills to handle IoT security.
Final Assignment - Project Plan (Deliverables):
1) Address each of the FOURIoT security steps listed above in terms of IoT devices.
2) Explain in detail, in a step-by-step guide, how to make people more aware of the problems associated with the use of IoT devices.
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
IoT References:
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-secure-your-iot-devices-from-botnets-and-other-threats/
https://www.peerbits.com/blog/biggest-iot-security-challenges.html
https://www.bankinfosecurity.asia/securing-iot-devices-challenges-a-11138
https://www.sumologic.com/blog/iot-security/
https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/number-connected-iot-devices-will-surge-125-billion-2030-ihs-markit-says
https://cdn.ihs.com/www/pdf/IoT_ebook.pdf
https://go.armis.com/hubfs/Buyers%E2%80%99%20Guide%20to%20IoT%20Security%20-Final.pdf
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/smart-farming-how-iot-robotics-and-ai-are-tackling-one-of-the-biggest-problems-of-the-century/
Video Resources:What is the Internet of Things (IoT) and how can we secure it?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_X6IP1-NDc
What is the problem with IoT security? - Gary explains
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3yrk4TaIQQ
What are the Challenges of IoT Security?
IoT has many of the same security challenges that other systems have. There are, howe ...
This blog presentation discusses the growing significance of IoT Security Testing in a world where billions of devices are getting connected via the Internet of Things.
IBM X-Force Threat Intelligence Quarterly,
4Q 2014
Get a closer look at today’s security risks—from new threats arising from within the
Internet of Things, to the sources of malware and botnet infections.
The Internet of Things (IoT) promises to change the way enterprises connect, communicate, operate, and compete. At the same time, the IoT has left enterprise networks and IoT devices extremely vulnerable to security breaches. Current IoT devices and infrastructures are simply not equipped to tackle today’s sophisticated attack methods. Vulnerabilities can be easily exploited unless security is embedded from the inside out – from conception, deployment, and maintenance, to the network edge and across connected devices and infrastructures.
IoT References:
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-secure-your-iot-devices-from-botnets-and-other-threats/
https://www.peerbits.com/blog/biggest-iot-security-challenges.html
https://www.bankinfosecurity.asia/securing-iot-devices-challenges-a-11138
https://www.sumologic.com/blog/iot-security/
https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/number-connected-iot-devices-will-surge-125-billion-2030-ihs-markit-says
https://cdn.ihs.com/www/pdf/IoT_ebook.pdf
https://go.armis.com/hubfs/Buyers%E2%80%99%20Guide%20to%20IoT%20Security%20-Final.pdf
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/smart-farming-how-iot-robotics-and-ai-are-tackling-one-of-the-biggest-problems-of-the-century/
Video Resources:What is the Internet of Things (IoT) and how can we secure it?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_X6IP1-NDc
What is the problem with IoT security? - Gary explains
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3yrk4TaIQQ
What are the Challenges of IoT Security?
IoT has many of the same security challenges that other systems have. There are, however, some challenges that are unique to IoT.
1. Embedded Passwords. Embedding passwords in IoT devices make it easy for remote support technicians to access devices for troubleshooting and simplifies the installation of multiple devices. Of course, it also simplifies access to devices for malicious purposes.
2. Lack of device authentication. Allowing IoT devices access to the network without authenticating opens the network to unknown and unauthorized devices. Rogue devices can serve as an entry point for attacks or even as a source of attacks.
3. Patching and upgrading. Some IoT devices do not provide a simple (or any) means to patch or upgrade software. This results in many IoT devices with vulnerabilities continuing to be in use.
4. Physical hardening. Physical access to IoT devices can introduce risk if those devices are not hardened against physical attack. Such an attack may not be intended to damage the device, but rather to extract information. Simply removing a microSD memory card to read its contents can give an attacker private data, as well as information such as embedded passwords that may allow access to other devices.
5. Outdated components. When vulnerabilities are discovered in hardware or software components of IoT devices, it can be difficult and expensive for manufacturers or users to update or replace them. As with patches, this results in many IoT devices with vulnerabilities continuing to be used.
6. Device monitoring and management. IoT devices do not always have a unique identifier that facilitates asset tracking, monitoring, and management. IT personnel do not necessarily consider IoT devices among the hosts that they monitor and manage. Asset tracking systems sometimes neglect to include IoT devices, so they sit on the network without being managed or monitored.
Most of these issues can be attributed to security being an afterthought (if a thought at all) in the design and manufacturing of IoT devices. Even tho ...
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices What are the Challe.docxtjane3
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices: What are the Challenges?
Internet security, in general, is a challenge that we have been dealing with for decades. It is a regular topic of discussion and concern, but a relatively new segment of internet security is getting most attention—internet of things (IoT). So why is internet of things security so important?
The high growth rate of IoT should get the attention of cybersecurity professionals. The rate at which new technology goes to market is inversely proportional to the amount of security that gets designed into the product. According to IHS Markit, “The number of connected IoT devices worldwide will jump 12 percent on average annually, from nearly 27 billion in 2017 to 125 billion in 2030.”
IoT devices are quite a bit different from other internet-connected devices such as laptops and servers. They are designed with a single purpose in mind, usually running minimal software with minimal resources to serve that purpose. Adding the capability to run and update security software is often not taken into consideration.
Due to the lack of security integrated into IoT devices, they present significant risks that must be addressed. IoT security is the practice of understanding and mitigating these risks. Let’s consider the challenges of IoT security and how we can address them.
Some security practitioners suggest that key IoT security steps include:
1. Make people aware that there is a threat to security;
2. Design a technical solution to reduce security vulnerabilities;
3. Align the legal and regulatory frameworks; and
4. Develop a workforce with the skills to handle IoT security.
Final Assignment - Project Plan (Deliverables):
1) Address each of the FOURIoT security steps listed above in terms of IoT devices.
2) Explain in detail, in a step-by-step guide, how to make people more aware of the problems associated with the use of IoT devices.
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
IoT References:
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-secure-your-iot-devices-from-botnets-and-other-threats/
https://www.peerbits.com/blog/biggest-iot-security-challenges.html
https://www.bankinfosecurity.asia/securing-iot-devices-challenges-a-11138
https://www.sumologic.com/blog/iot-security/
https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/number-connected-iot-devices-will-surge-125-billion-2030-ihs-markit-says
https://cdn.ihs.com/www/pdf/IoT_ebook.pdf
https://go.armis.com/hubfs/Buyers%E2%80%99%20Guide%20to%20IoT%20Security%20-Final.pdf
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/smart-farming-how-iot-robotics-and-ai-are-tackling-one-of-the-biggest-problems-of-the-century/
Video Resources:What is the Internet of Things (IoT) and how can we secure it?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_X6IP1-NDc
What is the problem with IoT security? - Gary explains
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3yrk4TaIQQ
What are the Challenges of IoT Security?
IoT has many of the same security challenges that other systems have. There are, howe.
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices What are the Challe.docxlmelaine
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices: What are the Challenges?
Internet security, in general, is a challenge that we have been dealing with for decades. It is a regular topic of discussion and concern, but a relatively new segment of internet security is getting most attention—internet of things (IoT). So why is internet of things security so important?
The high growth rate of IoT should get the attention of cybersecurity professionals. The rate at which new technology goes to market is inversely proportional to the amount of security that gets designed into the product. According to IHS Markit, “The number of connected IoT devices worldwide will jump 12 percent on average annually, from nearly 27 billion in 2017 to 125 billion in 2030.”
IoT devices are quite a bit different from other internet-connected devices such as laptops and servers. They are designed with a single purpose in mind, usually running minimal software with minimal resources to serve that purpose. Adding the capability to run and update security software is often not taken into consideration.
Due to the lack of security integrated into IoT devices, they present significant risks that must be addressed. IoT security is the practice of understanding and mitigating these risks. Let’s consider the challenges of IoT security and how we can address them.
Some security practitioners suggest that key IoT security steps include:
1. Make people aware that there is a threat to security;
2. Design a technical solution to reduce security vulnerabilities;
3. Align the legal and regulatory frameworks; and
4. Develop a workforce with the skills to handle IoT security.
Final Assignment - Project Plan (Deliverables):
1) Address each of the FOURIoT security steps listed above in terms of IoT devices.
2) Explain in detail, in a step-by-step guide, how to make people more aware of the problems associated with the use of IoT devices.
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
IoT References:
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-secure-your-iot-devices-from-botnets-and-other-threats/
https://www.peerbits.com/blog/biggest-iot-security-challenges.html
https://www.bankinfosecurity.asia/securing-iot-devices-challenges-a-11138
https://www.sumologic.com/blog/iot-security/
https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/number-connected-iot-devices-will-surge-125-billion-2030-ihs-markit-says
https://cdn.ihs.com/www/pdf/IoT_ebook.pdf
https://go.armis.com/hubfs/Buyers%E2%80%99%20Guide%20to%20IoT%20Security%20-Final.pdf
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/smart-farming-how-iot-robotics-and-ai-are-tackling-one-of-the-biggest-problems-of-the-century/
Video Resources:What is the Internet of Things (IoT) and how can we secure it?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_X6IP1-NDc
What is the problem with IoT security? - Gary explains
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3yrk4TaIQQ
What are the Challenges of IoT Security?
IoT has many of the same security challenges that other systems have. There are, howe ...
This blog presentation discusses the growing significance of IoT Security Testing in a world where billions of devices are getting connected via the Internet of Things.
IBM X-Force Threat Intelligence Quarterly,
4Q 2014
Get a closer look at today’s security risks—from new threats arising from within the
Internet of Things, to the sources of malware and botnet infections.
The Internet of Things (IoT) promises to change the way enterprises connect, communicate, operate, and compete. At the same time, the IoT has left enterprise networks and IoT devices extremely vulnerable to security breaches. Current IoT devices and infrastructures are simply not equipped to tackle today’s sophisticated attack methods. Vulnerabilities can be easily exploited unless security is embedded from the inside out – from conception, deployment, and maintenance, to the network edge and across connected devices and infrastructures.
IoT References:
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-secure-your-iot-devices-from-botnets-and-other-threats/
https://www.peerbits.com/blog/biggest-iot-security-challenges.html
https://www.bankinfosecurity.asia/securing-iot-devices-challenges-a-11138
https://www.sumologic.com/blog/iot-security/
https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/number-connected-iot-devices-will-surge-125-billion-2030-ihs-markit-says
https://cdn.ihs.com/www/pdf/IoT_ebook.pdf
https://go.armis.com/hubfs/Buyers%E2%80%99%20Guide%20to%20IoT%20Security%20-Final.pdf
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/smart-farming-how-iot-robotics-and-ai-are-tackling-one-of-the-biggest-problems-of-the-century/
Video Resources:What is the Internet of Things (IoT) and how can we secure it?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_X6IP1-NDc
What is the problem with IoT security? - Gary explains
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3yrk4TaIQQ
What are the Challenges of IoT Security?
IoT has many of the same security challenges that other systems have. There are, however, some challenges that are unique to IoT.
