The document provides information about the portrayal and treatment of women in several major world religions, including Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. It discusses how women have historically faced inequality and subordination within the religious doctrines and practices of these faiths. For example, it describes how women have lower status than men under Islamic law (Sharia), are expected to obey husbands and male relatives in Hinduism, face restrictions as Buddhist nuns, and are told to submit to male authority in some interpretations of Christianity. However, it also notes that views have begun to change in some modern contexts.
The document discusses the five pillars of Islam: Shahadah (testifying to the creed), Salat (offering daily prayers), Zakat (paying charity), Sawm (fasting during Ramadan), and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). It explains the significance and benefits of each pillar, which provide Muslims with a framework for spiritual growth and help cultivate their relationship with God through acts of worship, faith, and devotion.
This document outlines six essential beliefs in Islam: 1) Belief in one God, 2) Belief in angels, 3) Belief in holy books revealed by God, 4) Belief in prophets as messengers of God, 5) Belief in resurrection and the afterlife, and 6) Belief in divine determination. It discusses each belief in some detail, providing explanations and examples from the Quran. The document appears to be slides from a lesson on Islamic law and ethics.
The document discusses the rights of non-Muslims in an Islamic state based on principles in the Quran and teachings of Muhammad. It states that non-Muslims should receive protection, freedom of religion, and assistance for basic necessities and the poor. The Quran teaches equality among all people and that there is no compulsion in religion. Non-Muslims would pay Jizya tax but are exempt from military service and some groups like monks are exempt from the tax. The document outlines rights like justice, property protection, freedom of work and worship for non-Muslims.
Minorities Rights in Islam and situation in pakistan Malik Abdul Wahab
This document provides an overview of minorities rights in Islam and the situation of minorities in Pakistan. It discusses the classical Islamic legal doctrines around the status and treatment of non-Muslims in Muslim societies. It notes that while the Quran and hadiths promote equitable treatment of minorities, Islamic jurisprudence established discriminatory rules. However, actual practice varied depending on political and economic factors. It then examines the current situation of religious minorities in Pakistan, including Hindus, Sikhs, and Ahmadis, noting ongoing issues of discrimination and lack of equal rights and protections according to the constitution.
The document discusses the comprehensive concept of Islam as a complete system of life (deen) rather than just a religion. It argues that Islam provides guidance for all aspects of individual and collective life, including beliefs, worship, social and political systems, and economics. However, there has been a disintegration of deen as many Muslims now consider Islam as only a religion and do not follow its teachings comprehensively. It calls for Muslims to fully implement Islamic teachings in all spheres of life to restore Islam as a holistic system.
Islamic ethics are based on moral commandments from the Quran and teachings of Muhammad. Certain actions like worshipping only God, honoring parents, and avoiding killing are considered moral absolutes. Extremism is discouraged, and Islamic law aims to balance moral and pragmatic concerns. Views on issues like euthanasia, abortion, and homosexuality generally prohibit actions that end a sacred human life or interfere with Allah's will for how long one lives. Islam values all human life as given by Allah.
Minorities Rights in Islam and situation in pakistan Malik Abdul Wahab
This document discusses minorities rights in Islam and the situation of minorities in Pakistan. It begins by discussing minorities in Muslim societies throughout history based on classical Islamic legal doctrines. It describes how non-Muslims were given protected status (dhimmi) and owed taxes, but were allowed to practice their religion. In practice, treatment varied greatly over time and place. It then discusses the situation of minorities in Pakistan, including Hindus, Sikhs, and Ahmadis/Qadianis. It concludes by stating the document analyzed minorities rights in Islam and the current situation in Pakistan.
Characterstic of Islamic civilization and Social system of islamOsama Naseem
The document provides information on various topics related to Islamic studies presented by Osama Naseem. It discusses the key characteristics of Islamic civilization including tauheed (oneness of God), namaz (prayer), roza (fasting during Ramadan), zakat (charity), and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). It also outlines the social system in Islam, covering rights and responsibilities within family relationships such as between spouses, parents and children, and teachers and students. The document emphasizes treating minorities and others with respect in accordance with Islamic principles.
The document discusses the five pillars of Islam: Shahadah (testifying to the creed), Salat (offering daily prayers), Zakat (paying charity), Sawm (fasting during Ramadan), and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). It explains the significance and benefits of each pillar, which provide Muslims with a framework for spiritual growth and help cultivate their relationship with God through acts of worship, faith, and devotion.
This document outlines six essential beliefs in Islam: 1) Belief in one God, 2) Belief in angels, 3) Belief in holy books revealed by God, 4) Belief in prophets as messengers of God, 5) Belief in resurrection and the afterlife, and 6) Belief in divine determination. It discusses each belief in some detail, providing explanations and examples from the Quran. The document appears to be slides from a lesson on Islamic law and ethics.
The document discusses the rights of non-Muslims in an Islamic state based on principles in the Quran and teachings of Muhammad. It states that non-Muslims should receive protection, freedom of religion, and assistance for basic necessities and the poor. The Quran teaches equality among all people and that there is no compulsion in religion. Non-Muslims would pay Jizya tax but are exempt from military service and some groups like monks are exempt from the tax. The document outlines rights like justice, property protection, freedom of work and worship for non-Muslims.
Minorities Rights in Islam and situation in pakistan Malik Abdul Wahab
This document provides an overview of minorities rights in Islam and the situation of minorities in Pakistan. It discusses the classical Islamic legal doctrines around the status and treatment of non-Muslims in Muslim societies. It notes that while the Quran and hadiths promote equitable treatment of minorities, Islamic jurisprudence established discriminatory rules. However, actual practice varied depending on political and economic factors. It then examines the current situation of religious minorities in Pakistan, including Hindus, Sikhs, and Ahmadis, noting ongoing issues of discrimination and lack of equal rights and protections according to the constitution.
The document discusses the comprehensive concept of Islam as a complete system of life (deen) rather than just a religion. It argues that Islam provides guidance for all aspects of individual and collective life, including beliefs, worship, social and political systems, and economics. However, there has been a disintegration of deen as many Muslims now consider Islam as only a religion and do not follow its teachings comprehensively. It calls for Muslims to fully implement Islamic teachings in all spheres of life to restore Islam as a holistic system.
Islamic ethics are based on moral commandments from the Quran and teachings of Muhammad. Certain actions like worshipping only God, honoring parents, and avoiding killing are considered moral absolutes. Extremism is discouraged, and Islamic law aims to balance moral and pragmatic concerns. Views on issues like euthanasia, abortion, and homosexuality generally prohibit actions that end a sacred human life or interfere with Allah's will for how long one lives. Islam values all human life as given by Allah.
Minorities Rights in Islam and situation in pakistan Malik Abdul Wahab
This document discusses minorities rights in Islam and the situation of minorities in Pakistan. It begins by discussing minorities in Muslim societies throughout history based on classical Islamic legal doctrines. It describes how non-Muslims were given protected status (dhimmi) and owed taxes, but were allowed to practice their religion. In practice, treatment varied greatly over time and place. It then discusses the situation of minorities in Pakistan, including Hindus, Sikhs, and Ahmadis/Qadianis. It concludes by stating the document analyzed minorities rights in Islam and the current situation in Pakistan.
Characterstic of Islamic civilization and Social system of islamOsama Naseem
The document provides information on various topics related to Islamic studies presented by Osama Naseem. It discusses the key characteristics of Islamic civilization including tauheed (oneness of God), namaz (prayer), roza (fasting during Ramadan), zakat (charity), and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca). It also outlines the social system in Islam, covering rights and responsibilities within family relationships such as between spouses, parents and children, and teachers and students. The document emphasizes treating minorities and others with respect in accordance with Islamic principles.
