Writing skills for researchers and students

1. How to paraphrase &
Avoid Plagiarism

2. Main Outlines:
 Recognize the importance of integrity in your
academic and professional production,
 Know what plagiarism is and how to avoid it,
and how can be detected,
 Understand the importance of citing,
 Write an accurate and effective paraphrase.

3. • Demonstration of honest and moral behaviour
• To providing credit to other people when using their ideas
• Acknowledging the contributions of other people.

4. You are interested in the information of the following paragraph,
how you are going to write it in your thesis ?
• According to the recent report of World health Organization in 2019; Every year the lives of approximately 1.35
million people are cut short as a result of a road traffic crash. With around 50 million cases suffer from non-fatal
injuries with many incurring a disability as a result of their injury.
• More than 90% of road traffic deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. Road traffic injury death rates
are highest in the African region. Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death for children and young
adults aged 5-29 years. Around 25% of traffic fatalities is due to head injuries, while around 15% is due to
internal organ damage.
Reference: (Osman et al, 2020).

5. NOW, compare what you wrote to the original text and highlight
all similar words:
• According to the recent report of World health Organization in 2019; Every year the lives of approximately 1.35
million people are cut short as a result of a road traffic crash. With around 50 million cases suffer from non-fatal
injuries with many incurring a disability as a result of their injury.
• More than 90% of road traffic deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. Road traffic injury death rates
are highest in the African region. Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death for children and young
adults aged 5-29 years. Around 25% of traffic fatalities is due to head injuries, while around 15% is due to
internal organ damage.
Reference: (Osman et al, 2020).

7. Original
According to the recent report of World health
Organization in 2019; Every year the lives of
approximately 1.35 million people are cut short
as a result of a road traffic crash. With around
50 million cases suffer from non-fatal injuries
with many incurring a disability as a result of
their injury.
More than 90% of road traffic deaths occur in
low- and middle-income countries. Road traffic
injury death rates are highest in the African
region. Road traffic injuries are the leading
cause of death for children and young adults
aged 5-29 years. Around 25% of traffic fatalities
is due to head injuries, while around 15% is due
to internal organ damage.
According to the recent report of World health
Organization in 2019; Every year the lives of
approximately 1.35 million people are cut short
as a result of a road traffic crash. With around
50 million cases suffer from non-fatal injuries
with many incurring a disability as a result of
their injury.
More than 90% of road traffic deaths occur in
low- and middle-income countries. Road traffic
injury death rates are highest in the African
region. Road traffic injuries are the leading
cause of death for children and young adults
aged 5-29 years. Around 25% of traffic fatalities
is due to head injuries, while around 15% is due
to internal organ damage (Osman et al, 2020).
Plagiarism
You wrote

8. Plagiarizing and saying you didn’t know that you had done it is no excuse!!!
• The presentation of the work/ideas of another author
as it is your work.
• Academic Theft
• Criminalized by Academic conduct panels
• Punishments: up to losing a degree/ fired from
university/ deferral exam/rejection or retraction of
publication ….serious!!!

9. Original
According to the recent report of World health
Organization in 2019; Every year the lives of
approximately 1.35 million people are cut short
as a result of a road traffic crash. With around
50 million cases suffer from non-fatal injuries
with many incurring a disability as a result of
their injury.
More than 90% of road traffic deaths occur in
low- and middle-income countries. Road traffic
injury death rates are highest in the African
region. Road traffic injuries are the leading
cause of death for children and young adults
aged 5-29 years. Around 25% of traffic fatalities
is due to head injuries, while around 15% is due
to internal organ damage.
According to the recent report of World health
Organization in 2019; Each year, there are a loss
of lives of nearly 1.35 million persons due to
road traffic crash. There are around 50 million
cases suffer from non-fatal injuries with many
incurring a disability as a result of their injury.
Around 90% of road traffic deaths occur in low-
and middle-income countries. Road traffic injury
death rates are highest in the African region
Africa. Road traffic injuries are the leading cause
of death for youngsters children and young
adults aged 5-29 years. Head injuries are around
25% of traffic fatalities is due to head injuries,
while around 15% is due to internal organ
damage (Osman et al, 2020).
Plagiarism
You wrote

10. Original
According to the recent report of World health
Organization in 2019; Every year the lives of
approximately 1.35 million people are cut short
as a result of a road traffic crash. With around
50 million cases suffer from non-fatal injuries
with many incurring a disability as a result of
their injury.
More than 90% of road traffic deaths occur in
low- and middle-income countries. Road traffic
injury death rates are highest in the African
region. Road traffic injuries are the leading
cause of death for children and young adults
aged 5-29 years. Around 25% of traffic fatalities
is due to head injuries, while around 15% is due
to internal organ damage.
WHO reported in 2019 that around 1.4 million
deaths were attributed to road accidents
annually with around 50 million reported
incapacitating disabilities.
Road accidents are common in poor
countries/third world countries such as in
Africa. Most deaths related to road accidents
were attributed to head injuries in one quarter
of road fatalities. Young under 30 years of age
death is the mostly due to road accidents
Paraphrased but no
citation= Plagiarism
You wrote

11. Why citation is important, and we MUST cite while you write
properly?
 To be intellectually honest.
 To acknowledge that research is developed by scholars.