1. Embedded Passwords. Embedding passwords in IoT devices make it easy for remote support technicians to access devices for troubleshooting and simplifies the installation of multiple devices. Of course, it also simplifies access to devices for malicious purposes.
2. Lack of device authentication. Allowing IoT devices access to the network without authenticating opens the network to unknown and unauthorized devices. Rogue devices can serve as an entry point for attacks or even as a source of attacks.
3. Patching and upgrading. Some IoT devices do not provide a simple (or any) means to patch or upgrade software. This results in many IoT devices with vulnerabilities continuing to be in use.
4. Physical hardening. Physical access to IoT devices can introduce risk if those devices are not hardened against physical attack. Such an attack may not be intended to damage the device, but rather to extract information. Simply removing a microSD memory card to read its contents can give an attacker private data, as well as information such as embedded passwords that may allow access to other devices.
5. Outdated components. When vulnerabilities are discovered in hardware or software components of IoT devices, it can be difficult and expensive for manufacturers or users to update or replace them. As with patches, this results in many IoT devices with vulnerabilities continuing to be used.
6. Device monitoring and management. IoT devices do not always have a unique identifier that facilitates asset tracking, monitoring, and management. IT personnel do not necessarily consider IoT devices among the hosts that they monitor and manage. Asset tracking systems sometimes neglect to include IoT devices, so they sit on the network without being managed or monitored.
Most of these issues can be attributed to security being an afterthought (if a thought at all) in the design and manufacturing of IoT devices. Even tho ...
IoT References:
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-secure-your-iot-devices-from-botnets-and-other-threats/
https://www.peerbits.com/blog/biggest-iot-security-challenges.html
https://www.bankinfosecurity.asia/securing-iot-devices-challenges-a-11138
https://www.sumologic.com/blog/iot-security/
https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/number-connected-iot-devices-will-surge-125-billion-2030-ihs-markit-says
https://cdn.ihs.com/www/pdf/IoT_ebook.pdf
https://go.armis.com/hubfs/Buyers%E2%80%99%20Guide%20to%20IoT%20Security%20-Final.pdf
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/smart-farming-how-iot-robotics-and-ai-are-tackling-one-of-the-biggest-problems-of-the-century/
Video Resources:What is the Internet of Things (IoT) and how can we secure it?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_X6IP1-NDc
What is the problem with IoT security? - Gary explains
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3yrk4TaIQQ
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices: What are the Challenges?
Internet security, in general, is a challenge that we have been dealing with for decades. It is a regular topic of discussion and concern, but a relatively new segment of internet security is getting most attention—internet of things (IoT). So why is internet of things security so important?
The high growth rate of IoT should get the attention of cybersecurity professionals. The rate at which new technology goes to market is inversely proportional to the amount of security that gets designed into the product. According to IHS Markit, “The number of connected IoT devices worldwide will jump 12 percent on average annually, from nearly 27 billion in 2017 to 125 billion in 2030.”
IoT devices are quite a bit different from other internet-connected devices such as laptops and servers. They are designed with a single purpose in mind, usually running minimal software with minimal resources to serve that purpose. Adding the capability to run and update security software is often not taken into consideration.
Due to the lack of security integrated into IoT devices, they present significant risks that must be addressed. IoT security is the practice of understanding and mitigating these risks. Let’s consider the challenges of IoT security and how we can address them.
Some security practitioners suggest that key IoT security steps include:
1. Make people aware that there is a threat to security;
2. Design a technical solution to reduce security vulnerabilities;
3. Align the legal and regulatory frameworks; and
4. Develop a workforce with the skills to handle IoT security.
Final Assignment - Project Plan (Deliverables):
1) Address each of the FOURIoT security steps listed above in terms of IoT devices.
2) Explain in detail, in a step-by-step guide, how to make people more aware of the problems associated with the use of IoT devices.
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Personal data breaches and securing IoT devices
· By Damon Culbert (2019)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is taking the world b.
IoT Internet of Things , represents many kinds of devices in the field, connected to data centres via various networks, submitting data, and allow themselves to be controlled. Connected cameras, TV, media players, access control systems, and wireless sensors are becoming pervasive. Their applications include Retail Solutions, Home, Transportation and Automotive, Industrial and Energy etc. This growth also represents security threat, as several hacker attacks been launched using these devices as agents. We explore the current environment and propose a quantitative and qualitative trust model, using a multi dimensional exploration space, based on the hardware and software stack. This can be extended to any combination of IoT devices, and dynamically updated as the type of applications, deployment environment or any ingredients change. Karthik MV "Trust Modelling for Security of IoT Devices" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31573.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/31573/trust-modelling-for-security-of-iot-devices/karthik-mv
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices What are the Challe.docxvoversbyobersby
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices: What are the Challenges?
Internet security, in general, is a challenge that we have been dealing with for decades. It is a regular topic of discussion and concern, but a relatively new segment of internet security is getting most attention—internet of things (IoT). So why is internet of things security so important?
The high growth rate of IoT should get the attention of cybersecurity professionals. The rate at which new technology goes to market is inversely proportional to the amount of security that gets designed into the product. According to IHS Markit, “The number of connected IoT devices worldwide will jump 12 percent on average annually, from nearly 27 billion in 2017 to 125 billion in 2030.”
IoT devices are quite a bit different from other internet-connected devices such as laptops and servers. They are designed with a single purpose in mind, usually running minimal software with minimal resources to serve that purpose. Adding the capability to run and update security software is often not taken into consideration.
Due to the lack of security integrated into IoT devices, they present significant risks that must be addressed. IoT security is the practice of understanding and mitigating these risks. Let’s consider the challenges of IoT security and how we can address them.
Some security practitioners suggest that key IoT security steps include:
1. Make people aware that there is a threat to security;
2. Design a technical solution to reduce security vulnerabilities;
3. Align the legal and regulatory frameworks; and
4. Develop a workforce with the skills to handle IoT security.
Final Assignment - Project Plan (Deliverables):
1) Address each of the FOURIoT security steps listed above in terms of IoT devices.
2) Explain in detail, in a step-by-step guide, how to make people more aware of the problems associated with the use of IoT devices.
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Top of Form
Bottom of Form
I have to create a matrix with unique pointers and do the following :
1.Matrix a, b
2.Matrix c(b)
3.Matrix d=a
4.Matrix e=a+b
Every element from matrix is a unique pointer. First, I have to create a class matrix with constructor destructor(rule of 5 if it is possible).
At first in main, I have to create 2 object a, b, Matrix type.
At 2.I have to create another object c that have as constructor the object b
3.to copy all element from matrix a to d
4.To add Matrix a with Matrix b and the sum to be copy in Matrix e
IoT References:
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-secure-your-iot-devices-from-botnets-and-other-threats/
https://www.peerbits.com/blog/biggest-iot-security-challenges.html
https://www.bankinfosecurity.asia/securing-iot-devices-challenges-a-11138
https://www.sumologic.com/blog/iot-security/
https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/number-connected-iot-devices-will-surge-125-billion-2030-ihs-markit-says
https://cdn.ihs.com/www/pdf/IoT_ebook.pdf
https://go.armis.com/hubfs/Buyers%E2%80%99%20G ...
An Internet of Things Reference Architecture Symantec
The Internet of Things (IoT) already helps billions of people. Thousands of smart, connected devices deliver new experiences to people throughout the world, lowering costs, sometimes by billions of dollars. Examples include connected cars, robotic manufacturing, smarter medical equipment, smart grid, and countless industrial control systems. Unfortunately, this growth in connected devices brings increased security risks. Threats quickly evolve to target this rich and vulnerable landscape. Serious risks include physical harm to people, prolonged downtime, and damage to equipment such as pipelines, blast furnaces, and power generation facilities. As several such facilities and IoT systems have already been attacked and materially damaged, security must now be an essential consideration for anyone making or operating IoT devices or systems, particularly for the industrial Internet.
What are the Challenges of IoT SecurityIoT has many of the same s.docxalanfhall8953
What are the Challenges of IoT Security?
IoT has many of the same security challenges that other systems have. There are, however, some challenges that are unique to IoT.
1. Embedded Passwords. Embedding passwords in IoT devices make it easy for remote support technicians to access devices for troubleshooting and simplifies the installation of multiple devices. Of course, it also simplifies access to devices for malicious purposes.
2. Lack of device authentication. Allowing IoT devices access to the network without authenticating opens the network to unknown and unauthorized devices. Rogue devices can serve as an entry point for attacks or even as a source of attacks.
3. Patching and upgrading. Some IoT devices do not provide a simple (or any) means to patch or upgrade software. This results in many IoT devices with vulnerabilities continuing to be in use.
4. Physical hardening. Physical access to IoT devices can introduce risk if those devices are not hardened against physical attack. Such an attack may not be intended to damage the device, but rather to extract information. Simply removing a microSD memory card to read its contents can give an attacker private data, as well as information such as embedded passwords that may allow access to other devices.
5. Outdated components. When vulnerabilities are discovered in hardware or software components of IoT devices, it can be difficult and expensive for manufacturers or users to update or replace them. As with patches, this results in many IoT devices with vulnerabilities continuing to be used.
6. Device monitoring and management. IoT devices do not always have a unique identifier that facilitates asset tracking, monitoring, and management. IT personnel do not necessarily consider IoT devices among the hosts that they monitor and manage. Asset tracking systems sometimes neglect to include IoT devices, so they sit on the network without being managed or monitored.
Most of these issues can be attributed to security being an afterthought (if a thought at all) in the design and manufacturing of IoT devices. Even those IoT developers who consider security in the design process struggle with implementation. Most IoT devices are limited by minimal processing power, memory, and data transfer speeds. This is a necessary evil in order to keep the size and cost of the devices small. Accordingly, security controls must be implemented to compensate for these inherent weaknesses.
The first step to implementing security controls is to determine where those controls are needed. This is another challenge for protecting IoT devices. Since IoT devices are often not recognized as network devices, they get overlooked when inventorying or mapping the network. If you do not know it is there, you cannot protect it.
Fortunately, IoT device manufacturers are beginning to address these issues, but organizations that are planning or currently using IoT cannot sit back and wait for that to happen. There are measures that.
F5 Networks: The Internet of Things - Ready InfrastructureF5 Networks
The world of smart devices talking to each other—and to us—is well
underway and here to stay. To connect to the Internet of Things
opportunity, it’s key to design and build networking infrastructures that can handle massive amounts of new data.
The Internet of Things: the 4 security dimensions of smart devicesWavestone
Like all major technological revolutions, digital transformation is spreading over many areas. The Internet of Things plays an important role in this trend, trough the emergence of numerous devices.
Understanding and Solving Common IoT Security Problems.pdfSeasiaInfotech2
According to them, mobile apps can also be a point of connection for various IoT devices. If you need help with IoT app development, then take the guidance of professionals.