Islam uplifted the status of women and granted them rights over 1400 years ago, including spiritual equality with men before God, political rights to participate in society and governance, economic rights to own and inherit property, and educational rights for women to learn and teach. In contrast, many past civilizations treated women as property of men or lesser beings without rights. Islam established women's dignity and protected their fundamental rights in all spheres of life.
1) Ethics in Islam are derived from the Quran, teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, and Islamic jurisprudence. They aim to balance individual rights and responsibilities with the well-being of the community.
2) Islam teaches that humans have a duty as caretakers of the environment. The Quran emphasizes that all of creation praises God and nature has intrinsic value that humans must protect.
3) Contemporary Islamic scholars issue religious rulings (fatwas) on new issues by applying Islamic legal methodology like analogy and consensus. Fatwas guide Muslims on environmental topics like conservation, pollution and treatment of animals.
Right to Education in Islam PerspectiveFadzliRohami1
The document discusses the right to education in Islam. It states that in Islam, seeking knowledge is obligatory for Muslims and that the provision of education is the responsibility of both society and the state. It notes that during the Islamic golden age, education and scholarship flourished while Europe was intellectually stagnant. It discusses how colonialism disrupted Islamic education systems and secularized them. The document emphasizes that Islam promotes equality and prohibits discrimination, including in access to education, which is a right for all people. It also explores obligations on states to establish educational institutions and infrastructure to ensure this fundamental right.
This document discusses human rights in Islam across multiple topics:
1. It outlines several key human rights in Islam, including the right to life, freedom, own property, social security, education, and protection from torture. These rights are considered divine and cannot be changed by governments.
2. It discusses the right to life and equality of all humans in Islam, noting that Islam considers all people equal in the sight of God regardless of traits like race or wealth.
3. The document examines the right to freedom in Islam, including freedom of religion, thought, expression, and movement. It notes the Quran prohibits compulsion in religion and guarantees freedom of belief.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in Islam, including:
- Islam means submission to God and obedience to his teachings as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad.
- Islam sees itself as continuing the Abrahamic tradition and messages of previous prophets like Moses and Jesus.
- The five pillars of Islam are the declaration of faith, prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage to Mecca.
- The Quran is the fundamental religious text and the Hadith elaborate on its teachings through accounts of Muhammad.
- Islam teaches monotheism, equality of all people, and establishing a just social system based on God's guidance.
This document provides an overview of concepts of human rights in Islam based on Islamic scripture and teachings. It discusses the following key rights:
1. The right to life and equality - Islam teaches that all humans are equal in the sight of God and have a right to life. There should be no discrimination based on race, ethnicity, or social status.
2. Additional rights discussed include freedom of religion, ownership of property, social security, education, protection from torture, and rights for women.
3. The document explores the Islamic basis for these rights in the Quran and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, emphasizing that human rights are divine and not granted by governments.
The document discusses secular states and secularism. It defines a secular state as one that is officially neutral in religious matters and does not confer privilege on any particular religion. It provides examples of formerly secular states and those with constitutional secularism. The document traces the origins and history of secularism from ancient Greece and India to its prominence in the modern West during the Enlightenment. It also discusses secularism in Pakistan and debates around its concept. In general, the document presents an overview of the definition and principles of secular states as well as their historical development.
The document discusses the sources of information on human rights in Islam. The primary sources are the Quran, which is considered the foundational text of Islam, and the Hadith, which comprises the traditions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. The Quran deals with all aspects of human life, including wisdom, worship, commerce, and law, and provides guidance for a just society and equitable economic system. It establishes rights such as the rights to life, justice, and a basic standard of living. The Hadith provides further explanation and interpretation of these rights. The document examines several specific human rights addressed in Islam, such as the rights of women, citizens, and non-combatants. It argues that the principles of human
This document discusses different views on the relationship between religion and politics in Islam. It outlines two extreme views - separating the two completely, or viewing politics as the ultimate goal of Islam. The ideal Islamic political system is based on sovereignty of Allah, khilafah (vicegerency) of mankind, legislation by shura (consultation), accountability of government, independence of judiciary, and equality before the law. It also compares the Islamic system of khilafah to Western democracy and monarchy, highlighting flaws in democracy like moral relativism, majority rule overriding intellectual views, and a leader being bound by parliamentary decisions.
This document discusses ethics in Islam. It explains that Islam defines a universal moral standard where actions are deemed moral or immoral, not relative concepts. The purpose of human life from an Islamic perspective is to worship God by living according to his will to achieve peace and success. Muslims look to the Quran and traditions of the Prophet as their moral guides. The Quran instructs worshipping God alone and being good to parents, relatives, orphans, and the poor. Imam Hassan identified the main causes of destruction as pride, greed, and jealousy. Balance in life is achieved through wisdom, courage, chastity, and justice.
The document provides information on the history and key beliefs and practices of Islam and Zoroastrianism. It discusses the origins and spread of Islam, the six articles of Islamic faith including belief in God and prophets, and the five pillars of Islam such as prayer, fasting, and pilgrimage. It also outlines the core beliefs and practices of Zoroastrianism, including its origins in ancient Iran, sacred texts like the Avesta, beliefs such as one supreme god Ahura Mazda and an evil spirit, and practices involving prayer and good deeds.
India is home to many religions that have a long history in the country. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism originated in India and are the major Indian religions practiced by the majority. Other faiths like Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism, and Judaism were introduced in India's history through migration and missionary work. Today, India accepts a diversity of religious communities and guarantees religious freedom for all through its legal and social frameworks.
The document discusses human rights according to the Quran based on the perspective of Professor Riffat Hassan. It outlines numerous rights that are affirmed in the Quran, including the right to life, respect, justice, freedom, knowledge, sustenance, work, privacy, and protection from slander. The Quran upholds these rights as being eternal and immutable, granted by God, and necessary for human potential and dignity to be actualized. It emphasizes justice, freedom of belief, mutual consultation, and creating a society where people can enjoy basic rights and "the good life."
This pamphlet aims to discuss some of the beauties, benefits and unique aspects of Islam as compared to other beliefs and religions.
1. Close Relationship with the Creator
2. Positive Outlook on Life
3. Pure and Clear Concept of God
4. Emphasises Both Evidence and Faith
5. Forgiveness of Sins
6. Accountability and Ultimate Justice
7. Practical and Balanced Way of Life
8. Universal and Timeless Message
How to Become a Muslim?
Becoming a Muslim is a simple and easy process. All that a person has to do is to say a sentence called the Testimony of Faith (Shahada), which is pronounced as:
“ashhadu alla ilaha ilal Allah, wa ashhadu anna Muhammad rasoolu Allah.”
These Arabic words mean, “I testify that There is no true god (deity) but God (Allah), and Muhammad is the Messenger (Prophet) of God.”
Once a person says the Testimony of Faith (Shahada) with conviction and understanding its meaning, then he/she has become a Muslim.
Muslims believe in one, unique, incomparable God, Who has no son nor partner, and that none has the right to be worshipped but Him alone. He is the true God, and every other deity is false. He has the most magnificent names and sublime perfect attributes. No one shares His divinity, nor His attributes.
This is the definition of Allah/God from Qur’an:
1. Say, “He is God, the One.
2. God, the Absolute.
3. He begets not, nor was He begotten.
4. And there is nothing comparable to Him.”
—Qur’an 112
The Quran answers such questions as where we came from, why we exist and what we should do. This Book describes the existence, the unity, the power and the mercy of God. The Quran speaks of God, and introduces God as the Merciful, the Creator and the Forgiver. The description of God is the most important message of the Quran.
