HEALTH21 is the WHO European Region's response to the global "Health for All" policy. It sets out a framework to improve health in the Region through 2021. The document summarizes HEALTH21's main goals and strategies, which include promoting equity in health between countries and groups, pursuing multisectoral approaches, and establishing 21 targets to measure progress on key health issues. WHO will support implementation by providing information, tools, and technical assistance to countries, and facilitating coordination across the Region.
Presentation delivered by Dr Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe at the Meeting of the ministers of health of the SEEHN Member States (22 June 2015, Belgrade, Serbia)
#MP2013 Presentation by the Minister of Health.FMINigeria
The document is a mid-term report presented by the Honorable Minister of Health of Nigeria that summarizes achievements under the administration of President Goodluck Jonathan. It outlines the mandate, vision, and structure of the Ministry of Health. It then discusses achievements in areas like leadership and governance, health service delivery, human resources, and infrastructure development. New hospitals, medical centers, and disease control facilities have been established or upgraded across the country to improve access to healthcare.
The document summarizes the history and development of international public health from the mid-1800s to the present. It discusses the establishment of early international health organizations to coordinate disease prevention and control efforts between European nations and their colonies. It then outlines the creation of the World Health Organization in 1948 and its role in promoting universal health coverage through the "Health for All" movement beginning in the 1970s. The movement advocated for primary healthcare as a practical approach for low and middle income countries to improve population health and reduce health inequities globally by the year 2000. While progress was made in many areas, implementation challenges remained due to lack of coordination, community involvement, and health system strengthening in some nations.
1) The North Karelia Project in Finland in the early 1970s demonstrated that lifestyle interventions could successfully address high rates of non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular disease.
2) Through partnerships across different levels of government and with businesses and non-profits, the Project implemented policies, programs, and media campaigns to reduce smoking, saturated fat intake, and high blood pressure in the population.
3) Evaluation showed the interventions were successful in significantly reducing mortality from non-communicable diseases in North Karelia and informed the national expansion of similar prevention programs in Finland.
SCHEME OF PREVENTION OF ALCOHOLISM AND SUBSTANCE (DRUG) ABUSE, 2015GK Dutta
The approach of this Scheme is to provide the whole range of services including awareness generation, identification, counselling, treatment and rehabilitation of addicts through voluntary and other organizations. With a view to reducing the demand for and consumption of alcohol and dependence producing substances, the thrust would be on preventive education programmes and Whole Person Recovery of the drug dependent persons.
This publication provides information on the use of price policies to promote healthy diets and explores policy developments from around the WHO European
Region. It examines the economic theory underpinning the use of subsidies and taxation and explores the currently available evidence. The publication includes
several case studies from WHO European Member States where price policies have been introduced. It concludes with some observations about the design of
more effective price policies.
Presented by Pamela Rendi-Wagner, Director General for Public Health, Austrian Ministry of Health, at the WHO European Ministerial Conference on Nutrition and Noncommunicable Diseases in the Context of Health 2020 on 4 July 2013, in Vienna, Austria.
Disclaimer: WHO is not responsible for the content of presentations made by external speakers at its meetings and conferences. This presentation is published here with the speaker's consent, only for information purpose.
This document provides the vision and goals for a Joint Programming Initiative (JPI) on nutrition, diet, and health from 2010-2030. The goals are to significantly reduce the burden of diet-related diseases in Europe by 2030 by ensuring all Europeans have the motivation, ability, and opportunity to consume a healthy diet and be physically active. It outlines three key research areas: 1) determinants of diet and physical activity behavior, 2) the relationship between diet, food production, and health, and 3) preventing diet-related chronic diseases. The document argues that individual countries cannot adequately address these complex issues alone and a joint, coordinated research effort is needed.
Presentation delivered by Dr Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe at the Meeting of the ministers of health of the SEEHN Member States (22 June 2015, Belgrade, Serbia)
#MP2013 Presentation by the Minister of Health.FMINigeria
The document is a mid-term report presented by the Honorable Minister of Health of Nigeria that summarizes achievements under the administration of President Goodluck Jonathan. It outlines the mandate, vision, and structure of the Ministry of Health. It then discusses achievements in areas like leadership and governance, health service delivery, human resources, and infrastructure development. New hospitals, medical centers, and disease control facilities have been established or upgraded across the country to improve access to healthcare.
The document summarizes the history and development of international public health from the mid-1800s to the present. It discusses the establishment of early international health organizations to coordinate disease prevention and control efforts between European nations and their colonies. It then outlines the creation of the World Health Organization in 1948 and its role in promoting universal health coverage through the "Health for All" movement beginning in the 1970s. The movement advocated for primary healthcare as a practical approach for low and middle income countries to improve population health and reduce health inequities globally by the year 2000. While progress was made in many areas, implementation challenges remained due to lack of coordination, community involvement, and health system strengthening in some nations.