The three main categories of the data network environment effecting IT security are all undergoing major change simultaneously. In the year ahead, these changes will manifest themselves as security challenges. These trends fall into three categories: client devices (the consumerization of IT); the external threat environment (the institutionalization of threat development); and the hosting environment (virtualization). Any one of these dynamics should shade the thinking of IT strategists inside companies and other organizations. Taken together, they may spur major re-evaluations of current practices.
IoT References:
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-secure-your-iot-devices-from-botnets-and-other-threats/
https://www.peerbits.com/blog/biggest-iot-security-challenges.html
https://www.bankinfosecurity.asia/securing-iot-devices-challenges-a-11138
https://www.sumologic.com/blog/iot-security/
https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/number-connected-iot-devices-will-surge-125-billion-2030-ihs-markit-says
https://cdn.ihs.com/www/pdf/IoT_ebook.pdf
https://go.armis.com/hubfs/Buyers%E2%80%99%20Guide%20to%20IoT%20Security%20-Final.pdf
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/smart-farming-how-iot-robotics-and-ai-are-tackling-one-of-the-biggest-problems-of-the-century/
Video Resources:What is the Internet of Things (IoT) and how can we secure it?
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_X6IP1-NDc
What is the problem with IoT security? - Gary explains
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D3yrk4TaIQQ
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices: What are the Challenges?
Internet security, in general, is a challenge that we have been dealing with for decades. It is a regular topic of discussion and concern, but a relatively new segment of internet security is getting most attention—internet of things (IoT). So why is internet of things security so important?
The high growth rate of IoT should get the attention of cybersecurity professionals. The rate at which new technology goes to market is inversely proportional to the amount of security that gets designed into the product. According to IHS Markit, “The number of connected IoT devices worldwide will jump 12 percent on average annually, from nearly 27 billion in 2017 to 125 billion in 2030.”
IoT devices are quite a bit different from other internet-connected devices such as laptops and servers. They are designed with a single purpose in mind, usually running minimal software with minimal resources to serve that purpose. Adding the capability to run and update security software is often not taken into consideration.
Due to the lack of security integrated into IoT devices, they present significant risks that must be addressed. IoT security is the practice of understanding and mitigating these risks. Let’s consider the challenges of IoT security and how we can address them.
Some security practitioners suggest that key IoT security steps include:
1. Make people aware that there is a threat to security;
2. Design a technical solution to reduce security vulnerabilities;
3. Align the legal and regulatory frameworks; and
4. Develop a workforce with the skills to handle IoT security.
Final Assignment - Project Plan (Deliverables):
1) Address each of the FOURIoT security steps listed above in terms of IoT devices.
2) Explain in detail, in a step-by-step guide, how to make people more aware of the problems associated with the use of IoT devices.
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
Personal data breaches and securing IoT devices
· By Damon Culbert (2019)
The Internet of Things (IoT) is taking the world b.
IoT Internet of Things , represents many kinds of devices in the field, connected to data centres via various networks, submitting data, and allow themselves to be controlled. Connected cameras, TV, media players, access control systems, and wireless sensors are becoming pervasive. Their applications include Retail Solutions, Home, Transportation and Automotive, Industrial and Energy etc. This growth also represents security threat, as several hacker attacks been launched using these devices as agents. We explore the current environment and propose a quantitative and qualitative trust model, using a multi dimensional exploration space, based on the hardware and software stack. This can be extended to any combination of IoT devices, and dynamically updated as the type of applications, deployment environment or any ingredients change. Karthik MV "Trust Modelling for Security of IoT Devices" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-4 , June 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd31573.pdf Paper Url :https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/computer-security/31573/trust-modelling-for-security-of-iot-devices/karthik-mv
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices What are the Challe.docxvoversbyobersby
Final Research Project - Securing IoT Devices: What are the Challenges?
Internet security, in general, is a challenge that we have been dealing with for decades. It is a regular topic of discussion and concern, but a relatively new segment of internet security is getting most attention—internet of things (IoT). So why is internet of things security so important?
The high growth rate of IoT should get the attention of cybersecurity professionals. The rate at which new technology goes to market is inversely proportional to the amount of security that gets designed into the product. According to IHS Markit, “The number of connected IoT devices worldwide will jump 12 percent on average annually, from nearly 27 billion in 2017 to 125 billion in 2030.”
IoT devices are quite a bit different from other internet-connected devices such as laptops and servers. They are designed with a single purpose in mind, usually running minimal software with minimal resources to serve that purpose. Adding the capability to run and update security software is often not taken into consideration.
Due to the lack of security integrated into IoT devices, they present significant risks that must be addressed. IoT security is the practice of understanding and mitigating these risks. Let’s consider the challenges of IoT security and how we can address them.
Some security practitioners suggest that key IoT security steps include:
1. Make people aware that there is a threat to security;
2. Design a technical solution to reduce security vulnerabilities;
3. Align the legal and regulatory frameworks; and
4. Develop a workforce with the skills to handle IoT security.
Final Assignment - Project Plan (Deliverables):
1) Address each of the FOURIoT security steps listed above in terms of IoT devices.
2) Explain in detail, in a step-by-step guide, how to make people more aware of the problems associated with the use of IoT devices.
Bottom of Form
Top of Form
Bottom of Form
I have to create a matrix with unique pointers and do the following :
1.Matrix a, b
2.Matrix c(b)
3.Matrix d=a
4.Matrix e=a+b
Every element from matrix is a unique pointer. First, I have to create a class matrix with constructor destructor(rule of 5 if it is possible).
At first in main, I have to create 2 object a, b, Matrix type.
At 2.I have to create another object c that have as constructor the object b
3.to copy all element from matrix a to d
4.To add Matrix a with Matrix b and the sum to be copy in Matrix e
IoT References:
https://www.techrepublic.com/article/how-to-secure-your-iot-devices-from-botnets-and-other-threats/
https://www.peerbits.com/blog/biggest-iot-security-challenges.html
https://www.bankinfosecurity.asia/securing-iot-devices-challenges-a-11138
https://www.sumologic.com/blog/iot-security/
https://news.ihsmarkit.com/press-release/number-connected-iot-devices-will-surge-125-billion-2030-ihs-markit-says
https://cdn.ihs.com/www/pdf/IoT_ebook.pdf
https://go.armis.com/hubfs/Buyers%E2%80%99%20G ...
An Internet of Things Reference Architecture Symantec
The Internet of Things (IoT) already helps billions of people. Thousands of smart, connected devices deliver new experiences to people throughout the world, lowering costs, sometimes by billions of dollars. Examples include connected cars, robotic manufacturing, smarter medical equipment, smart grid, and countless industrial control systems. Unfortunately, this growth in connected devices brings increased security risks. Threats quickly evolve to target this rich and vulnerable landscape. Serious risks include physical harm to people, prolonged downtime, and damage to equipment such as pipelines, blast furnaces, and power generation facilities. As several such facilities and IoT systems have already been attacked and materially damaged, security must now be an essential consideration for anyone making or operating IoT devices or systems, particularly for the industrial Internet.
What are the Challenges of IoT SecurityIoT has many of the same s.docxalanfhall8953
What are the Challenges of IoT Security?
IoT has many of the same security challenges that other systems have. There are, however, some challenges that are unique to IoT.
1. Embedded Passwords. Embedding passwords in IoT devices make it easy for remote support technicians to access devices for troubleshooting and simplifies the installation of multiple devices. Of course, it also simplifies access to devices for malicious purposes.
2. Lack of device authentication. Allowing IoT devices access to the network without authenticating opens the network to unknown and unauthorized devices. Rogue devices can serve as an entry point for attacks or even as a source of attacks.
3. Patching and upgrading. Some IoT devices do not provide a simple (or any) means to patch or upgrade software. This results in many IoT devices with vulnerabilities continuing to be in use.
4. Physical hardening. Physical access to IoT devices can introduce risk if those devices are not hardened against physical attack. Such an attack may not be intended to damage the device, but rather to extract information. Simply removing a microSD memory card to read its contents can give an attacker private data, as well as information such as embedded passwords that may allow access to other devices.
5. Outdated components. When vulnerabilities are discovered in hardware or software components of IoT devices, it can be difficult and expensive for manufacturers or users to update or replace them. As with patches, this results in many IoT devices with vulnerabilities continuing to be used.
6. Device monitoring and management. IoT devices do not always have a unique identifier that facilitates asset tracking, monitoring, and management. IT personnel do not necessarily consider IoT devices among the hosts that they monitor and manage. Asset tracking systems sometimes neglect to include IoT devices, so they sit on the network without being managed or monitored.
Most of these issues can be attributed to security being an afterthought (if a thought at all) in the design and manufacturing of IoT devices. Even those IoT developers who consider security in the design process struggle with implementation. Most IoT devices are limited by minimal processing power, memory, and data transfer speeds. This is a necessary evil in order to keep the size and cost of the devices small. Accordingly, security controls must be implemented to compensate for these inherent weaknesses.
The first step to implementing security controls is to determine where those controls are needed. This is another challenge for protecting IoT devices. Since IoT devices are often not recognized as network devices, they get overlooked when inventorying or mapping the network. If you do not know it is there, you cannot protect it.
Fortunately, IoT device manufacturers are beginning to address these issues, but organizations that are planning or currently using IoT cannot sit back and wait for that to happen. There are measures that.
F5 Networks: The Internet of Things - Ready InfrastructureF5 Networks
The world of smart devices talking to each other—and to us—is well
underway and here to stay. To connect to the Internet of Things
opportunity, it’s key to design and build networking infrastructures that can handle massive amounts of new data.
The Internet of Things: the 4 security dimensions of smart devicesWavestone
Like all major technological revolutions, digital transformation is spreading over many areas. The Internet of Things plays an important role in this trend, trough the emergence of numerous devices.
Understanding and Solving Common IoT Security Problems.pdfSeasiaInfotech2
According to them, mobile apps can also be a point of connection for various IoT devices. If you need help with IoT app development, then take the guidance of professionals.
The three main categories of the data network environment effecting IT security are all undergoing major change simultaneously. In the year ahead, these changes will manifest themselves as security challenges. These trends fall into three categories: client devices (the consumerization of IT); the external threat environment (the institutionalization of threat development); and the hosting environment (virtualization). Any one of these dynamics should shade the thinking of IT strategists inside companies and other organizations. Taken together, they may spur major re-evaluations of current practices.
Similar to Written by Mark Stanislav and Tod Beardsley September 2015.docx (20)
www.elsevier.comlocatecompstrucComputers and Structures .docxjeffevans62972
www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruc
Computers and Structures 85 (2007) 235–243
On the treatment of uncertainties in structural mechanics and analysis q
G.I. Schuëller *
Institute of Engineering Mechanics, Leopold-Franzens University Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 13, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
Received 9 August 2006; accepted 31 October 2006
Available online 22 December 2006
Abstract
In this paper the need for a rational treatment of uncertainties in structural mechanics and analysis is reasoned. It is shown that the
traditional deterministic conception can be easily extended by applying statistical and probabilistic concepts. The so-called Monte Carlo
simulation procedure is the key for those developments, as it allows the straightforward use of the currently used deterministic analysis
procedures.