12. Original
World health Organization/ WHO reported in
2019 that around 1.4 million deaths were
attributed to road accidents annually with
around 50 million reported incapacitating
disabilities. Most deaths related to road
accidents were attributed to head injuries in
one quarter of the fatalities. Road accidents are
common in poor countries/third world
countries such as in Africa. Under 30 years of
age death is the mostly due to road accidents
(Osman et al, 2020).
Paraphrased with citation= Perfect
You wrote
According to the recent report of World health
Organization in 2019; Every year the lives of
approximately 1.35 million people are cut short
as a result of a road traffic crash. With around
50 million cases suffer from non-fatal injuries
with many incurring a disability as a result of
their injury.
More than 90% of road traffic deaths occur in
low- and middle-income countries. Road traffic
injury death rates are highest in the African
region. Road traffic injuries are the leading
cause of death for children and young adults
aged 5-29 years. Around 25% of traffic fatalities
is due to head injuries, while around 15% is due
to internal organ damage.

13. Original
According to the recent report of World health
Organization in 2019; Every year the lives of
approximately 1.35 million people are cut short
as a result of a road traffic crash. With around
50 million cases suffer from non-fatal injuries
with many incurring a disability as a result of
their injury.
More than 90% of road traffic deaths occur in
low- and middle-income countries. Road traffic
injury death rates are highest in the African
region. Road traffic injuries are the leading
cause of death for children and young adults
aged 5-29 years. Around 25% of traffic fatalities
is due to head injuries, while around 15% is due
to internal organ damage.
‘’According to the recent report of World health
Organization in 2019; Every year the lives of
approximately 1.35 million people are cut short as a
result of a road traffic crash. With around 50 million
cases suffer from non-fatal injuries with many incurring
a disability as a result of their injury.
More than 90% of road traffic deaths occur in low- and
middle-income countries. Road traffic injury death
rates are highest in the African region. Road traffic
injuries are the leading cause of death for children and
young adults aged 5-29 years. Around 25% of traffic
fatalities is due to head injuries, while around 15% is
due to internal organ damage’’ (Osman et al, 2020, p21).
Direct Quotation= Perfect
You wrote

14. Similarity Report:

15. Changing the sentence to a different sentence but keep the same meaning of the
original
WORDS
Structure/
order
Grammar
Number
format
25%: one quarter or use 75% of the other
10 years= a decade
1.8 million= nearly 2/two million

16. STEP BY STEP:
READ & UNDERSTAND; Digest what you read first
Hide the original
Put it in your OWN WORDS
Compare to Original and remove
similarities, rewrite

17. According to the recent report of World
health Organization in 2019; Every year
the lives of approximately 1.35 million
people are cut short as a result of a road
traffic crash. With around 50 million
cases suffer from non-fatal injuries with
many incurring a infirmity as a result of
their injury.
More than 90% of road traffic deaths
occur in low- and middle-income
countries. Road traffic injury death rates
are highest in the African region. Road
traffic injuries are the leading cause of
death for children and young adults
aged 5-29 years. Around 25% of traffic
fatalities is due to head injuries, while
around 15% is due to internal organ
damage.
Original
According to= can remove
World health Organization/ WHO=no change
2019= no change- two years ago
Every year= yearly, annually, per year, each year
Road traffic =road accidents
1.35 million Deaths= 1.4 million
cut short= died
50 million non-fatal+ disabilities
More than = common
90% in low- and middle-income countries= change structure=
change order
African region= Africa
Leading cause of death= most common cause of death=most
common cause of mortality/fatalities
Children and young adults= youngsters
5-29 years= under 30 years old= below 30 years old
25%= one quarter or use 75% of others
Head injuries=no change
15% = no change or remove
Internal organ damage= damage of internal organs= serious
trauma to internal organs= injury of internal organs
Rearrange order of information
passive/active …etc
Combine sentences

19. Appy your knowledge to rewrite the following paragraph
• According to the recent report of World health Organization in 2019; Every year the lives of approximately 1.35
million people are cut short as a result of a road traffic crash. With around 50 million cases suffer from non-fatal
injuries with many incurring a disability as a result of their injury.
• More than 90% of road traffic deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries. Road traffic injury death rates
are highest in the African region. Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death for children and young
adults aged 5-29 years. Around 25% of traffic fatalities is due to head injuries, while around 15% is due to
internal organ damage.
Reference: (Osman et al, 2020).
Closing Activity:

20. P1:
Road accidents are very common in Africa due to the very low socioeconomic conditions.
Fatalities can amount to a loss of 1.4 million lives a year and ~ 50 million disabilities based
on the last report of WHO. Head injuries represent one quarter of total fatalities followed by
15% injuries to internal organs such as liver, spleen, and heart (Osman et al, 2020).
P2:
Head injuries are the commonest cause of death due to road accidents representing 25% of
total fatalities. Road accidents amount to a loss of 1.4 million lives annually and 50 million
infirmities with loss of their productivity according to 2019 report of WHO. Road accidents
prevail in Africa due to the very low socioeconomic settings causing 90% of total fatalities.
Road accidents are the commonest cause of death in young people (5-29 years old) (Osman
et al, 2020).
P3:
Based on the 2019 report, WHO declared the death due to road accidents amounts to 1.4
million yearly, with around 50 million endure lifetime disabilities.
The leading causes of fatalities are head injuries in one quarter of the cases and followed by
serious internal injuries. Africa is the worst affected area in the world due to the prevailing
poverty and amounting to 90% worldwide fatalities. Road accidents have very high mortality
among the young (5-29 years of age) (Osman et al, 2020).
Few more paraphrased sample

21. With my best wishes,
Dr Nashwa Osman