In order to worship God, we have to know Him well otherwise we may form a distorted concept of Him and then go astray. God is nothing like a human being or like anything that we can imagine and he is the only one worthy of worship.
There is nothing similar to God.
—Quran 42:11
This document defines Islam and outlines some key distinguishing qualities:
1) Islam means submission to God and obedience to His law. It signifies achieving peace through obedience to God.
2) Some distinguishing qualities of Islam are its unity in injunctions across religions, its status as an everlasting religion that has abrogated all previous ones, and that it is a comprehensive and complete way of life.
3) Tawheed, or faith in the oneness and unity of God, is the most fundamental teaching of Islam. It differentiates Muslims from non-believers and is the essence of Islam.
. Introduction of Islam.
Concept of Islam.
Importance of Deen in Human Life.
Difference between Deen and Religion.
Distinctive Aspects of Islam.
Islamic Beliefs & its Impact on Individual & Society and the Fundamental of Islam
Islamic Worships: Spiritual, Moral and Social Impact.
II. Study of Seerah of Prophet Mohammad (PBAH) as Role Model for:- Individual
Diplomat
Educator
Military Strategist
Peace Maker
III. Human Rights & Status of Woman in Islam.
Human Rights and Status of Woman in Islam
Dignity of Men and Women
IV. Islamic Civilization and Culture:
Meanings and the Vital Elements
Role of Civilization in Development of Human Personality and Communities
Distinctions of Islamic Civilization (Tauheed, Spiritualism, Dignity of Man, Equality,
Social Justice, Moral Values, Tolerance, Rule of Law)
V. Islam and World.
Impact of Islamic Civilization on the West and Vice Versa
The Role of Islam in the Modern World.
Muslim World and the Contemporary Challenges.
Rise of Extremism.
VI. Public Administration and Governance in Islam
Concept of Public Administration in Islam
Quranic Guidance on Good Governance
Concept of Governance and its Applications in the light of Quran, Sunnah and Fiqh.
Governance Structure in Islam i.e. (Shura, Legislation, Sources of Islamic Law)
Governance under Pious Khelifat
Particular letters of Hazrat Umar (R.A) and Hazrat Ali (R.A) to different Authority.
Responsibilities of Civil Servants
System of Accountability in Islam
VII. Islamic Code of Life.
Salient Features of Islamic Systems, Social System, Political System, Economic
System, Judicial System, Administrative System,
Procedure of Ijmah and Ijtehad
This document provides instructions for using free online reports to estimate home values and get suburb sales histories. The home value report allows users to enter an address, view comparable property sales, remove unwanted sales, compare properties using sliders, and see a sale estimate, rental estimate, and confidence score. The suburb sales history report requires entering a suburb name, setting a date range and property type, then returns search results on screen.
The document makes comparisons between different entities using comparative adjectives or adverbs such as younger, higher, colder, shorter, larger, dirtier, earlier, fatter, friendlier, nearer, more intelligent, quieter, heavier, more dangerous, more attractive, more boring, and more interesting. These comparisons include relationships between students and teachers, mountains, months, countries, cities and rural areas, animals, planets, modes of transportation, mothers and sisters, shoes, locations, and attractions.
This document lists the top 10 online marketing mistakes to avoid. These include: delivering outdated content, failing to keep up with technological changes, underestimating viral marketing, making the signup process too complicated, using spam techniques, forgetting to measure campaign performance, confusing website traffic with actual results or conversions, believing a "one size fits all" approach works for all businesses, and being afraid to ask for help from marketing experts. The document encourages businesses to customize their online marketing strategy for their specific audience and goals.
Jazz originated in the early 20th century among African Americans in the South who migrated North, bringing their new musical style. Jazz influenced fashion by popularizing looser, shinier styles among young people. It also influenced women's liberation by promoting a more independent lifestyle rather than traditional domestic roles. Additionally, the rise of jazz and African American musicians increased racial tensions, with the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in response to growing African American success and freedoms.
Islam uplifted the status of women and granted them rights over 1400 years ago, including spiritual equality with men before God, political rights to participate in society and governance, economic rights to own and inherit property, and educational rights for women to learn and teach. In contrast, many past civilizations treated women as property of men or lesser beings without rights. Islam established women's dignity and protected their fundamental rights in all spheres of life.
1) Ethics in Islam are derived from the Quran, teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, and Islamic jurisprudence. They aim to balance individual rights and responsibilities with the well-being of the community.
2) Islam teaches that humans have a duty as caretakers of the environment. The Quran emphasizes that all of creation praises God and nature has intrinsic value that humans must protect.
3) Contemporary Islamic scholars issue religious rulings (fatwas) on new issues by applying Islamic legal methodology like analogy and consensus. Fatwas guide Muslims on environmental topics like conservation, pollution and treatment of animals.
Right to Education in Islam PerspectiveFadzliRohami1
The document discusses the right to education in Islam. It states that in Islam, seeking knowledge is obligatory for Muslims and that the provision of education is the responsibility of both society and the state. It notes that during the Islamic golden age, education and scholarship flourished while Europe was intellectually stagnant. It discusses how colonialism disrupted Islamic education systems and secularized them. The document emphasizes that Islam promotes equality and prohibits discrimination, including in access to education, which is a right for all people. It also explores obligations on states to establish educational institutions and infrastructure to ensure this fundamental right.
This document discusses human rights in Islam across multiple topics:
1. It outlines several key human rights in Islam, including the right to life, freedom, own property, social security, education, and protection from torture. These rights are considered divine and cannot be changed by governments.
2. It discusses the right to life and equality of all humans in Islam, noting that Islam considers all people equal in the sight of God regardless of traits like race or wealth.
3. The document examines the right to freedom in Islam, including freedom of religion, thought, expression, and movement. It notes the Quran prohibits compulsion in religion and guarantees freedom of belief.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in Islam, including:
- Islam means submission to God and obedience to his teachings as revealed to the Prophet Muhammad.
- Islam sees itself as continuing the Abrahamic tradition and messages of previous prophets like Moses and Jesus.
- The five pillars of Islam are the declaration of faith, prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage to Mecca.
- The Quran is the fundamental religious text and the Hadith elaborate on its teachings through accounts of Muhammad.
- Islam teaches monotheism, equality of all people, and establishing a just social system based on God's guidance.
This document provides an overview of concepts of human rights in Islam based on Islamic scripture and teachings. It discusses the following key rights:
1. The right to life and equality - Islam teaches that all humans are equal in the sight of God and have a right to life. There should be no discrimination based on race, ethnicity, or social status.
2. Additional rights discussed include freedom of religion, ownership of property, social security, education, protection from torture, and rights for women.
3. The document explores the Islamic basis for these rights in the Quran and teachings of the Prophet Muhammad, emphasizing that human rights are divine and not granted by governments.
The document discusses secular states and secularism. It defines a secular state as one that is officially neutral in religious matters and does not confer privilege on any particular religion. It provides examples of formerly secular states and those with constitutional secularism. The document traces the origins and history of secularism from ancient Greece and India to its prominence in the modern West during the Enlightenment. It also discusses secularism in Pakistan and debates around its concept. In general, the document presents an overview of the definition and principles of secular states as well as their historical development.