A numerical example exemplifies the methodology. It is concluded that uncertainty analysis may ensure robust predictions of vari-
ability, model verification, safety assessment, etc.
� 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Uncertainty; Monte Carlo simulaton; Finite elements; Response variability; Model verification; Robustness
1. Introduction
Structural mechanics analysis up to this date, generally is
still based on a deterministic conception. Observed varia-
tions in loading conditions, material properties, geometry,
etc. are taken into account by either selecting extremely
high, low or average values, respectively, for representing
the parameters. Hence, this way, uncertainties inherent in
almost every analysis process are considered just intuitively.
Observations and measurements of physical processes,
however, show not only variability, but also random char-
acteristics. Statistical and probabilistic procedures provide
a sound frame work for a rational treatment of analysis
of these uncertainties. Moreover there are various types of
uncertainties to be dealt with. While the uncertainties in
mechanical modeling can be reduced as additional knowl-
edge becomes available, the physical or intrinsic uncertain-
ties, e.g. of environmental loading, can not. Furthermore,
0045-7949/$ - see front matter � 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compstruc.2006.10.009
q Plenary Keynote Lecture presented at the 3rd MIT Conference on
Computational Fluid and Solid Mechanics, Boston, MA, USA, June 14–
17, 2005.
* Tel.: +43 512 507 6841; fax: +43 512 507 2905.
E-mail address: [email protected]
the entire spectrum of uncertainties is also not known. In
reality, neither the true model nor the model parameters
are deterministically known. Assuming that by finite ele-
ment (FE) procedures structures and continua can be repre-
sented reasonably well the question of the effect of the
discretization still remains. It is generally expected, that
an increase in the size of the structural models, in terms of
degrees of freedom, will increase the level of realism of the
model. Comparisons with measurements, however, clearly
show that this expect.
www.ebook3000.comList of Cases by ChapterChapter 1.docxjeffevans62972
www.ebook3000.com
List of Cases by Chapter
Chapter 1
Development Projects in Lagos, Nigeria 2
“Throwing Good Money after Bad”: the BBC’s
Digital Media Initiative 10
MegaTech, Inc. 29
The IT Department at Hamelin Hospital 30
Disney’s Expedition Everest 31
Rescue of Chilean Miners 32
Chapter 2
Tesla’s $5 Billion Gamble 37
Electronic Arts and the Power of Strong Culture
in Design Teams 64
Rolls-Royce Corporation 67
Classic Case: Paradise Lost—The Xerox Alto 68
Project Task Estimation and the Culture of “Gotcha!” 69
Widgets ’R Us 70
Chapter 3
Project Selection Procedures: A Cross-Industry
Sampler 77
Project Selection and Screening at GE: The Tollgate
Process 97
Keflavik Paper Company 111
Project Selection at Nova Western, Inc. 112
Chapter 4
Leading by Example for the London Olympics—
Sir John Armitt 116
Dr. Elattuvalapil Sreedharan, India’s Project
Management Guru 126
The Challenge of Managing Internationally 133
In Search of Effective Project Managers 137
Finding the Emotional Intelligence to Be a Real Leader 137
Problems with John 138
Chapter 5
“We look like fools.”—Oregon’s Failed Rollout
of Its ObamacareWeb Site 145
Statements of Work: Then and Now 151
Defining a Project Work Package 163
Boeing’s Virtual Fence 172
California’s High-Speed Rail Project 173
Project Management at Dotcom.com 175
The Expeditionary Fighting Vehicle 176
Chapter 6
Engineers Without Borders: Project Teams Impacting
Lives 187
Tele-Immersion Technology Eases the Use of Virtual
Teams 203
Columbus Instruments 215
The Bean Counter and the Cowboy 216
Johnson & Rogers Software Engineering, Inc. 217
Chapter 7
The Building that Melted Cars 224
Bank of America Completely Misjudges Its Customers 230
Collapse of Shanghai Apartment Building 239
Classic Case: de Havilland’s Falling Comet 245
The Spanish Navy Pays Nearly $3 Billion for a Submarine
That Will Sink Like a Stone 248
Classic Case: Tacoma Narrows Suspension Bridge 249
Chapter 8
Sochi Olympics—What’s the Cost of National
Prestige? 257
The Hidden Costs of Infrastructure Projects—The Case
of Building Dams 286
Boston’s Central Artery/Tunnel Project 288
Chapter 9
After 20 Years and More Than $50 Billion, Oil is No Closer
to the Surface: The Caspian Kashagan Project 297
Chapter 10
Enlarging the Panama Canal 331
Project Scheduling at Blanque Cheque Construction (A) 360
Project Scheduling at Blanque Cheque Construction (B) 360
Chapter 11
Developing Projects Through Kickstarter—Do Delivery
Dates Mean Anything? 367
Eli Lilly Pharmaceuticals and Its Commitment to Critical
Chain Project Management 385
It’s an Agile World 396
Ramstein Products, Inc. 397
Chapter 12
Hong Kong Connects to the World’s Longest Natural
Gas Pipeline 401
The Problems of Multitasking 427
Chapter 13
New York City’s CityTime Project 432
Earned Value at Northrop Grumman 451
The IT Department at Kimble College 463
The Superconducting Supercollider 464
Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner: Failure to Launch 465
Chapter 14.
www.AEP-Arts.org | @AEP_Arts
EDUCATION TRENDS www.ecs.org | @EdCommission
TUNE IN.
Explore emerging
education developments.
SEPT 2017
ESSA creates
flexibility allowing
states and
schools to more
fully explore and
leverage the arts in
K-12 teaching and
learning.
Research
indicates that
deeper learning
skills contribute
significantly
to a student’s
college, career
and citizenship
readiness.
Thirty years ago, in response to a K-12
public education system defined by
mediocrity1, with low student test scores
and widening gaps in achievement, the
accountability movement was born.
Federal and state education policies
focused on raising standards and
regularly assessing students. However,
over the years, many policymakers
and the public observed a connection
between the accountability movement
and an overemphasis on testing in
core subjects, such as English and
math, a narrowing of curricula and the
elimination of many important subjects,
including the arts.
Arts education
fosters critical deeper
learning skills, such
as collaboration and
perseverance, in
students.
Yet, research consistently shows that
arts education and the integration of
the arts into core subjects can have
dramatic effects on student success
— defined not just by student test
scores, but also critical skills, such as
creativity, teamwork and perseverance.
Research indicates that these skills
can be as effective predictors of long-
term success in college, careers and
citizenship as test scores.2,3
The Every Student Succeeds Act
(ESSA), which passed in late 2015, is
the first major federal law in more than
30 years offering states a significant
degree of flexibility to broaden —
rather than narrow — curricula, and
strongly encourages states to ensure all
students have access to a well-rounded
education, which includes the arts
and music.4 Armed with the evidence
presented in this report highlighting
the impressive effects education in and
through the arts can have on student
Beyond the Core: Advancing
student success through the arts
EMILY WORKMAN
EDUCATION
TRENDS
www.AEP-Arts.org | @AEP_Arts
2
EDUCATION TRENDS www.ecs.org | @EdCommission
success, state policymakers have an opportunity and
incentive to take advantage of the flexibility awarded
under ESSA related to the arts.
“Despite [deeper learning] skills’
central roles in our education and,
more broadly, our lives, education
policy has tended to overlook their
importance.”5
Bolstering Deeper
Learning Through Arts in
Education
Deeper Learning
The arts — including dance, music, theatre, media arts
and visual arts — bolster the development of what are
commonly referred to as deeper learning skills. Deeper
learning is an umbrella term defining the skills and
knowledge students need to attain success in college,
career and citizenship. Students that possess deeper
learning skills6:
1. Master core academic content.
2. Think criti.
wsb.to&NxQXpTHEME Leading with LoveAndreas J. Kӧste.docxjeffevans62972
wsb.to/&NxQXp
THEME: Leading with Love
Andreas J. Kӧstenberger & David Crowther
Introduction
At the outset of this chapter, it should be frankly acknowledged that the Johannine Letters were not originally intended primarily to provide a theology of leadership. Nevertheless, a closer examination of these three letters reveals the way in which the author relates to and provides leadership for the people in the congregations to which the letters are written. The author’s relationship with his recipients in these three letters does not directly correspond to a modern model of leadership because of his unique role in the churches to which he is writing. Yet his faithful and caring relationship can provide an example to Christian leaders in every age. In order to grasp the lessons on leadership in the Johannine Epistles, one must consider the identity of the author of these letters, the source of his authority, his relationship with his audience, and the nature of the conflict addressed in his third letter.
Original Setting
The Authorship of the Letters
The author of 1, 2 and 3 John is never named except for the title “elder” in 2 and 3 John. The early church accepted all three letters into the canon in the belief that John the apostle, the son of Zebedee, was the author.[1] While the author of these letters was doubtless known to his initial readers, the modern reader is indebted to the early church for preserving the tradition of authorship. Sources from the late second and early third centuries, such as the Muratorian Fragment (c. ad 180) and church fathers Tertullian (c. ad 160–215) and Clement of Alexandria (c. ad 155–220), ascribe authorship to John the son of Zebedee.
However, not only the external but also the internal evidence points to Johannine authorship. First, in 1 John 1:1–4 the author claims to be an eyewitness of Jesus. Although the first-person plural reference (“we”) in the author’s description of what he has heard, seen, and touched may include his audience because they share in the tradition that was handed down (alternatively, the reference is to the apostles; cf. John 1:14; 2:11), there is a clear distinction between the author and his recipients with regard to their firsthand knowledge of Jesus (cf.1 John 1:2–3). While the author may use the first-person plural reference to identify with his audience, 1 John 1:1–2 indicates that the author is a personal eyewitness of the incarnate Christ.[2]
Second, all three of the Johannine letters contain similar vocabulary, style, and theology. In fact, the relationship between the letters is so strong that the majority of modern scholars view them as coming from one author—albeit not all agree that their author is the same as the author of the Fourth Gospel.[3] For instance, among the Johannine letters one can identify a common background in which itinerant teachers with competing theological agendas threatened the confession of the Johannine churches.[4] In response to such threa.
WSJ Executive Adviser (A Special Report) TheCase Against .docxjeffevans62972
WSJ Executive Adviser (A Special Report): The
Case Against Corporate Social Responsibility:
The idea that companies have a duty to address
social ills is not just flawed, argues Aneel
Karnani; It also makes it more likely that we'll
ignore the real solutions to these problems
Karnani, Aneel . Wall Street Journal , Eastern edition; New York, N.Y. [New York, N.Y]23 Aug 2010: R.1.
ProQuest document link
ABSTRACT
[...] the fact is that while companies sometimes can do well by doing good, more often they can't. Because in most
cases, doing what's best for society means sacrificing profits.
FULL TEXT
Can companies do well by doing good? Yes -- sometimes.
But the idea that companies have a responsibility to act in the public interest and will profit from doing so is
fundamentally flawed.