1) The North Karelia Project in Finland in the early 1970s demonstrated that lifestyle interventions could successfully address high rates of non-communicable diseases like cardiovascular disease.
2) Through partnerships across different levels of government and with businesses and non-profits, the Project implemented policies, programs, and media campaigns to reduce smoking, saturated fat intake, and high blood pressure in the population.
3) Evaluation showed the interventions were successful in significantly reducing mortality from non-communicable diseases in North Karelia and informed the national expansion of similar prevention programs in Finland.
SCHEME OF PREVENTION OF ALCOHOLISM AND SUBSTANCE (DRUG) ABUSE, 2015GK Dutta
The approach of this Scheme is to provide the whole range of services including awareness generation, identification, counselling, treatment and rehabilitation of addicts through voluntary and other organizations. With a view to reducing the demand for and consumption of alcohol and dependence producing substances, the thrust would be on preventive education programmes and Whole Person Recovery of the drug dependent persons.
This publication provides information on the use of price policies to promote healthy diets and explores policy developments from around the WHO European
Region. It examines the economic theory underpinning the use of subsidies and taxation and explores the currently available evidence. The publication includes
several case studies from WHO European Member States where price policies have been introduced. It concludes with some observations about the design of
more effective price policies.
Presented by Pamela Rendi-Wagner, Director General for Public Health, Austrian Ministry of Health, at the WHO European Ministerial Conference on Nutrition and Noncommunicable Diseases in the Context of Health 2020 on 4 July 2013, in Vienna, Austria.
Disclaimer: WHO is not responsible for the content of presentations made by external speakers at its meetings and conferences. This presentation is published here with the speaker's consent, only for information purpose.
This document provides the vision and goals for a Joint Programming Initiative (JPI) on nutrition, diet, and health from 2010-2030. The goals are to significantly reduce the burden of diet-related diseases in Europe by 2030 by ensuring all Europeans have the motivation, ability, and opportunity to consume a healthy diet and be physically active. It outlines three key research areas: 1) determinants of diet and physical activity behavior, 2) the relationship between diet, food production, and health, and 3) preventing diet-related chronic diseases. The document argues that individual countries cannot adequately address these complex issues alone and a joint, coordinated research effort is needed.
Sixth meeting of the European Advisory Committee on Health Research (EACHR) - presentation delivered by Dr Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe - 15 April 2015, Copenhagen, Denmark
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that works on international public health issues. It was established in 1948 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. WHO plays a leading role in eradicating diseases like smallpox and currently focuses on HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and other communicable and non-communicable diseases. It is responsible for the World Health Report and works to improve health globally.
Unit 3.7 health sector stratigies 2004 agenda for reformchetraj pandit
This document outlines Nepal's health sector strategy from 2004. It draws on several key government health documents from 1991-2001. The strategy aims to reduce poverty and achieve Millennium Development Goals by focusing on essential health services for the poor, including safe motherhood, child health, and communicable disease control. It seeks to [1] ensure the poor have access to essential health care, [2] give local bodies responsibility for managing health facilities, and [3] recognize the roles of private and nonprofit sectors in service delivery. Sector management outputs include [1] coordinated planning and financing within the Ministry of Health, [2] sustainable health financing schemes, [3] effective management of assets and supplies, [4]
This document summarizes the key points from the Ashgabat Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases in the Context of Health 2020. The declaration was adopted by health ministers and representatives from WHO European member states who met in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan in December 2013. In the declaration, they commit to accelerating efforts to implement the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, taking whole-of-government approaches to address social determinants of health, and strengthening national policies and health systems to better monitor and respond to NCDs through prevention, treatment, and research.
WHO is working to ensure that everyone has access to quality health care.
In many countries, there is little money available to spend on health. This
results in inadequate hospitals and clinics, a short supply of essential
medicines and equipment, and a critical shortage of health workers.
Worse, in some parts of the world, large numbers of health workers are
dying from the very diseases which they are trying to prevent and treat.
WHO works with countries to help them plan, educate and manage the
health workforce, for example, by advising on policies to recruit and retain
people working in health.
The document discusses WHO's new European policy for health called Health 2020. It aims to improve health and reduce health inequalities across Europe by tackling major health challenges like noncommunicable diseases, strengthening health systems, and creating supportive environments. The policy focuses on four priorities: improving leadership on health, investing in health across one's lifetime, addressing major diseases, and building resilient communities. It also discusses the impact of the economic crisis on health systems and policies to promote universal healthcare coverage and public health interventions.