The document discusses the sources of information on human rights in Islam. The primary sources are the Quran, which is considered the foundational text of Islam, and the Hadith, which comprises the traditions and sayings of the Prophet Muhammad. The Quran deals with all aspects of human life, including wisdom, worship, commerce, and law, and provides guidance for a just society and equitable economic system. It establishes rights such as the rights to life, justice, and a basic standard of living. The Hadith provides further explanation and interpretation of these rights. The document examines several specific human rights addressed in Islam, such as the rights of women, citizens, and non-combatants. It argues that the principles of human
This document discusses different views on the relationship between religion and politics in Islam. It outlines two extreme views - separating the two completely, or viewing politics as the ultimate goal of Islam. The ideal Islamic political system is based on sovereignty of Allah, khilafah (vicegerency) of mankind, legislation by shura (consultation), accountability of government, independence of judiciary, and equality before the law. It also compares the Islamic system of khilafah to Western democracy and monarchy, highlighting flaws in democracy like moral relativism, majority rule overriding intellectual views, and a leader being bound by parliamentary decisions.
This document discusses ethics in Islam. It explains that Islam defines a universal moral standard where actions are deemed moral or immoral, not relative concepts. The purpose of human life from an Islamic perspective is to worship God by living according to his will to achieve peace and success. Muslims look to the Quran and traditions of the Prophet as their moral guides. The Quran instructs worshipping God alone and being good to parents, relatives, orphans, and the poor. Imam Hassan identified the main causes of destruction as pride, greed, and jealousy. Balance in life is achieved through wisdom, courage, chastity, and justice.
The document provides information on the history and key beliefs and practices of Islam and Zoroastrianism. It discusses the origins and spread of Islam, the six articles of Islamic faith including belief in God and prophets, and the five pillars of Islam such as prayer, fasting, and pilgrimage. It also outlines the core beliefs and practices of Zoroastrianism, including its origins in ancient Iran, sacred texts like the Avesta, beliefs such as one supreme god Ahura Mazda and an evil spirit, and practices involving prayer and good deeds.
India is home to many religions that have a long history in the country. Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism originated in India and are the major Indian religions practiced by the majority. Other faiths like Christianity, Islam, Zoroastrianism, and Judaism were introduced in India's history through migration and missionary work. Today, India accepts a diversity of religious communities and guarantees religious freedom for all through its legal and social frameworks.
The document discusses human rights according to the Quran based on the perspective of Professor Riffat Hassan. It outlines numerous rights that are affirmed in the Quran, including the right to life, respect, justice, freedom, knowledge, sustenance, work, privacy, and protection from slander. The Quran upholds these rights as being eternal and immutable, granted by God, and necessary for human potential and dignity to be actualized. It emphasizes justice, freedom of belief, mutual consultation, and creating a society where people can enjoy basic rights and "the good life."
This pamphlet aims to discuss some of the beauties, benefits and unique aspects of Islam as compared to other beliefs and religions.
1. Close Relationship with the Creator
2. Positive Outlook on Life
3. Pure and Clear Concept of God
4. Emphasises Both Evidence and Faith
5. Forgiveness of Sins
6. Accountability and Ultimate Justice
7. Practical and Balanced Way of Life
8. Universal and Timeless Message
How to Become a Muslim?
Becoming a Muslim is a simple and easy process. All that a person has to do is to say a sentence called the Testimony of Faith (Shahada), which is pronounced as:
“ashhadu alla ilaha ilal Allah, wa ashhadu anna Muhammad rasoolu Allah.”
These Arabic words mean, “I testify that There is no true god (deity) but God (Allah), and Muhammad is the Messenger (Prophet) of God.”
Once a person says the Testimony of Faith (Shahada) with conviction and understanding its meaning, then he/she has become a Muslim.
Muslims believe in one, unique, incomparable God, Who has no son nor partner, and that none has the right to be worshipped but Him alone. He is the true God, and every other deity is false. He has the most magnificent names and sublime perfect attributes. No one shares His divinity, nor His attributes.
This is the definition of Allah/God from Qur’an:
1. Say, “He is God, the One.
2. God, the Absolute.
3. He begets not, nor was He begotten.
4. And there is nothing comparable to Him.”
—Qur’an 112
The Quran answers such questions as where we came from, why we exist and what we should do. This Book describes the existence, the unity, the power and the mercy of God. The Quran speaks of God, and introduces God as the Merciful, the Creator and the Forgiver. The description of God is the most important message of the Quran.
In order to worship God, we have to know Him well otherwise we may form a distorted concept of Him and then go astray. God is nothing like a human being or like anything that we can imagine and he is the only one worthy of worship.
There is nothing similar to God.
—Quran 42:11
This document defines Islam and outlines some key distinguishing qualities:
1) Islam means submission to God and obedience to His law. It signifies achieving peace through obedience to God.
2) Some distinguishing qualities of Islam are its unity in injunctions across religions, its status as an everlasting religion that has abrogated all previous ones, and that it is a comprehensive and complete way of life.
3) Tawheed, or faith in the oneness and unity of God, is the most fundamental teaching of Islam. It differentiates Muslims from non-believers and is the essence of Islam.
. Introduction of Islam.
Concept of Islam.
Importance of Deen in Human Life.
Difference between Deen and Religion.
Distinctive Aspects of Islam.
Islamic Beliefs & its Impact on Individual & Society and the Fundamental of Islam
Islamic Worships: Spiritual, Moral and Social Impact.
II. Study of Seerah of Prophet Mohammad (PBAH) as Role Model for:- Individual
Diplomat
Educator
Military Strategist
Peace Maker
III. Human Rights & Status of Woman in Islam.
Human Rights and Status of Woman in Islam
Dignity of Men and Women
IV. Islamic Civilization and Culture:
Meanings and the Vital Elements
Role of Civilization in Development of Human Personality and Communities
Distinctions of Islamic Civilization (Tauheed, Spiritualism, Dignity of Man, Equality,
Social Justice, Moral Values, Tolerance, Rule of Law)
V. Islam and World.
Impact of Islamic Civilization on the West and Vice Versa
The Role of Islam in the Modern World.
Muslim World and the Contemporary Challenges.
Rise of Extremism.
VI. Public Administration and Governance in Islam
Concept of Public Administration in Islam
Quranic Guidance on Good Governance
Concept of Governance and its Applications in the light of Quran, Sunnah and Fiqh.
Governance Structure in Islam i.e. (Shura, Legislation, Sources of Islamic Law)
Governance under Pious Khelifat
Particular letters of Hazrat Umar (R.A) and Hazrat Ali (R.A) to different Authority.
Responsibilities of Civil Servants
System of Accountability in Islam
VII. Islamic Code of Life.
Salient Features of Islamic Systems, Social System, Political System, Economic
System, Judicial System, Administrative System,
Procedure of Ijmah and Ijtehad
This document provides instructions for using free online reports to estimate home values and get suburb sales histories. The home value report allows users to enter an address, view comparable property sales, remove unwanted sales, compare properties using sliders, and see a sale estimate, rental estimate, and confidence score. The suburb sales history report requires entering a suburb name, setting a date range and property type, then returns search results on screen.
The document makes comparisons between different entities using comparative adjectives or adverbs such as younger, higher, colder, shorter, larger, dirtier, earlier, fatter, friendlier, nearer, more intelligent, quieter, heavier, more dangerous, more attractive, more boring, and more interesting. These comparisons include relationships between students and teachers, mountains, months, countries, cities and rural areas, animals, planets, modes of transportation, mothers and sisters, shoes, locations, and attractions.