Large companies now routinely claim that they aren't in business just for the profits, that they're also intent on
serving some larger social purpose. They trumpet their efforts to produce healthier foods or more fuel-efficient
vehicles, conserve energy and other resources in their operations, or otherwise make the world a better place.
Influential institutions like the Academy of Management and the United Nations, among many others, encourage
companies to pursue such strategies.
It's not surprising that this idea has won over so many people -- it's a very appealing proposition. You can have
your cake and eat it too!
But it's an illusion, and a potentially dangerous one.
Very simply, in cases where private profits and public interests are aligned, the idea of corporate social
responsibility is irrelevant: Companies that simply do everything they can to boost profits will end up increasing
social welfare. In circumstances in which profits and social welfare are in direct opposition, an appeal to corporate
social responsibility will almost always be ineffective, because executives are unlikely to act voluntarily in the
public interest and against shareholder interests.
Irrelevant or ineffective, take your pick. But it's worse than that. The danger is that a focus on social responsibility
will delay or discourage more-effective measures to enhance social welfare in those cases where profits and the
public good are at odds. As society looks to companies to address these problems, the real solutions may be
ignored.
http://ezproxy.library.berkeley.org/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F746396923%3Faccountid%3D38129
http://ezproxy.library.berkeley.org/login?qurl=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F746396923%3Faccountid%3D38129
To get a better fix on the irrelevance or ineffectiveness of corporate social responsibility efforts, let's first look at
situations where profits and social welfare are in synch.
Consider the market for healthier food. Fast-food outlets have profited by expanding their offerings to include
salads and other options designed to appeal to health-conscious consu.
WRTG 293 students, Your first writing assignment will be .docxjeffevans62972
WRTG 293 students,
Your first writing assignment will be to rewrite a set of instructions. The scenario for this
assignment is described below.
________________________
You have just taken a position as a student worker for the Communications Arts Department at
Anderson College. You began your job last week.
Anderson College has an enrollment of 10,000 students. Among this student population, 20% of
the students are international students for whom English is not a native language, 10% of the
students are dual-enrollment high school students, 20% of the students are graduate students, and
the remaining 50% of the student population consists of a mixture of adult learners and
traditional students.
Anderson adopted LEO as its learning management system two years ago. Anderson uses LEO
for both its online classes and its hybrid classes.
Since moving to LEO, Dr. Richard Johnson, Dean of the Undergraduate School at Anderson, and
Dr. Lynn Peterson, Dean of the Graduate School at Anderson, have noticed that both students
taking classes at Anderson and instructors teaching at Anderson are often not aware of the
different settings one can choose to view discussions in LEO. This lack of awareness has caused
confusion and frustration as students and faculty members have attempted to navigate through
the discussions in their classes.
Dr. Johnson and Dr. Peterson tried to address this problem two months ago. At that time, they
asked the previous student worker to write instructions on how to change the settings for
discussions in LEO for the optimal viewing arrangement.
The previous student worker wrote some instructions. However, the worker wrote them very
unprofessionally and poorly. They cannot be distributed to students in their current form.
Moreover, shortly after the student worker finished the instructions, he left his position for
another job.
As a result, Anderson College now has a set of poorly designed instructions that it cannot send
out to students and faculty members. Meanwhile, students and faculty members are still
experiencing frustration with the system, and they need a document that guides them through
how to adjust their settings in LEO for viewing discussions.
Dr. Johnson, who is your immediate supervisor, has now asked you, the new student worker, to
rewrite the instructions that the previous student worker wrote. He has asked you to use the
same graphics the previous student worker used. He has also suggested that you use arrows to
point to sections of the graphics if such arrows can help in understanding specific steps in the
instructions.
Keep in mind that potentially 10,000 students will be using the instructions, in addition to
various faculty members. The instructions should be clear, professional, and well designed.
Moreover, you will want to consider the different types of students at Anderson College,
including their backgrounds and their var.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2. The Internet of Things 2
No Easy Fixes 3
Why Baby Monitors? 4
What is the Business Impact? 5
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures for IoT Devices 6
Vulnerability Reporting and Handling 8
Disclosures 9
Working to Improve IoT Security 14
About Rapid7 15
Contents
09
Executive Summary
The term “Internet of Things” (IoT) is
used to describe a galaxy of wildly
different devices, from twenty dollar
children’s toys to airliners that cost
hundreds of millions of dollars. While
this paper focuses on the consumer
end of the IoT spectrum, we believe that
the findings can inform how security
researchers look at undiscovered
3. vulnerabilities affecting expensive,
industrial devices as well.
While Rapid7 is not aware of specific
campaigns of mass exploitation of
consumer-grade IoT devices, this
paper should serve as an advisory on
the growing risk that businesses face
as their employees accumulate more
of these interconnected devices on
their home networks. This is especially
relevant today, as employees increas-
ingly blur the lines between home
networks and business networks
through routine telecommuting and
data storage on cloud resources
shared between both contexts.
Several video baby monitors from a
cross-section of manufacturers were
subjected to in-depth security testing,
and all of the devices under test
exhibited several of these common
security issues.
This paper focuses specifically on
ten new vulnerabilities which were
disclosed to the individual vendors, to
CERT, and to the public, in accordance
with Rapid7’s Disclosure Policy1.
CVE-2015-2880 through CVE-2015-
2889 (inclusive) were assigned by
CERT. Typically, these newly disclosed
vulnerabilities are only effectively
mitigated by disabling the device and
4. applying a firmware update when one
becomes available, or with updates to
centralized vendor cloud services.
The vulnerabilities explored and
dis closed in this paper are broken
down according to the “reach” of the
attack, that is, if the issues are exploit-
able only with physical access to the
device; if they are exploitable via the
local network; or if they are exploitable
from the Internet.
It is important to stress that most
of the vulnerabilities and exposures
discussed in this paper are trivial to
exploit by a reasonably competent
attacker, especially in the context of
a focused campaign against company
officers or other key business person-
nel. If those key personnel are
operating IoT devices on networks
that are routinely exposed to business
assets, a compromise on an otherwise
relatively low-value target – like the
video baby monitors covered in this
paper – can quickly provide a path to
compromise of the larger, nominally
external, organizational network.
Finally, this paper also discusses the
insecure-by-default problems inherent
in the design of IoT devices, the diffi-
culty for vendors to develop and deliver
patches, the difficulties end-users
face in learning about, acquiring, and
5. applying patches once developed, and
the friction involved in reporting issues
to vendors in a way that is beneficial
to end-users. Only one vendor cited in
this report, Philips N.V., responded with
an expected timeline for producing
fixes for the issues described.
This is especially
relevant today,
as employees
increas ingly blur
the lines between
home networks
and business
networks.
1 https://www.rapid7.com/disclosure.jsp
| Rapid7.com Hacking IoT: A Case Study on Baby Monitor
Exposures and Vulnerabilities 2
For our purposes, we can think of a
“Thing” with “Internet” as simply any
device, regardless of size, use, or
form factor, that contains a CPU and
memory, runs software, and has a
6. network interface which allows it to
communicate to other devices, usually
as a client, sometimes as a server.
In addition, these Things tend not to
resemble traditional computers. They
lack a typical keyboard and mouse
interface, and they often have a user
interface not centered around a
monitor or other text-filled screen.
Finally, these devices are marketed
and treated as if they are single
purpose devices, rather than the
general purpose computers they
actually are.
This last distinction is often the most
dangerous one to make when it comes
to deploying IoT devices. In his keynote
address to the Chaos Computer Club,
Lockdown: the coming war on gener-
al-purpose computing2, Cory Doctorow
makes the case that with today’s
technology and current computer
science thinking, we cannot yet create
a computer that is anything other than
a general purpose computer. End users
may have devices that are nominally
prohibited from performing certain
actions according to the manufacturer,
and those manufacturers sometimes
go to great lengths to foil modification
efforts. In the end, though, it is not
possible to build and sell a computing
device that cannot be coerced into
rebelling against a manufacturer’s
intentions.
7. The classic example of a manufactur-
er-imposed prohibited action is media
playback restrictions based on a digital
rights management (DRM) system. The
strategies employed for blocking some
kinds of media, while allowing others,
are proven to be fundamentally flawed,
time and time again.
Self-identified hackers and tinkerers
have been compromising DRM systems
for decades, coercing media data files
and media playback devices into a form
more useful for the end-user. Such
efforts merely require time, materials,
and ingenuity, and are based on a
foundational realization that there is
truly no such thing as a single-purpose
computer. Efforts to evade DRM may
ultimately be too costly in terms of time
and materials, and may require
expertise beyond that of the end-user.
While such DRM-evading efforts tend
to violate local intellectual property
laws, they do not violate the principles
of computer science or engineering.
Security systems, like DRM, are for
controlling access. Users rely on these
systems to prevent unauthorized
adversaries from viewing, altering, or
destroying data on the secured system.
Also like DRM, such systems are not
foolproof, since again, the barriers
to defeating security systems are time,
8. materials, and expertise, and not the
fundamental design of the computing
platform. Because IoT devices do
not normally appear to be, or behave
like, the traditional computers we
are familiar with, it is easy for the
designers and vendors of these
systems to forget this general-purpose
property. As a result of this oversight,
basic precautions to thwart even casual
attackers can fail to make it into
production.
IoT devices are actually general
purpose, networked computers in
disguise, running reasonably complex
network-capable software. In the field
of software engineering, it is generally
believed that such complex software
is going to ship with exploitable bugs
and implementation-based exposures.
Add in external components and
dependencies, such as cloud-based
controllers and programming inter-
faces, the surrounding network, and
other externalities, and it is clear that
vulnerabilities and exposures are all
but guaranteed.
THE INTERNET OF THINGS
01
2 https://boingboing.net/2012/01/10/
lockdown.html
9. https://boingboing.net/2012/01/10/ lockdown.html
https://boingboing.net/2012/01/10/ lockdown.html
| Rapid7.com Hacking IoT: A Case Study on Baby Monitor
Exposures and Vulnerabilities 3
With traditional computers, we under-
stand that access controls are required
in order to satisfy basic security require-
ments. We also know that these con trols
will contain bugs, or may simply be
rendered obsolete in the face of a novel
new attack. Such circumstances are
inevitable, and require a configuration
change, a patch, or an entirely new
design.
IoT devices, unlike traditional comput-
ers, often lack a reasonable update
and upgrade path once the devices
leave the manufacturer’s warehouse.
Despite the fact that the network is
what makes the Internet of Things so
interesting and useful, that network is
rarely, if ever, used to deliver patches
in a safe and reasonably secure way.
The absence of a fast, reliable, and
safe patch pipeline is a serious and
ongoing deployment failure for the
IoT. A sub-one hundred dollar video
baby monitor, a five hundred dollar
smart phone, a thirty-five thousand
dollar connected car, and a four
hundred million dollar jet airliner are
10. all difficult to patch, even when vulner-
abilities are identified, known, and a fix
is in hand. This situation is due to a
confluence of factors, ranging from the
design of these devices, through the
regulatory environment (or lack
thereof) in which these components
and devices exist. Today, a commonly
accepted (or truly acceptable) way to
effect a rapid rollout of patches simply
does not exist.
