This file contains the informational about hepatitis. templates used in this are self made. This is an educational and medical oriented ppt made for the school project. dark vibrant color combination add a glimpse of flavour in it.

1. Hepatitis
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2. Hepatitis
• Hepatitis is inflammation of the liver. Inflammation is swelling that happens when tissues of the
body are injured or infected. It can damage your liver. This swelling and damage can affect how
well your liver functions.
• Hepatitis can be an acute (short-term) infection or a chronic (long-term) infection. Some types of
hepatitis cause only acute infections. Other types can cause both acute and chronic infections
• Hepatitis A and hepatitis E usually spread through contact with food or water that was
contaminated with an infected person's stool. You can also get hepatitis E by eating undercooked
pork, deer, or shellfish.
• Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and hepatitis D spread through contact with the blood of someone who
has the disease. Hepatitis B and D may also spread through contact with other body fluids. This
can happen in many ways, such as sharing drug needles or having unprotected sex.
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3. Types of
Hepatitis
• Hepatitis A
• Hepatitis A is caused by an infection with the hepatitis A virus (HAV). This type of hepatitis is most commonly
transmitted by consuming food or water contaminated by feces from a person infected with hepatitis A.
• Hepatitis B
• Hepatitis B is transmitted through contact with infectious body fluids, such as blood, vaginal secretions, or semen,
containing the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Injection drug use, having sex with an infected partner, or sharing razors
with an infected person increase your risk of getting hepatitis B.
• It’s estimated by the CDCTrusted Source that 1.2 million people in the United States and 350 million people
worldwide live with this chronic disease.
• Hepatitis C
• Hepatitis C comes from the hepatitis C virus (HCV). Hepatitis C is transmitted through direct contact with infected
body fluids, typically through injection drug use and sexual contact. HCV is among the most common blood borne
viral infections in the United States. Approximately 2.7 to 3.9 million Americans Trusted Source are currently living
with a chronic form of this infection.
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4. • Hepatitis D
• Also called delta hepatitis, hepatitis D is a serious liver disease caused
by the hepatitis D virus (HDV). HDV is contracted through direct contact
with infected blood. Hepatitis D is a rare form of hepatitis that only
occurs in conjunction with hepatitis B infection. The hepatitis D virus
can’t multiply without the presence of hepatitis B. It’s very uncommon
in the United States.
• Hepatitis E
• Hepatitis E is a waterborne disease caused by the hepatitis E virus
(HEV). Hepatitis E is mainly found in areas with poor sanitation and
typically results from ingesting fecal matter that contaminates the water
supply. This disease is uncommon in the United States. However, cases
of hepatitis E have been reported in the Middle East, Asia, Central
America, and Africa, according to the CDCTrusted SourceTrusted Source
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

5. Signs and
symptoms
• The signs and symptoms of acute viral hepatitis result from damage
to the liver and are similar regardless of the hepatitis virus
responsible. Patients may experience a flulike illness, and general
symptoms include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, fever, fatigue,
loss of appetite, and, less commonly, rash and joint pain.
Sometimes jaundice, a yellowing of the skin and eyes, will develop.
The acute symptomatic phase of viral hepatitis usually lasts from a
few days to several weeks; the period of jaundice that may follow
can persist from one to three weeks. Complications of acute viral
hepatitis include fulminant hepatitis, which is a very severe, rapidly
developing form of the disease that results in severe liver failure,
impaired kidney function, difficulty in the clotting of blood, and
marked changes in neurological function. Such patients rapidly
become comatose; mortality is as high as 90 percent. Another
complication is chronic hepatitis, which is characterized by
liver cell death and inflammation over a period greater than six
months.
•
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6. Precautions for Hepatitis
Do not inject drugs. If you do inject drugs, stop and get into a treatment program. If you can’t
stop, never share needles, syringes, water, or “works”
Do not share personal care items that might have blood on them (razors, toothbrushes)
If you are a health care or public safety worker, follow universal blood/body fluid precautions
and safely handle needles and other sharps
Consider the risks if you are thinking about tattooing, body piercing, or acupuncture – are the
instruments properly sterilized?
If you’re having sex with more than one steady partner, use latex condoms correctly and every
time to prevent the spread of sexually transmitted diseases, including viral hepatitis and HIV.
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7. Antiviral Medication for Hepatitis A
• No specific treatment exists for hepatitis A. Your body will clear the hepatitis A virus on its own. In
most cases of hepatitis A, the liver heals within six months with no lasting damage.
• Hepatitis A treatment usually focuses on keeping comfortable and controlling signs and
symptoms. You may need to:
• Rest. Many people with hepatitis A infection feel tired and sick and have less energy.
• Manage nausea. Nausea can make it difficult to eat. Try snacking throughout the day rather than
eating full meals. To get enough calories, eat more high-calorie foods. For instance, drink fruit
juice or milk rather than water. Drinking plenty of fluids is important to prevent dehydration if
vomiting occurs.
• Avoid alcohol and use medications with care. Your liver may have difficulty processing
medications and alcohol. If you have hepatitis, don't drink alcohol. It can cause more liver
damage. Talk to your doctor about all the medications you take, including over-the-counter drugs.