This document lists the top 10 online marketing mistakes to avoid. These include: delivering outdated content, failing to keep up with technological changes, underestimating viral marketing, making the signup process too complicated, using spam techniques, forgetting to measure campaign performance, confusing website traffic with actual results or conversions, believing a "one size fits all" approach works for all businesses, and being afraid to ask for help from marketing experts. The document encourages businesses to customize their online marketing strategy for their specific audience and goals.
Jazz originated in the early 20th century among African Americans in the South who migrated North, bringing their new musical style. Jazz influenced fashion by popularizing looser, shinier styles among young people. It also influenced women's liberation by promoting a more independent lifestyle rather than traditional domestic roles. Additionally, the rise of jazz and African American musicians increased racial tensions, with the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in response to growing African American success and freedoms.
Rosa Maria Giraldo is a 40-year-old teacher from Pereira, Colombia. She is married to Hector Fabio, also a teacher, and they have two sons and a dog. Rosa works 30 hours a week as a teacher at INEM High School in Pereira, where she enjoys helping her students. In her free time, Rosa enjoys activities with her family like scouting, photography, shopping, traveling, and watching films.
1) Resistance training is associated with reduced inflammation and related diseases like cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. A single bout of resistance training increases inflammatory cytokines in the short-term, but long-term resistance training appears to reduce inflammation.
2) The review focuses on the effects of resistance training on inflammatory cytokine responses both following an acute bout and after chronic training. It also examines the effects of resistance training on low-grade systemic inflammation in individuals at risk for type 2 diabetes.
3) Cytokines are signaling proteins that influence immune cells and other organ systems. A resistance training session causes increases in cytokines like IL-6 and IL-8, but long-term resistance training may reduce cytokines like TNF-alpha to ameli
The document summarizes housing price data from Brisbane, Australia. It reports that the median house price in Brisbane last week was $570,000, up from $495,000 the previous year, representing a growth rate of about 5%. It also notes that house auction prices have increased on average by nearly $24,000 (about 5%) over the last 12 months. Finally, it provides specific sale prices and estimated year-over-year price changes for 14 residential properties in Brisbane suburbs.
The median house price in Brisbane increased 7% over the last year to $530,000 as of last week, up from $492,000. House sales sampled last week were on average nearly $35,000 higher than a year ago, representing a 7% growth rate. Details on recent house sales in various Brisbane suburbs are provided, with sale prices ranging from $230,000 to $955,000 and annual price increases ranging from 0% to 13%. The document provides estimated housing prices and sales data but cautions that users should obtain professional valuations.
Jazz originated in the early 20th century among African Americans in the South who migrated North, bringing their new musical style. Jazz influenced fashion by popularizing looser, shinier styles among young people. It also influenced women's liberation by promoting a more independent lifestyle rather than traditional domestic roles. Additionally, the rise of jazz and African American musicians increased racial tensions, with the resurgence of the Ku Klux Klan in response to growing African American success and freedoms.
The document provides advice on what to do in various situations, such as seeing a ghost, being offered a job abroad, seeing a lion in the street, a friend stealing from a supermarket, having an argument with one's boss, being given too much change, borrowing and losing a friend's CD, accidentally hitting a parked car, realizing a friend has lied, being given an exam answer, winning the lottery, being asked to be a guarantor for a friend, finding a wallet with money and documents, losing money while traveling, one's son starting to smoke, a waiter being rude, crashing one's spouse's car, seeing a friend's husband with another woman, and forgetting an appointment.
The document summarizes the major changes being made to the 14-19 curriculum in the UK, including raising the school leaving age to 18, adding new qualifications like diplomas and reformed A-levels, and placing more focus on subjects like science, math, and ICT. It discusses the implications of these changes for both teaching and learning. For teaching, it means more training for teachers and a heavier workload. For learning, it creates more opportunities for vocational students and a less daunting curriculum through foundation levels and personalized learning plans. The goal of the changes is to better prepare young people for further education and employment.
The document summarizes housing price data from Brisbane, Australia from the past week and year. It reports that the median house price in Brisbane last week was $583,000, up from $504,000 at the same time last year, representing an increase of over 8% or nearly $42,000 on average. Example sale prices are given for 10 properties showing the published sale price and estimated price one year ago along with the percentage and dollar value change, with most properties increasing in value by several percent and tens of thousands of dollars over the past year. The document provides this information for reference purposes but advises readers to verify the claims and obtain professional valuations.
The document provides tips and strategies for search engine optimization (SEO). It discusses the importance of quality content, targeting keywords, on-page factors like meta tags, focusing SEO efforts on Google, link building, article marketing, using WordPress, creating on-site traffic hubs, using social media sites, and having an overall SEO masterplan or strategy. The document was created by CQuinnDesign.com to offer SEO services.
The document provides information on several world religions:
1. Islam - Founded by the prophet Muhammad, it emphasizes the belief in one God and that Muhammad is his final prophet. The five pillars of Islam are the foundation of the Muslim faith.
2. Hinduism - Originated in India, it has no single founder or text but believes in one divine power with many manifestations. The caste system and principles of rebirth and duty are key concepts.
3. Buddhism - While Buddha sought to eliminate discrimination, some Buddhists still believe it is better karma to be reborn as a man. Buddha's teachings focused on liberation for all.
This document summarizes international guidelines for physical activity following pregnancy from 6 sources: Australia, Canada, Norway, United Kingdom, and two from the United States. All guidelines embedded physical activity recommendations within pregnancy guidelines. They identified benefits like improved mood and fitness. Guidelines agreed that moderate physical activity does not negatively impact breastfeeding. They provided general timing for resuming activity and mentioned aerobic exercise, pelvic floor exercises, and walking. However, guidelines lacked specificity around exercise prescriptions and did not discuss sedentary behavior.
This document appears to be a library catalog listing books in a church library. It includes fields for the book title, author, publication details, condition, and subject tags. There are over 100 books listed, covering a wide range of topics including Christian living, youth, teachers' references, and biographies. The books span many decades from the 1930s to recent years. This catalog provides a detailed overview of the resources available in this church library.
The document discusses women's status and rights in Islam. It outlines that Islam teaches that men and women are equal in their relationship to God, and will be judged equally based on their deeds. While roles and rights may differ due to natural differences, Islam promotes equity and justice. The document discusses women's rights to education, employment, property ownership, marriage, divorce, and more according to Islamic scripture and teachings. It provides an overview of women's prominent role and protections under Islamic law and traditions.
There are three main branches of Islam - Sunni, Shiite, and Sufi. Sunnis believe the Quran and traditions of Muhammad are authoritative. Shiites supported Ali as the successor to Muhammad. Sufis emphasize a personal relationship with God. Islam began in the 7th century with Muhammad and the recording of the Quran. Muslims are expected to follow the Five Pillars of Islam and believe the Quran is the word of God. Sharia law often includes practices that restrict women, such as dress codes and requiring permission to leave the house.
The document discusses the incompatibility between Islam and homosexuality/human rights from the perspective of traditional Islamic beliefs. It outlines the views presented in the Quran and hadith against homosexuality, and how these views are still reflected in the laws and attitudes of many Muslim-majority countries. However, the document also acknowledges that some liberal Muslim scholars and reformists argue for a more progressive interpretation of Islam that is compatible with universal human rights and acceptance of homosexuality.
The document discusses several major world religions including Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. It explores the basic beliefs and practices of each religion as well as common misconceptions. The relationship between religion and politics is also examined, noting how some religions have influenced government and society both positively through social justice movements and negatively through increased sectarian tensions and civil wars.