Unpatchable devices are coming
online at an unprecedented rate, and
represent a tsunami of unsecurable-
after-the-fact devices. According to
a 2014 Gartner report3, the IoT space
will be crowded with over 25 billion
devices in five years, by 2020. The
devices being built and shipped today
are establishing the status quo of how
these Things will be designed, assem-
bled, commoditized, and supported,
so we must take the opportunity, now,
to both learn the details of the supply
chain that goes into producing and
shipping IoT devices, the vulnerabilities
and exposures most common to these
computers in disguise, and how we can
work across the entire manufacturing
space to avoid an Internet-wide
disaster caused by the presence of
these devices on the nervous system
of Planet Earth.
Compounding these patching problems
11. is the fact that the use of commodity,
third-party hardware, software, and
cloud-based resources is prevalent in
the IoT industry. While reusing off-the-
shelf technologies is critical in keeping
costs of production low, it introduces an
ambiguity of ownership for developing
and deploying patches and other
upgrades.
If a vulnerability’s root cause is traced
to a third-party software library, for
example, the more correct fix would
be to patch that library. However, this
decision can lead to a “pass the buck”
mentality for the vendors involved in
the supply chain, ultimately delaying
effective patching for the particular
device in which the vulnerability was
first discovered.
This patchwork of common compo-
nents leads to confusing amalgamations
of interdependencies, and can leave
end-users exposed while the details of
remediating vulnerabilities are worked
out between vendors.
NO EASY FIXES
02
3 https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/
id/2905717
Tue, Jul 01, 2015: Confirmed
12. receipt by the vendor
https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2905717
https://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2905717
| Rapid7.com Hacking IoT: A Case Study on Baby Monitor
Exposures and Vulnerabilities 4
The research presented focuses on the
security of retail video baby monitors
for a number of reasons. Baby moni-
tors fulfill an intensely personal use
case for IoT. They are usually placed
near infants and toddlers, are intended
to bring peace of mind to new parents,
and are marketed as safety devices. By
being Internet accessible, they also
help connect distant family members
with their newest nieces, nephews, and
grandchildren, as well as allow parents
to check in on their kids when away
from home. They are also largely
commodity devices, built from general
purpose components, using chipsets,
firmware, and software found in many
other IoT devices.
Video baby monitors make ideal candi-
dates for security exploration; not only
are they positioned as safety and
security devices (and therefore, should
be held to a reasonably high standard
for security), but the techniques used
in discovering these findings are easily
13. transferable to plenty of other areas
of interest. Other products of direct
interest to commercial and industrial
consumers and security researchers
(commercial security systems, home
automation systems, on-premise
climate control systems) share many
of the insecure design and deployment
issues found in video baby monitors.
WHY BABY MONITORS?
03
| Rapid7.com Hacking IoT: A Case Study on Baby Monitor
Exposures and Vulnerabilities 5
While video baby monitors are vastly
more commonplace in a home environ-
ment and uncommon in an office
environment, office environments and
home environments are, increasingly,
literally the same environment.
The percentage of employees and
contractors who are working from
home on at least a part time basis
continues to rise across every modern
economy. New parents are traditionally
at the core of this trend, though it is
increasingly common across all
genders, ages, and family statuses4.
These employees are, as a matter of
necessity, connecting to their work-
14. place virtually, either through VPN
connections or through the use of
cloud services shared by colleagues.
The presence of devices that are
insecure by default, difficult to patch,
and impossible to directly monitor by
today’s standard corporate IT security
practices constitutes not only a threat
to the IoT device and its data, but also
to the network to which it’s connected.
As the IoT is made up of general
purpose computers, attackers may
be able to leverage an exposure or
vulnerability to gain and maintain
persistent access to an IoT device.
That device can then be used to pivot
to other devices and traditional com-
puters by taking advantage of the
unsegmented, fully trusted nature of
a typical home network.
Today, employees’ home networks
are rarely, if ever, “in scope” for
organizational penetration testing
exercises, nor are they subject to
centralized vulnerability scanners.
Another concern is the raw computing
power available to attackers in the
form of millions to billions of IoT
devices. In total, the teraflops of
processing power may be effectively
harnessed by malicious actors to
launch powerful distributed denial
15. of service (DDoS) attacks against
arbitrary Internet targets.
Given the lack of home network and
on-board monitoring, remediating such
attacks may prove extremely difficult
once underway, and short-term
solutions will tend to deny service to
large chunks of residential network
space. This, in turn, can knock sizable
percentages of the aforementioned
stay-at-home workforce offline, with
little recourse for employers not
prepared to offer alternative workplace
accommodations.
WHAT IS THE BUSINESS
IMPACT?
04
4 http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/08/
your-money/when-working-in-your-pa-
jamas-is-more-productive.html
| Rapid7.com Hacking IoT: A Case Study on Baby Monitor
Exposures and Vulnerabilities 6
Known Vulnerabilities
Brand-name manufacturers of IoT
devices tend to implement much of the
technology used by their products as
embedded systems subcomponents,
sourced from third party suppliers.
16. The upstream vendors of these sub-
components tend to run extremely
large operations, producing millions
of units in a given year, and any change
in this supply chain is both time
consuming and expensive. Due to the
nature of this time-lagged supply
chain, individual software components
may be months to years old before
being assembled into the final product,
bringing old and commonly known
software vulnerabilities along with
them.
COMMON VULNERABILITIES
AND EXPOSURES FOR IoT
DEVICES
05
The items below describe the common vulnerabilities and
exposures for IoT devices.
Not all IoT devices suffer from all of these software, firmware,
and hardware issues,
but it is rare to find an IoT device that doesn’t exhibit at least
one critical failing.
Of the devices under test, all exhibited several common
vulnerabilities and exposures.
KNOWN VULNERABILITIES OLD VULNERABILITIES
THAT SHIP WITH NEW DEVICES
Cleartext Local API Local communications are not encrypted
17. Cleartext Cloud API Remote communications are not encrypted
Unencrypted Storage Data collected is stored on disk in the
clear
Remote Shell Access A command-line interface is available on
a network port
Backdoor Accounts Local accounts have easily guessed
passwords
UART Access Physically local attackers can alter the device
Table 1, Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
| Rapid7.com Hacking IoT: A Case Study on Baby Monitor
Exposures and Vulnerabilities 7
Cleartext Local API
Devices built with commodity compo-
nents and software often fail to use
modern cryptographic standards for
LAN-local communications. While it is
“only the LAN,” there are many passive
and active network attacks which can
be defeated simply by using common
encrypted protocols, such as HTTPS
and SSH.
Cleartext Cloud API
Major Internet brands, such as
Facebook, Google, Twitter, and other
household names are adopting en -
cryption across the board in order
18. to ensure the privacy and authenticity
of communications routed over the
public (and eavesdroppable) Internet.
However, services connected with IoT
devices often fail to adhere to this
increasingly common standard.
Unencrypted Storage
In addition to the cleartext implement-
ations described above, an ideal IoT
recording device such as a video baby
monitor should store all recordings in
industry standard, encrypted formats,
where only authorized users have
access to the recorded data.
Remote Shell Access
IoT devices often ship with default or
otherwise unconfigured portable
operating systems, and are often host
to a Linux or other POSIX kernel with
a set of stock utilities, such as BusyBox.
While these are quite useful for devel-
oping and tinkering with hardware,
they should not be made available on
production systems where shell access
is never desired or required.
Backdoor Accounts
As these devices are developed,
manufacturers occasionally include
either default accounts or service
accounts, which are either difficult
or impossible to disable under normal
usage. Furthermore, these accounts
often use default or easily guessable
19. passwords, and tend to share the same
unchangeable password, SSH key, or
other secret-but-universally-shared
token. Finally, these accounts may be
protected by a password unique to the
device, but the password generating
algorithm is easily deduced and the
passwords for all devices can be
guessed with low attacker effort.
UART Access
Universal Asynchronous Receiver/
Transmitter (UART) interfaces often
enable a physically close attacker to
access and alter IoT devices in ways
that bypass the normal authentication
mechanisms via a serial cable connec-
tion. In addition, UART interfaces tend
to grant root access, far exceeding the
permissions of regular users. UART
access is both a useful diagnostic tool
and an excellent means of “rooting” or
“jailbreaking” consumer devices. Such
activities on a device specifically made
for safety and security can lead to some
very sneaky persistent attacks. IoT
devices such as these should at least
be tamper-evident, and give the owner
or investigator some obvious indication
that it has been altered, if UART access
is intended at all.
Newly Discovered
Vulnerabilities and
Exposure Summary
This report is primarily focused on
20. newly discovered vulnerabilities, rather
than exhaustively detailing the expected
and typical vulnerabilities found across
the IoT space. Table 2 summarizes the
new vulnerabilities discovered and
disclosed to the vendors and CERT.
CVE-2015-2886 Remote R7-2015-11.1 Predictable Information
Leak
iBaby M6
CVE-2015-2887 Local Net, Device R7-2015-11.2 Backdoor
Credentials iBaby M3S
CVE-2015-2882 Local Net, Device R7-2015-12.1 Backdoor
Credentials Philips In.Sight B120/37
CVE-2015-2883 Remote R7-2015-12.2 Reflective, Stored XSS
Philips In.Sight B120/37
CVE-2015-2884 Remote R7-2015-12.3 Direct Browsing Philips
In.Sight B120/37
CVE-2015-2888 Remote R7-2015-13.1 Authentication Bypass
Summer Baby Zoom Wifi
Monitor & Internet Viewing
System
CVE-2015-2889 Remote R7-2015-13.2 Privilege Escalation
Summer Baby Zoom Wifi
Monitor & Internet Viewing
System
CVE-2015-2885 Local Net, Device R7-2015-14 Backdoor
Credentials Lens Peek-a-View
21. CVE-2015-2881 Local Net R7-2015-15 Backdoor Credentials
Gynoii
CVE-2015-2880 Device R7-2015-16 Backdoor Credentials
TRENDnet WiFi Baby Cam
TV-IP743SIC
Table 2, Newly Identified Vulnerabilities
| Rapid7.com Hacking IoT: A Case Study on Baby Monitor
Exposures and Vulnerabilities 8
One of the goals of this research is
to practice reasonable, coordinated
disclosures with vendors of IoT equip-
ment. So, as a matter of course, the
vulnerabilities discovered as part of
this research were reported in accor-
dance to Rapid7’s Vulnerability
Disclosure Policy. According to this
policy, vendors are contacted once the
findings are verified, then after 15 days,
CERT is contacted. 45 days after that
(60 days after the initial disclosure
attempt), the findings are published.
During the course of the vulnerability
disclosure process, we saw vendors
exhibit the entire range of possible
responses. One vendor was impossible
to contact, having no domain or any
other obvious Internet presence beyond
22. an Amazon store listing. Some vendors
did not respond to the reported findings
at all. Others responded with concerns
about the motives behind the research,
and were wondering why they should
be alerted or why they should respond
at all.