World Health Organization, Msw 2nd semester, Jomon Josephjomonmeerut
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that was established on April 7, 1948 with a goal of attaining the highest level of health for all people. WHO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland and works through 6 regional offices to coordinate global health initiatives, set health standards and guidelines, and monitor health trends worldwide. WHO aims to promote health, keep smallpox eradicated, and reduce illnesses, disabilities and deaths caused by diseases.
This document discusses promoting well-being and preventing disease through nutrition and lifestyle changes in Europe. It notes that central Europe and central Asia have seen the slowest life expectancy gains of any world region. The top preventable risk factors for disease burden are smoking, high blood pressure, overweight/obesity, and physical inactivity. It argues for policies like limiting junk food marketing to children, taxing unhealthy foods, and establishing healthy food standards in schools and government institutions to effectively promote public health.
The document summarizes progress on health in Uzbekistan between 2016-2020 under the UNDAF. Key achievements include reducing tuberculosis cases and mortality, adopting WHO guidelines on HIV/AIDS treatment, strengthening immunization programs, ratifying the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and decreasing maternal and infant mortality rates. It outlines priorities for 2018-2020 such as strengthening health systems, integrating SDG monitoring, and addressing communicable and non-communicable diseases. Actual UN agency spending on health totaled $4.9 million from 2016-2017.
The World Health Organization (WHO) is the United Nations agency responsible for global public health. It was established in 1948 and is governed by 192 member states. WHO sets global health standards and guidelines, provides technical support to countries, monitors health trends, and works with partners to promote health and strengthen health systems globally. It aims to guide worldwide health efforts, set health standards, and help governments strengthen their national health programs.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in public health from Lecture b, including:
- Defining important public health terminology like endemic, epidemic, morbidity, and mortality.
- Illustrating the general organization of public health agencies in the United States at the local, state, and federal levels.
- Explaining several roles of public health like education, policy, monitoring and surveillance, and regulating reportable diseases.
Public health policy development in developing countries Ruby Med Plus
Public Health policy development in developing countries is addressed by four policy questions:
1. Does the introduction of a health policy at national, international level imply corresponding improvement in the quality of health of a country/population?
2. For effective health systems with efficient outcome: should health related policies be locally/nationally or internationally motivated (initiated)?
3. Should developing countries rely on the West for changes in the health of their population?
4. What is the impact of health policies adopted at the international scene on the health of populations in developing countries?
The document outlines India's national health programs which are organized into several categories: communicable disease programs, non-communicable disease programs, nutritional programs, system strengthening/welfare programs, and health policies. It lists specific programs targeting diseases and conditions like tuberculosis, leprosy, AIDS, as well as programs focused on immunization, nutrition, water and sanitation, and empowering women and children. The national health programs aim to address both communicable and non-communicable diseases across India.
1) The document discusses health and sustainable development. It emphasizes that health is a political choice and a priority for the public.
2) It summarizes Uzbekistan's progress in improving health outcomes like increased life expectancy while also noting ongoing challenges like inequities.
3) It argues that coherent, multisectoral policies are needed to strengthen primary health care, reduce inequities, and ensure universal access to reduce out-of-pocket payments.
1) The document discusses health and sustainable development. It emphasizes that health is a political choice and a priority for the public.
2) It summarizes Uzbekistan's progress in improving health outcomes like increased life expectancy while also noting ongoing challenges like inequities.
3) It argues that achieving universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals requires multisectoral policies and coherence across health and other agendas to reduce inequities and environmental and commercial determinants of health.
The social gradient in health refers to the consistent finding that lower socioeconomic status is associated with worse health outcomes and shorter life expectancy. People further down the social ladder run at least twice the risk of serious illness and premature death compared to those higher up. This social gradient exists even among middle-class groups. Both material and psychosocial factors contribute to these health inequalities. Addressing the social determinants of health through policies that reduce educational failure, employment insecurity, and poverty across the lifespan is important for improving population health and social justice.
This document discusses governance for health in the 21st century. It defines governance for health as governments and other actors working to improve health and well-being through whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches. It highlights that views are shifting to consider health as a factor in many societal systems, requiring action across sectors. Governance for health builds on past approaches like intersectoral action and health in all policies. It requires synergistic policies across government and society supported by collaborative structures and citizen engagement.
Re thinking-european-healthcare-ehp-book-2015 2016 MEDx.CareMEDx eHealthCenter
This document outlines recommendations from the European Health Parliament's committee on antimicrobial resistance. It begins with an executive summary describing the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance and outlines four key areas of recommendations: 1) establishing a European Health Semester platform and national AMR teams to improve cross-border cooperation; 2) preventing AMR through GP interventions, diagnostic tools, and education; 3) implementing manufacturing standards to prevent pharmaceutical pollution; and 4) creating access to innovative tools through a global fund. The full document provides further context on antimicrobial resistance as a global crisis and the factors driving increased resistance.