The document discusses several major world religions and their relationship to politics. It provides overviews of the key beliefs and practices of Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Christianity. The document also examines how these religions have influenced politics in various regions, from the role of fundamentalism in politics to the impact of Gandhi's activism and liberation theology movements.
25 most frequently asked questions about islammfm5cell
1. The document provides an introduction to Islam and addresses 25 frequently asked questions about the religion. It aims to dispel misconceptions and provide concise answers to questions from non-Muslims.
2. The questions cover topics like the definition of Islam, beliefs about God and prophets, the pillars of faith, dietary restrictions, the purpose of worship, and Islamic rulings on social issues.
3. The author, Dr. Shahid Athar, is a physician and Islamic writer who has given lectures and appeared on media to educate non-Muslims about Islam in a simple manner based on the questions he receives.
The document discusses several religions including Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism. It provides details on their core beliefs and practices. It also outlines some rules for visitors to Dubai regarding respecting Islam, such as not drinking alcohol in public places or walking in front of someone who is praying. The document concludes by contrasting the expectations and restrictions placed on women in society compared to greater freedoms and rights afforded to men according to interpretations of Islamic law.
The document discusses several religions including Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism. It provides details on their beliefs, sacred texts, and prevalence around the world. Specifically for Islam, it notes that it is the official religion of the United Arab Emirates and outlines some basic tenets of the faith like duties to God and others. It also presents some rules that visitors in Dubai should respect regarding Islam and restrictions placed on women in some Islamic societies.
The document discusses several religions including Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism. It provides details on their beliefs, practices, and prevalence around the world. Specifically for Islam, it notes that Islam is the official religion of the United Arab Emirates and outlines some expectations for visitors to respect Islamic traditions, such as restrictions on public displays of affection and alcohol. It also contrasts expectations for women and men under Islamic law, such as limitations on women's independence and the acceptance of polygamy for men.
The document discusses several religions including Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism. It provides details on their core beliefs and practices. It also outlines some rules for visitors to Dubai regarding respecting Islam, such as not drinking alcohol in public places or walking in front of someone who is praying. The document concludes by contrasting the official equality between men and women in Islam with the social realities of women having fewer freedoms and rights than men according to the described laws and customs.
The document discusses several religions including Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism. It provides details on their core beliefs and practices. It also outlines some rules for visitors to Dubai regarding respecting Islam, such as not drinking alcohol in public places or walking in front of someone who is praying. The document concludes by contrasting the expectations and restrictions placed on women in society compared to greater freedoms and rights afforded to men according to interpretations of Islamic law.
The document discusses several religions including Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism. It provides details on their core beliefs and practices. It also outlines some rules for visitors to Dubai regarding respecting Islam, such as not drinking alcohol in public places or walking in front of someone who is praying. The document concludes by contrasting the rights and duties of men and women under Islamic law, noting women have fewer freedoms and independence.
The document discusses several religions including Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism. It provides details on their core beliefs and practices. It also outlines some rules for visitors to Dubai regarding respecting Islam, such as not drinking alcohol in public places or walking in front of someone who is praying. The document concludes by contrasting the expectations and restrictions placed on women in society compared to greater freedoms and rights afforded to men according to interpretations of Islamic law.
The document discusses several religions including Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism. It provides details on their core beliefs and practices. It also outlines some rules for visitors to Dubai regarding respecting Islam, such as not drinking alcohol in public places or walking in front of someone who is praying. The document concludes by contrasting the rights and duties of men and women under Islamic law, noting that while equality is expressed, women experience less independence and freedom in reality.
The document discusses several religions including Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism. It provides details on their beliefs, practices, and prevalence around the world. Specifically for Islam, it notes that Islam is the official religion of the United Arab Emirates and expects visitors to respect certain practices like not drinking alcohol in public. However, it also points out that while the Quran expresses equality between men and women, in reality women experience restrictions on activities and lack independence compared to men according to the country's laws and customs.
The document discusses several religions including Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism. It provides details on their core beliefs and practices. It also outlines some rules for visitors to Dubai regarding respecting Islam, such as not drinking alcohol in public places or walking in front of someone who is praying. The document concludes by contrasting the rights and duties of men and women under Islamic law, noting that while equality is expressed, women experience less independence and freedom in reality.
The document discusses several religions including Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, and Sikhism. It provides details on their beliefs, followers, and origins. It also outlines some rules for visitors in Dubai regarding respecting Islam, such as not drinking alcohol in public or walking in front of someone who is praying. The document concludes by contrasting the expectations and rights of women versus men in society according to Islamic law.
25 most frequently asked questions about islamArab Muslim
This document provides an introduction and list of questions for "25 Most Frequently Asked Questions about Islam". It discusses how Islam is often misunderstood in America and the aim to answer common questions simply. It introduces the author, Dr. Shahid Athar, as an Islamic writer and physician who has written this booklet and translated it into several languages to address ignorance about Islam. The questions cover topics like the meaning of Islam, beliefs about God and prophets, practices, dietary rules, the purpose of worship, and perceptions about women and violence.
The document discusses the major religions of India - Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism, Christianity, Islam, and Sikhism. It provides overview information on the origins, beliefs, and practices of each religion. It also discusses the gender roles and status of women in each religion's society, noting that Hinduism, Islam, and early Buddhism restricted women's rights and roles, while Christianity, Sikhism, and later Buddhism were more egalitarian and provided women more freedoms and opportunities.
Islam is a monotheistic religion that originated in the 7th century. It was revealed to the prophet Muhammad through the Quran. Muslims believe the Quran is the direct word of God and the final revelation. The core beliefs of Islam include the oneness of God, believing in prophets like Jesus and Muhammad, believing in the afterlife and judgment day, and following the five pillars of Islam which are the confession of faith, daily prayers, almsgiving, fasting during Ramadan, and pilgrimage to Mecca. After Muhammad's death, a division emerged between Sunnis and Shiites over succession. Sunnis make up about 90% of Muslims and Shiites primarily live in Iran.
1. World Religions:ISLAM Introduction At 40 years of age, Prophet Muhammad claimed to have received revelation from God, through angel Gabriel, at Mt. Hira (Hakim, 2009). Founded in Arabia in 622 AD by Prophet Muhammad, Islam spread fast around the world to areas such as North Africa, Middle East, sections of Asia and Europe. Islam means “submission to God” or “way of life”. A Muslim therefore, is someone who has submitted to God (Allah) (Nasr,2003). Today, Islam is one of the world’s dominant religions with approximately 1.5 billion followers across the globe. An estimated 6 million Muslims live in the United States. Islam central theme 1. Monotheism or belief in only one God, Allah. 2. Muhammad was the final prophet and the Qur’an is the final and most perfect revelation of God. The foundation of a Muslim life is summed in the five pillars of Islam, which are duties each Muslim performs to demonstrate his or her faith (Hakim, 2009).
2. Islam Hakim (2009) lists the five pillars of Islam as: Testimony of faith (Shahada). Every Muslim must state "There is no god, but Allah, and Muhammad is the Prophet of Allah." 2. Prayer (Salat). A Muslim must pray five times daily facing Mecca; at dawn, at noon, in the mid-afternoon, at dusk and after dark. 3. Almsgiving (Zakat). Every Muslim must give 2.5% of their yearly savings to charity. Fasting (Sawm). Every Muslim must fast for the month of Ramadan; eating, drinking, smocking, and sexual intercourse is forbidden from sunrise to sunset as physical discipline and a way to feel the afflictions of the poor. 5. Pilgrimage (Hajj). Every adult Muslim who is physically and financially able must make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime as a symbol of unity among Muslims.