On the exemplary side, one vendor,
Philips N.V., had an established
protocol for handling incoming product
vulnerabilities, which included using
a documented PGP key to encrypt
communications around this sensitive
material. Philips was also able to
involve upstream vendors in pursuing
solutions to those technologies provided
by others. Weaved, a provider of an
IoT-in-the-cloud framework for
Philips, was especially open with and
responsive to the authors of this paper.
The range of responses itself is
worrying, and representative of the
IoT industry as a whole. While it is
possible for an organization to maintain
a flexible, mature process for handling
unsolicited vulnerability reports, it is
far from the norm. It is hoped that
the publication of these findings will
help IoT vendors establish reasonable,
effective vulnerability handling practices.
VULNERABILITY REPORTING
AND HANDLING
23. 06
| Rapid7.com Hacking IoT: A Case Study on Baby Monitor
Exposures and Vulnerabilities 9
Vendor: iBaby Labs, Inc.
The issues for the iBaby devices were
disclosed to CERT under vulnerability
note VU#745448.
Device: iBaby M6
The vendor’s product site for the
device assessed is https://ibabylabs.
com/ibaby-monitor-m6
Vulnerability R7-2015-11.1:
Predictable public information
leak (CVE-2015-2886)
The web site ibabycloud.com has a
vulnerability by which any authenticated
user to the ibabycloud.com service is
able to view camera details for any
other user, including video recording
details, due to a direct object reference
vulnerability.
The object ID parameter is eight
hexadecimal characters, correspond-
ing with the serial number for the
device. This small object ID space
enables a trivial enumeration attack,
where attackers can quickly brute
24. force the object IDs of all cameras.
Once an attacker is able to view an
account’s details, broken links provide
a filename that is intended to show
available “alert” videos that the camera
recorded. Using a generic AWS Cloud-
Front endpoint found via sniffing iOS
app functionality, this URL can have the
harvested filename appended and data
accessed from the account. This
effectively allows anyone to view videos
that were created from that camera
stored on the ibabycloud.com service,
until those videos are deleted, without
any further authentication.
Relevant URLs
Access a camera’s details, including
video-recording filenames: http://www.
ibabycloud.com/cam/index/camid/
{serial_number}/camtype/{cam_type}
[any authenticated user]
Access a camera’s video recording:
http://d3a9yv3r4ycsw2.cloudfront.net/
monitor/alert/{serial_number}/
{filename}[no authentication required]
Additional Details
The ibabycloud.com authentication
procedure has been non-functional
as of at least June 2015, continuing
through the publication of this paper in
September 2015. These errors started
25. after testing was conducted for this
research, and today, do not allow for
logins to the cloud service. That noted,
it may be possible to still get a valid
session via the API and subsequently
leverage the site and API to gain these
details.
Mitigations
Today, this attack is more difficult
without prior knowledge of the
camera’s serial number, as all logins
are disabled on the ibabycloud.com
website. Attackers must, therefore,
acquire specific object IDs by other
means, such as sniffing local network
traffic.
In order to avoid local network traffic
cleartext exposure, customers should
inquire with the vendor about a firm-
ware update, or cease using the device.
Device: iBaby M3S
The vendor’s product site for the device
assessed is https://ibabylabs.com/
ibaby-monitor-m3s
DISCLOSURES
07
What follows are the ten vulnerabilities reported to the vendors
(when the vendor could be
reached), to CERT, and ultimately, disclosed at the High
Technology Crime Investigation
Association (HTCIA) conference on September 2, 2015. Each
vendor was provided with an
26. opportunity to address their product vulnerabilities in advance
of this public disclosure, in
accordance with Rapid7’s Disclosure Policy.
https://ibabylabs.com/ibaby-monitor-m6
https://ibabylabs.com/ibaby-monitor-m6
https://ibabylabs.com/ibaby-monitor-m3s
https://ibabylabs.com/ibaby-monitor-m3s
| Rapid7.com Hacking IoT: A Case Study on Baby Monitor
Exposures and Vulnerabilities 10
Vulnerability R7-2015-11.2, Backdoor
Credentials (CVE-2015-2887)
The device ships with hardcoded
credentials, accessible from a telnet
login prompt and a UART interface,
which grants access to the underlying
operating system. Those credentials
are detailed below.
Operating System (via Telnet or UART)
Username: admin
Password: admin
Mitigations
In order to disable these credentials,
customers should inquire with the
vendor about a firmware update. UART
access can be limited by not allowing
untrusted parties physical access to the
device. A vendor-provided patch should
disable local administrative logins,
and in the meantime, end-users should
27. secure the device’s housing with
tamper-evident labels.
Disclosure Timeline
Sat, Jul 04, 2015: Initial contact to vendor
Mon, Jul 06, 2015: Vendor reply,
requesting details for ticket #4085
Tue, Jul 07, 2015: Disclosure to vendor
Tue, Jul 21, 2015: Disclosure to CERT
Fri, Jul 24, 2015: Confirmed receipt
by CERT
Wed, Sep 02, 2015: Public disclosure
Wed, Sep 02, 2015: iBaby Labs commu-
nicated that access token expiration
and secure communication channels
have been implemented.
Vendor:
Philips Electronics N.V.
The issue for the Philips device was
disclosed to CERT under vulnerability
note VU#569536.
Device: Philips In.Sight B120/37
The vendor’s product site for the device
assessed is http://www.usa.philips.
com/c-p/B120_37/in.sight-wire-
less-hd-baby-monitor
Vulnerability R7-2015-12.1, Backdoor
Credentials (CVE-2015-2882)
28. The device ships with hardcoded and
statically generated credentials which
can grant access to both the local web
server and operating system.
The operating system “admin” and
“mg3500” account passwords are
present due to the stock firmware used
by this camera, which is used by other
cameras on the market today.
The web service “admin” statically-
generated password was first
documented by Paul Price at his blog5.
In addition, while the telnet service
may be disabled by default on the most
recent firmware, it can be re-enabled
via an issue detailed below.
Operating System (via Telnet or UART)
Username: root
Password: b120root
Operating System (via Telnet or UART)
Username: admin
Password: /ADMIN/
Operating System (via Telnet or UART)
Username: mg3500
Password: merlin
Local Web Server
Reachable via http://{device_ip}/cgi-bin/
{script_path}
29. Username: user
Password: M100-4674448
Local Web Server
Reachable via http://{device_ip}/cgi-bin/
{script_path}
Username: admin
Password: M100-4674448
• A recent update changes this
password, but the new password
is simply the letter ‘i’ prefixing the
first ten characters of the MD5
hash of the device’s MAC address.
Vulnerability R7-2015-12.2, Reflective
and Stored XSS (CVE-2015-2883)
A web service used on the backend of
Philips’ cloud service to create remote
streaming sessions is vulnerable to
reflective and stored XSS. Subsequently,
session hijacking is possible due to
a lack of an HttpOnly flag.
When accessing the Weaved cloud
web service6 as an authenticated user,
multiple pages have a mixture of
reflective and stored XSS in them,
allowing for potential session hijacking.
With this access, a valid streaming
session could be generated and
eavesdropped upon by an attacker.
Two such examples are:
30. 1. https://developer.weaved.com/
portal/members/deviceSettings.
php?id={mac_
address}&name={base64_encod-
ed_xss_string}
2. https://developer.weaved.com/
portal/members/shareDevice.
php?id={mac_
address}&name={base64_encod-
ed_xss_string}
Vulnerability R7-2015-12.3, Direct
Browsing via Insecure Streaming (CVE-
2015-2884)
The method for allowing remote
viewing uses an insecure transport,
does not offer secure streams protected
from attackers, and does not offer
sufficient protection for the the
camera’s internal web applications.
Once a remote viewing stream has
been requested, a proxy connection
to the camera’s internal web service
via the cloud provider Yoics7 is bound
to a public hostname and port number.
These port numbers appear to range
from port 32,000 to 39,000 as deter-
mined from testing.This bound port
is tied to a hostname with the pattern
of proxy[1,3-14].yoics.net, limiting the
potential number of port and host
combinations to an enumerable level.
Given this manageable attack space,
31. attackers can test for an HTTP 200
response in a reasonably short amount
of time.
Once found, administrative privilege is
available without authentication of any
kind to the web scripts available on
Note: According to iBaby Labs, it
contacted Rapid7 by email on August 8 to
let us know that access token expiration
and secure communication channels had
been implemented. We did not receive the
message, and therefore did not learn
about the changes until we received a
communication on September 2, after this
report was first published.
http://www.usa.philips.com/c-p/B120_37/in.sight-wireless-hd-
baby-monitor
http://www.usa.philips.com/c-p/B120_37/in.sight-wireless-hd-
baby-monitor
http://www.usa.philips.com/c-p/B120_37/in.sight-wireless-hd-
baby-monitor
| Rapid7.com Hacking IoT: A Case Study on Baby Monitor
Exposures and Vulnerabilities 11
the device. Further, by accessing a
Unicode-enabled streaming URL
(known as an “m3u8” URL), a live
video/audio stream will be accessible
to the camera and appears to stay open
for up to one hour on that host/port
combination. There is no blacklist or
32. whitelist restriction on which IP
addresses can access these URLs,
as revealed in testing.
Relevant URLs
Open audio/video stream of a camera:
http://proxy{1,3-14}.yoics.net:{32000-
39000}/tmp/stream2/stream.m3u8
[no authentication required]
Enable Telnet service on camera
remotely: http://proxy{1,3-14}.yoics.
net:{32000-39000}/cgi-bin/cam_
service_enable.cgi [no authentic ation
required]
Mitigations
In order to disable the hard-coded
credentials, customers should inquire
with the vendor about a firmware
update. UART access can be limited by
not allowing untrusted parties physical
access to the device. A vendor-provided
patch should disable local admin-
istrative logins, and in the meantime,
end-users should secure the device’s
housing with tamper-evident labels.
In order to avoid the XSS and cleartext
streaming issues with Philips’ cloud
service, customers should avoid using
the remote streaming functionality
of the device and inquire with the
vendor about the status of a cloud
service update.
Additional Information
33. Prior to publication of this report,
Philips confirmed with Rapid7 the
tested device was discontinued by
Philips in 2013, and the current manu-
facturer and distributor is Gibson
Innovations. Gibson has developed
a solution for the identified vulner-
abilities, an expects to make updates
available by September 4, 2015.
Disclosure Timeline
Sat, Jul 04, 2015: Initial contact
to vendor
Mon, Jul 06, 2015: Vendor reply,
requesting details
Tue, Jul 07, 2015: Philips Responsible
Disclosure ticket number 15191319
assigned
Tue, Jul 17, 2015: Phone conference
with vendor to discuss issues
Tue, Jul 21, 2015: Disclosure to CERT
Fri, Jul 24, 2015: Confirmed receipt
by CERT
Thu, Aug 27, 2015: Contacted by
Weaved to validate R7-2015-12.2
Tue, Sep 01, 2015: Contacted by
Philips regarding the role of Gibson
Innovations
34. Wed, Sep 02, 2015: Public disclosure
Sat, Sep 05, 2015: Affected cloud
services updated
Fri, Sep 11, 2015: Insight firmware
updated to version 7.4
Sat, Sep 12, 2015: Insight Android app
updated
Thu, Sep 17, 2015: Insight iOS app
updated
Vendor: Summer Infant
The issues for the Summer Infant
device was disclosed to CERT under
vulnerability note VU#837936.