8. Antiviral Medication for Hepatitis B
• Doctors may recommend antiviral medication for people with chronic hepatitis B, which occurs when
the virus stays in your body for more than six months.
• Antiviral medication prevents the virus from replicating, or creating copies of itself, and may prevent
progressive liver damage. Currently available medications can treat hepatitis B with a low risk of
serious side effects.
• NYU Langone hepatologists and infectious disease specialists prescribe medication when they have
determined that without treatment, the hepatitis B virus is very likely to damage the liver over time.
People with chronic hepatitis B may need to take antiviral medication for the rest of their lives to
prevent liver damage.
• There are many different types of antiviral medications available, and your doctor recommends the
right type for you based on your symptoms, your overall health, and the results of diagnostic tests. A
doctor may take a “wait-and-see” approach with a person who has a healthy liver and whose blood
tests indicate a low “viral load,” the number of copies of the hepatitis B virus in your bloodstream.

9. Antiviral Medication for Hepatitis C
• For people with hepatitis C, the goal of treatment with antiviral medication is to prevent the virus from replicating, or
copying itself, and to eliminate the virus from the bloodstream. If the hepatitis C virus has been in the body for more than
six months, the infection is considered chronic. Without treatment, most people with acute hepatitis C develop the
chronic form of the disease.
• Your doctor decides which antiviral medication—or combination of medications—to prescribe based on the results of a
blood test called a genotype test. There are six genotypes, or strains, of the hepatitis C virus, and people with certain
genotypes respond more quickly to medical treatment.
• For many years, the standard treatment for chronic hepatitis C consisted of the antiviral medications pegylated interferon
and ribavirin. Ribavirin is taken by mouth every day, and interferon is an injection that you or a caregiver can administer
once a week at home.
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10. Survey for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Taiwan: The Effect of
Hepatitis B Mass Immunization
• Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection creates health problems worldwide. In Taiwan, the carrier rate of hepatitis B surface antigen
(HBsAg) in the general population has been as high as 15%–20%, one of the highest in the world. This has resulted in chronic
hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma in the carriers. The cancer is so common that it has ranked first for cancer
mortality in men and second in women since the early 1980s. In addition, chronic liver diseases rank sixth among causes of death.
In about half of the Taiwanese chronic HBsAg carriers, the infection is attributed to perinatal transmission of the virus from
mothers to infants. To control this serious public health problem in Taiwan, a mass immunization program against hepatitis B was
launched on 1 July 1984, one of the earliest national programs in the world. This program provided us with an excellent
opportunity to observe the effects of hepatitis B mass immunization.
• Several studies have evaluated the immunogenicity and efficacy of hepatitis B vaccination, mostly by following up those who were
vaccinated in early infancy. However, there have been few studies of children, and in those done, the sample sizes were small and
the areas investigated were limited .Therefore, we conducted a nationwide population-based random sampling study of three
birth cohorts at age 6 years. Because the time of birth in these cohorts spanned three different stages of the Taiwanese
vaccination program, the results will be of use for evaluating the program. In addition, the World Health Organization endorsed the
inclusion of hepatitis B vaccine into routine childhood immunization programs in all countries by 1997. Thus, our results may
provide important information for hepatitis B immunization programs

13. Importance of Doctors in day to day life
• Doctors alone amongst healthcare professionals must be capable of
regularly taking ultimate responsibility for difficult decisions in situations of
clinical complexity and uncertainty, drawing on their scientific knowledge
and well developed clinical judgement. The doctor's role must be defined
by what is in the best interest of patients and of the population served.
Based on the definition of the role of a medical doctor proposed by the
International Labour Organisation it is agreed that: "Doctors as clinical
scientists apply the principles and procedures of medicine to prevent,
diagnose, care for and treat patients with illness, disease and injury and to
maintain physical and mental health. They supervise the implementation of
care and treatment plans by others in the health care team and conduct
medical education and research." All healthcare professionals require a set
of generic attributes to merit the trust of patients that underpins the
therapeutic relationship. These qualities include good communication
skills, the ability to work as part of a team, non judgemental behaviour,