3. The Qur’an The Qur'an, written in Arabic language, “is the verbatim word of God in Islam” and the Holy book for Muslims (Nasr, 2003). The Qur’an lays down the law and commandments, codes of social and moral behavior, and the Muslims religious philosophy (Al Islam, 2010). It is the primary source of every Muslim's faith and practice. Sharia or Islamic law Vriens (2009) states that, “Sharia guides all aspects of Muslim life including daily routines, familial and religious obligations, and financial dealings. It is derived primarily from the Quran and the Sunnah--the sayings, practices, and teachings of the Prophet Mohammed”. An important concept is the concept of ijtihad which allows the formulation of independent judgment and interpretation of the Sharia. Islam has no central authoritative structure of religious interpretation and there are diverse understandings of how should be practiced (No to Political Islam Campaign (NTPI), 2003). “Theideals for Islam call for freedom, justice, and equality” yet the holy texts and laws (fiqh) derived from them are interpreted by humans in the patriarchal society (Mir-Hosseini, 2006). With the ijtihad, Muslims in different regions of the world interpret the Qur’an differently which results in the extremist Muslim radicals in other parts of the world.
4. Sharia, Islamic law and women Under the Sharia law, women are considered inferior to men despite the declarations of equality of the sexes before Allah (NTPI, 2003). Vriens (2009) on gender inequality and Sharia : Polygamy with up to four wives is permitted. Muhammad's Sunnah (practice) was polygamy and Islam is a polygamists religion. Women are not allowed contact with men to whom they are not related without the presence of a male relative, this can be interpreted as having unlawful sexual relations. Temporary marriage is allowed whereby a man can have access to an unlimited number of women- a practice known as Sigheh; Men are permitted concubines, female slaves and promised many virgins in heaven. The wife must have sex whenever her husband wishes. A man can easily divorce a woman by pronouncing that “I divorce you” three times (talaq). Divorce through text has been upheld in some cases. A woman cannot divorce a man without the man’s consent. A woman counts as half a man in giving evidence in a court of law, or in matters of inheritance. A husband has a moral and religious right to beat his wives for disobedience or for perceived misconduct. A woman has no right to choose her place of residence or to travel freely without her husbands permission. Legal age for marriage varies from country to country; ranging from 9 in Iran to 17 in Tunisia. Muslims follow Prophet Muhammad who married Aisha, a 9 year old girl when he was 53 years old.
5. Sharia, Islamic law and women Muslim women are expected to cover their whole bodies, faces and hands up to their wrists. Sharia opposes freedom to dress for women ; veiling and hejab dressing are enforced. To protect honor, women are kept locked up, isolated and unable to enjoy a full life. Segregation of sexes is upheld in all areas. Any conduct that undermines male supremacy will fall foul of the Sharia Punishment under Sharia; There are three categories of offences under sharia: those prescribed a specific punishment under sharia (Hadd punishment), those that fall under judges discretion and those resolved through a tit-for-tat measure (Vriens, 2009). There are five hadd crimes: 1. unlawful sexual intercourse (sex outside of marriage and adultery) 2. False accusation of unlawful sexual intercourse 3. Wine drinking (sometimes extended to include all alcohol drinking). 4. Theft. 5. Highway robbery.
6. Gender inequality and the Hadd punishments Hadd punishments include flogging, stoning, amputation, exile, or execution. Thousands of Muslim women worldwide are killed by Hadd punishments mainly due to unlawful sexual intercourse or false accusations of unlawful sexual intercourse. Some women who are raped are sentenced and killed with a charge of adultery while the men involved are freed for lack of evidence. According to Sharia, a woman who claims to be raped must present physical evidence accompanied by the testimony of four male witnesses, who actually saw the act itself and the confession of the accused rapist . Without these witnesses and a confession from the accused rapist, the victim will stand condemned by her very accusation: she wasn’t raped, so she must be guilty of sexual activity outside marriage (Zina) (Spenser, 2003). Flogging with 100 lashes is the punishment for Zina. In other cases, Muslim women are stoned to death on the basis of false accusations of unlawful sexual intercourse. An example is a woman in Afghanistan who was found guilty of trying to leave the country in the company of a man who was not a family member. Under sharia , sexual activity was assumed to have happened and the woman was caught and stoned to death as recent as 1996 (Religious Tolerance.org 2007). The human interpretation of the Qur’an and Islam laws should be debated and reinterpreted with a focus on freedom, justice and equality.
7. Hindu Originated when Aryans conquered most of what is now India. It is one of the oldest world religions with it's name derived from the River Indus. There are over 900 million Hindus worldwide. Most Hindus live in India and Nepal. Unlike other religions, Hindu has no single founder, no single holy scripture, and no commonly agreed upon set of teachings. Hindus believe in one divine power who has many manifestations. The Hinduwebsite (2010) lists the five main principles of Hinduism as: Parmeshwar – God. Prarthana- Daily prayer. Punarjanma- The cycle of rebirth which can only be escaped by carrying out actions with a holy sense of duty and dedication. Moksha is reached when on is liberated from this cycle: this is Hindus ultimate goal in life. Purushartha- the law of action. Prani Daya- Compassion for all living things.
8. Hinduism The caste system is practised, and four main castes or positions exist in Hinduism. Brahman is a caste that is made up of priests. Kshatriya is a caste made up of the military. Vaishya is a caste made up of businessmen. Shudra is a caste made up of manual labourers Members of different castes are discouraged from marrying. Verde is the primary text in Hindu, which grants a man and a woman equal rights ( Hinduwebsite, 2010).
9. Hinduism The traditional Hindu texts claim that women’s position was superior than that of a man and practices such as dowry, divorce and forced marriages were discouraged (Scovill, n.d). In today’s society, Hindu women suffer inequalities such as paying dowry price, bride burning, and being cast out when widowed. Girls are valued less than boys and are married off early so that the girls parents can gain sons. The religious practice of sati ( burning of a widow) is widely practiced in India. The Hindu widow is burnt to ashes on her dead husbands pyre as a sign of a “good woman” and if the widow had no sons then she is viewed as useless and deserving to die (Parilla, n.d). Women in Hinduism are challenged by inequality and social injustice from the time of inception to death.
10. Buddha Teachings While Buddha was alive he was fully aware of the discrimination in human nature. He told his disciples to check any suspect in his teachings, word for word, against the Suttas. The same was told to the Kalama people when he told them not to believe his teachings unless proved by their own experiences. Buddha is historically a man and it is said that only a man can become a Buddha though, Buddha itself never was identified with either sex. Many in the Buddhist religion still believe it is bad karma to be reborn as a woman and good karma to be reborn as a man, even though Buddha has no teachings which would lead them in either direction In the time Buddha was alive he led within the social conditions (a dominant patriarchal society), if Buddha was alive today his teachings would still be in liberation to all but in different context to speak to all, because of the teachings of his time most have translated it with ignorance and delusion missing the liberation he meant to give us all.
11. Buddhist Nuns (Bhikkhuni Order) In relation to woman’s role in Buddhist cultural it almost always refers to the Bhikkhuni order, the order of Buddhist nuns. (Asia) 1) A nun who has been ordained even for a hundred years must greet respectfully, rise up from her seat, salute with joined palms, do proper homage to a monk ordained but that day. (meaning she is in less position to any monk) 2) A nun must not spend the rains in a residence where there are no monks. (women cannot be trusted alone 3) Every half month a nun should desire two things from the Order of Monks : the asking as to the date of the Observance (uposatha) day, and the coming for the exhortation. 4) After the rains a nun must 'invite' (pavarana) before both orders in respect of three matters, namely what was seen, what was heard, what was suspected.