Device: Summer Baby Zoom
WiFi Monitor & Internet
Viewing System
The vendor’s product site for the device
assessed is http://www.summerinfant.
com/monitoring/internet/babyzoomwifi.
Vulnerability R7-2015-13.1,
Authentication Bypass (CVE-2015-2888)
An authentication bypass allows for the
addition of an arbitrary account to any
camera, without authentication.
The web service MySnapCam8 is used
to support the camera’s functionality,
including account management for
35. access. A URL retrievable via an HTTP
GET request can be used to add a new
user to the camera. This URL does not
require any of the camera’s administra-
tors to have a valid session to execute
this request, allowing anyone request-
ing the URL with their details against
any camera ID to have access added
to that device.
After a new user is successfully added,
an e-mail will then be sent to an
e-mail address provided by the attacker
with authentication details for the
MySnapCam website and mobile
application. Camera administrators
are not notified of the new account.
Relevant URL
Add an arbitrary user to any camera:
https://swifiserv.mysnapcam.com/
register/?fn={first_name}&ln={last_
name}&email={email}&user-
Type=3&userGroup={id}
[no authentication required]
Vulnerability R7-2015-13.2, Privilege
Escalation (CVE-2015-2889)
An authenticated, regular user can
access an administrative interface that
fails to check for privileges, leading to
privilege escalation.
A “Settings” interface exists for the
36. camera’s cloud service administrative
user and appears as a link in their
interface when they login. If a non-
administrative user is logged in to that
camera and manually enters that URL,
they are able to see the same adminis-
trative actions and carry them out as
if they had administrative privilege.
This allows an unprivileged user to
elevate account privileges arbitrarily.
Relevant URL
Access administrative actions as
an unprivileged, but valid, user:
https://www.summerlinkwifi.com/
settings_users.php [a user account
for the camera is required]
Mitigations
In order to avoid exposure to the
authentication bypass and privilege
escalation, customers should use the
http://proxy{1,3-14}.yoics.net:{32000-
39000}/tmp/stream2/stream.m3u8
http://proxy{1,3-14}.yoics.net:{32000-
39000}/tmp/stream2/stream.m3u8
http://proxy{1,3-14}.yoics.net:{32000-39000}/cgi-bin/cam_
service_enable.cgi
http://proxy{1,3-14}.yoics.net:{32000-39000}/cgi-bin/cam_
service_enable.cgi
http://proxy{1,3-14}.yoics.net:{32000-39000}/cgi-bin/cam_
service_enable.cgi
http://www.summerinfant.com/monitoring/internet/babyzoomwi
fi
http://www.summerinfant.com/monitoring/internet/babyzoomwi
37. fi
https://www.summerlinkwifi.com/settings_users.php
https://www.summerlinkwifi.com/settings_users.php
| Rapid7.com Hacking IoT: A Case Study on Baby Monitor
Exposures and Vulnerabilities 12
device in a local network only mode, and
use egress firewall rules to block the
camera from the Internet. If Internet
access is desired, customers should
inquire about an update to Summer
Infant’s cloud services.
Disclosure Timeline
Sat, Jul 04, 2015: Initial contact
to vendor
Tue, Jul 21, 2015: Disclosure to CERT
Fri, Jul 24, 2015: Confirmed receipt
by CERT
Tue, Sep 01, 2015: Confirmed receipt by
the vendor
Wed, Sep 02, 2015: Public disclosure
Wed, Sep 02, 2015: Summer Infant
tweeted that all reported issues have
been resolved
Vendor: Lens
Laboratories(f)
The issues for the Lens Laboratories(f)
38. device was disclosed to CERT under
vulnerability note VU#931216.
Device: Lens Peek-a-View
The vendor’s product site for the device
assessed is http://www.amazon.com/
Peek---view-Resolution-Wireless-
Monitor/dp/B00N5AVMQI/
Of special note, it has proven difficult
to find a registered domain for this
vendor. All references to the vendor
point at Amazon directly, but Amazon
does not appear to be the manufacturer
or vendor.
Vulnerability R7-2015-14, Backdoor
Credentials (CVE-2015-2885)
The device ships with hardcoded
credentials, accessible from a UART
interface, which grants access to the
underlying operating system, and via
the local web service, giving local
application access via the web UI.
Due to weak filesystem permissions,
the local OS ‘admin’ account has
effective ‘root’ privileges.
Operating System (via UART)
Username: admin
Password: 2601hx
Local Web Server
39. Site: http://{device_ip}/web/
Username: user
Password: user
Local Web Server
Site: via http://{device_ip}/web/
Username: guest
Password: guest
Mitigations
In order to disable these credentials,
customers should inquire with the
vendor about a firmware update. UART
access can be limited by not allowing
untrusted parties physical access to the
device. A vendor-provided patch should
disable local administrative logins, and
in the meantime, end-users should
secure the device’s housing with
tamper-evident labels.
Disclosure Timeline
Sat, Jul 04, 2015: Attempted to find
vendor contact
Tue, Jul 21, 2015: Disclosure to CERT
Fri, Jul 24, 2015: Confirmed receipt
by CERT
Wed, Sep 02, 2015: Public disclosure
Vendor: Gynoii, Inc.
The issues for the Gynoii devices was
disclosed to CERT under vulnerability
note VU#738848.
40. Device: Gynoii
The vendor’s product site for the device
assessed is http://www.gynoii.com/
product.html
Vulnerability R7-2015-15, Backdoor
Credentials (CVE-2015-2881)
The device ships with hardcoded
credentials, accessible via the local
web service, giving local application
access via the web UI.
Local Web Server
Site: http://{device_ip}/admin/
Username: guest
Password: guest
Local Web Server
Site: http://{device_ip}/admin/
Username: admin
Password: 12345
Mitigations
In order to disable these credentials,
customers should inquire with the
vendor about a firmware update.
Disclosure Timeline
Sat, Jul 04, 2015: Initial contact
to vendor
Tue, Jul 21, 2015: Disclosure to CERT
Fri, Jul 24, 2015: Confirmed receipt
41. by CERT
Wed, Sep 02, 2015: Public disclosure
Wed, Sep 02, 2015: Gynoii acknowl-
edged the above research shortly after
publication and are assessing appropri-
ate patch strategies.
Vendor: TRENDnet
The issue for the TRENDnet device was
disclosed to CERT under vulnerability
note VU#136207.
Device: TRENDnet WiFi Baby
Cam TV-IP743SIC
The vendor’s product site for the device
under test is http://www.trendnet.com/
products/proddetail.asp?prod=235_
TV-IP743SIC
Vulnerability R7-2015-16: Backdoor
Credentials (CVE-2015-2880)
The device ships with hardcoded
credentials, accessible via a UART inter-
https://twitter.com/summerinfant/status/639405443035627520
http://www.amazon.com/Peek---view-Resolution-Wireless--
Monitor/dp/B00N5AVMQI/
http://www.amazon.com/Peek---view-Resolution-Wireless--
Monitor/dp/B00N5AVMQI/
http://www.amazon.com/Peek---view-Resolution-Wireless--
Monitor/dp/B00N5AVMQI/
http://www.gynoii.com/product.html
http://www.gynoii.com/product.html
43. disclosed to vendor
Sun, Jul 16, 2015: Clarification sought
by vendor
Mon, Jul 20, 2015: Clarification provided
to vendor
Tue, Jul 21, 2015: Disclosure to CERT
Wed, Sep 02, 2015: Public disclosure
Thu, Sep 03, 2015: TRENDnet reports
updated firmware available here
(version 1.0.3), released on Sep 02,
2015.
5 http://www.ifc0nfig.com/a-close-look-
at-the-philips-in-sight-ip-camera-
range/
6 http://www.weaved.com/
7 https://www.yoics.net
8 http://www.mysnapcam.com/
http://www.trendnet.com/support/supportdetail.asp?prod=235_T
V-IP743SIC
http://www.trendnet.com/support/supportdetail.asp?prod=235_T
V-IP743SIC
http://www.ifc0nfig.com/a-close-look-at-the-philips-in-sight-ip-
camera-range/
http://www.ifc0nfig.com/a-close-look-at-the-philips-in-sight-ip-
camera-range/
http://www.ifc0nfig.com/a-close-look-at-the-philips-in-sight-ip-
44. camera-range/
http://www.weaved.com/
https://www.yoics.net
http://www.mysnapcam.com/
| Rapid7.com Hacking IoT: A Case Study on Baby Monitor
Exposures and Vulnerabilities 14
It is the authors’ hope that everyone
who reads this paper has a better
sense of security issues facing the
current generation of the Internet of
Things. While we take great pride in
performing research on individual IoT
devices that have real-world benefits
to consumers and businesses, we also
realize that those efforts alone don’t
scale to the massive size and growth
of IoT.
In February 2014, Mark Stanislav
co-founded the IoT security initiative,
BuildItSecure.ly.9 Through vendor
outreach efforts, BuildItSecure.ly
not only provides curated information
security guidance to IoT vendors of all
sizes, but also pairs those vendors with
highly regarded information security
researchers. Through this pro bono,
coupled approach, BuildItSecure.ly is
able to translate research and knowl-
edge transfer into real security
improvements that will impact the
entire product line of participating
45. vendors.
Additionally, Mark also participates in
the Online Trust Alliance’s IoT Working
Group10, which is developing the “IoT
Trust Framework” to provide clear
guidance to vendors on expectations of
both privacy and information security
features for their products. Vendors
that utilize this framework will have a
set of minimum boundaries for how
their products and related services
should handle the data and trust being
provided to them by their customers.
By establishing this framework,
vendors can be confident in how to
approach tough design and implemen-
tation choices that produce high quality,
secure, and affordable products.
WORKING TO IMPROVE
IoT SECURITY
08
9 http://builditsecure.ly/
10 https://otalliance.org/initiatives/inter-
net-things
| Rapid7.com Hacking IoT: A Case Study on Baby Monitor
Exposures and Vulnerabilities 15
46. ABOUT RAPID7
09
Rapid7 is a leading provider of security data and analytics
solutions that
enable organizations to implement an active, analytics-driven
approach to
cyber security. We combine our extensive experience in security
data and
analytics and deep insight into attacker behaviors and
techniques to make
sense of the wealth of data available to organizations about
their IT
environments and users. Our solutions empower organizations
to prevent
attacks by providing visibility into vulnerabilities and to rapidly
detect
compromises, respond to breaches, and correct the underlying
causes of
attacks. Rapid7 is trusted by more than 4,150 organizations
across 90
countries, including 34% of the Fortune 1000. To learn more
about Rapid7
or get involved in our threat research, visit www.rapid7.com.
http://www.rapid7.com