12. Buddhist Nuns (Bhikkhuni Order) 5) A nun, offending against an important rule, must undergo manatta discipline for half a month before both orders. 6) When, as a probationer, she has trained in the six rules [ cha dhamma ] for two years, she should seek higher ordination from both orders. 7) A monk must not be abused or reviled in any way by a nun. 8) From today, admonition of monks by nuns is forbidden. (cannot accuse a monk of breaking a law
13. The Image of Buddhist Women Women are often depicted as temptresses or evil incarnate as they are biologically determined to be sexually uncontrollable and have a animalistic nature associated with innate sexual desires not found in men. Buddhism also represents the maternal image of women and as a life-giving positive energy. Women were said to be seen as “evil” and “sexual temptresses” to lead men away from their spiritual path and this image helped them to sustain celibacy. Women were still known to be able to offer emotional support and sensual comfort versus the man’s spirtual solace and salvation through self-discipline.
14. Buddhism Today Many women are still not allowed to attend religious ceremonies unless properly ordained nuns. Buddhist nuns are still undereducated and receive less funding by the monks. Women are still said not to be able to enter Nirvana, though no teachings have proved this statement. The most common subordination to women in Buddhist culture is active in India which has been a patriarchal society since the time of the Vedic society.
15. Important Women in Buddhist History Liu Tiemo “Iron Grindstone” was a Chinese ordained nun and master debater. She was named a dharma heir by Master Guishan who she studied with and who taught mainly men. Mama Moshan was a historical Zen master that taught dharma heirs and taught many women the teachings of Buddha and the way of the dharma. Miaoxin was a disciple of Yangshan Huiji (dharma heir and brother to Liu Tiemo) who made her minister of secular affairs in his monastery in a time women were not known to do such a thing.
16. Buddhism Through the ignorance some have still managed to teach of equality and liberation for all as Buddha wanted. Eihei Dogen said “In arguing the dharma, all acquire the dharma equally. All should pay homage to and hold in esteemed one who has acquired the dharma. Do not make an issue of whether it is a man or a woman. This is the most wondrous law of the Buddha dharma.” Meaning all should achieve the dharma equally and enter Nirvana.
17. Christianity Women have been subordinated in Christian religion for centuries, the bible is a big indicator of how women were treated. "the man is the head of the woman, just as Christ also is the head of the church. . . . Just as the church is subject to Christ, so must women be to their husbands in everything." -Ephesians 5:23 "Let a woman learn in silence with all submissiveness. I permit no woman to teach or to have authority over men; she is to keep silent. . . . Yet woman will be saved through bearing children.”- I Timothy 2:11-15 Additionally, Peter 3:1-6 exhorts wives to "be submissive to your husbands" and have "a gentle and quiet spirit." It also states they should behave toward their husbands "as Sarah obeyed Abraham, calling him lord." And Titus 2:5 directs that women should be "keepers at home."
18. Christianity Women were excluded from many occupations, professions, and positions of leadership until recent times. The only reason they have now seen change in modern times is because people have become more secular. The religion supports such teachings as this by Saint Thomas Aquinas: "Good order would have been wanting in the human family if some were not governed by others wiser than themselves. So by such a kind of subjection woman is naturally subject to man, because in men the discretion of reason predominates."
19. Christianity Pope Paul XI was recorded stating that women could not become pope because “our Lord was a man.” in 1977. Catholic women are forbidden to use birth control in a sense to subject women to staying home, barefoot and pregnant. Many religious leaders such as Martin Luther and John have told Christian followers that women are meant to bear children and raise them, regardless of what they want. All women were created to serve man and a man’s needs will always come first.
20. Christianity One fundamentalist Baptist preacher, while running for governor of Texas in 1989, promised that if elected he would fire all female state employees. He explained, "Momma needs to get back home where she belongs.“ Elizabeth Cady Stanton, to say: "The Bible and the Church have been the greatest stumbling blocks in the way of women's emancipation." She also said about the Bible: "I know of no other books that so fully teach the subjection and degradation of women."
21. Christianity Harper's Magazine said in a November 1853 editorial: "Nothing could be more anti-Biblical than letting women vote Until the second half of the twentieth century, institutionalized Christianity was unfavorable to women in pastoral or ecclesiastical office. This traditional stance continues largely unchanged in Roman Catholicism and Eastern Orthodoxy, as well as among "complementarian" Protestants. As gender roles have shifted in society and in many churches, some Christians have re-evaluated their historic positions. Over the last 50 years Christian egalitarians have increasingly argued for equal roles for men and women in marriage, as well as for the ordination of women to the clergy.
22. Works Cited Islam and Hinduism: Al Salam. 2010. The Holy Qur’an: The revealed word of God. 11 July 2010. http://www.alislam.org/quran/about-quran.php Hakim, Salam. (2009). Religion of Islam: History. Accessed 10 July 2010 at http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cultural/religion/islam/history.html Hinduwebsite. (2010). Hinduism: Concepts and Philosophy. 12 July 2010. < http://www.hinduwebsite.com/hinduism/concepts.asp> Mir-Hosseini, Ziba. Muslim Women’s Quest for Equality: Between Islamic law and feminism. Critical Inquiry, Summer 2006. The University of Chicago. 9 July 2010. <http://www.smi.uib.no/seminars/Mir-Hosseini/Questforequality.pdf> Nasr, Seyyed Hossein. Islam: Religion, history, and civilization. New York, 2003. No to Political Islam Campaign.(2003). Islam and modernity: Women’s rights and the Sharia. 10 July 2010. http://www.ntpi.org/html/womensrights.html Parilla, Vanessa. (n.d). Sati: Virtuous Woman through Self-Sacrifice. 16 July 2010.http://www.csuchico.edu/~cheinz/syllabi/asst001/spring99/parrilla/parr1.htm Robinson, B. A. Sharia law: A brief introduction. ReligiousTolerance.org, 2007. 10 July 2010. http://www.religioustolerance.org/islsharia.htm
23. Works Cited Scovill, Neila Beth. (n.d). The Liberation of Women in Religious Sources. 13 July 2010. http://www.religiousconsultants.org/liberation.htm#Hinduism Spencer, Robert. Rape in Islam: Blaming the victim. 23 Jan 2003. Frontpage.com 7 July 2010. http://97.74.65.51/readArticle.aspx?ARITD=20166 Vriens, Lauren. Islam: Governing under Sharia. Council on Foreign Relation. 23 Mar. 2009. 11 July 2010. http://www.cfr.org/publication/8034/islam.html# Buddhism and Christianity: Findly, Ellison Banks. Women’s Buddhism, Buddhism’s Women: tradition, revision, renewal. Wisdom Publications. 2000. Paul, Diana Y. and Wilson, Frances. Women in Buddhism: images of the feminine in Mahāyāna tradition. University of California Press. Second Edition 1985. Burns, Anthony. An Argument Against Gender Discrimination Within The Buddhist Sangha.http://ibc.ac.th/en/node/216 International Buddhist College, Thailand. 2008. Silva, Swarna de. "The Place of Women in Buddhism". BSQ Tracts on Buddhism No.7 1988. http://www.enabling.org/ia/vipassana/Archive/D/DeSilva/WomenInBuddhism/womenInBuddhismSwarnaDeSilva.html. June 1994. Rev. Patti Nakai. Women In Buddhism. http://www.livingdharma.org/Living.Dharma.Articles/WomenInBuddhism1.html.