This document proposes ways for the EU to strengthen its role in global health. It recommends that the EU:
1) Seek stronger leadership and coordination of global health actors like the WHO to improve governance.
2) Increase support to help all countries achieve universal healthcare coverage and make faster progress on health-related UN Millennium Development Goals.
3) Promote policy coherence across EU policies affecting health like trade, development aid, migration, and climate change.
EN EN COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Br.docxSALU18
EN EN
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
Brussels, 23.10.2007
COM(2007) 630 final
WHITE PAPER
Together for Health:
A Strategic Approach for the EU 2008-2013
(presented by the Commission)
{SEC(2007) 1374}
{SEC(2007) 1375}
{SEC(2007) 1376}
EN 2 EN
WHITE PAPER
Together for Health:
A Strategic Approach for the EU 2008-2013
1. WHY A NEW HEALTH STRATEGY?
Health is central in people's lives and needs to be supported by effective policies and actions
in Member States, at EC1 level and at global level.
Member States have the main responsibility for health policy and provision of healthcare to
European citizens. The EC's role is not to mirror or duplicate their work. However, there are
areas where Member States cannot act alone effectively and where cooperative action at
Community level is indispensable. These include major health threats and issues with a cross-
border or international impact, such as pandemics and bioterrorism, as well as those relating
to free movement of goods, services and people.
To carry out this role, cross-sectoral work is required. Article 152 of the EC Treaty says that a
"high level of human health protection shall be ensured in the definition and implementation
of all Community policies and activities". This Strategy reinforces the importance of health in
policies such as the Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Jobs, emphasising the links between
health and economic prosperity, and the Citizens' Agenda, recognising people's right to be
empowered in relation to their health and healthcare. Actions in the Strategy represent work
on health across all sectors. Health is found in Treaty articles on the Internal Market,
Environment, Consumer Protection, Social Affairs including the Safety and Health of
Workers, Development Policy, and Research, amongst many others2.
The EC's important role in health policy has been reaffirmed in the Reform Treaty which was
agreed by EU Heads of State and Government in Lisbon on 19 October 2007, and which
proposes to reinforce the political importance of health. A new overall aim on supporting
citizens' wellbeing is expected, as well as an encouragement of cooperation amongst Member
States on health and health services. Work on health at Community level adds value to
Member States' actions, particularly in the area of prevention of illness, including work on
food safety and nutrition, the safety of medical products, tackling smoking, legislation on
blood, tissues and cells, and organs, water and air quality, and the launch of a number of
health-related agencies. However, there are several growing challenges to the health of the
population which require a new strategic approach.
– Firstly, demographic changes including population ageing are changing disease patterns
and putting pressure on the sustainability of EU health systems. Supporting healthy ageing
means both promoting health throughout the lifespan, aiming to prevent h ...
WHO's new European health strategy, Health 2020, aims to improve health for all Europeans and reduce health inequalities. It recommends a "whole of society" and "whole of government" approach. The strategy sets six headline targets to be achieved by 2020 related to life expectancy, mortality rates, wellbeing, universal health coverage, and national health goals. However, whether Health 2020 succeeds depends on governments demonstrating real political commitment to cross-sector collaboration on public health issues outside of just healthcare systems. The strategy's emphasis on supporting member states' implementation efforts is a refreshing shift from WHO's prior analytical focus.
WHO is the leading authority on global health within the United Nations. It provides leadership, shapes health research agendas, sets standards and policies, and monitors health trends. A key achievement was eradicating smallpox in the late 1970s through a global vaccination campaign coordinated by WHO. WHO works to ensure universal access to quality healthcare and helps countries plan their health systems and workforce. The definition of health includes physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.
Sixth meeting of the European Advisory Committee on Health Research (EACHR) - presentation delivered by Dr Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe - 15 April 2015, Copenhagen, Denmark
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that works on international public health issues. It was established in 1948 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland. WHO plays a leading role in eradicating diseases like smallpox and currently focuses on HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and other communicable and non-communicable diseases. It is responsible for the World Health Report and works to improve health globally.
Unit 3.7 health sector stratigies 2004 agenda for reformchetraj pandit
This document outlines Nepal's health sector strategy from 2004. It draws on several key government health documents from 1991-2001. The strategy aims to reduce poverty and achieve Millennium Development Goals by focusing on essential health services for the poor, including safe motherhood, child health, and communicable disease control. It seeks to [1] ensure the poor have access to essential health care, [2] give local bodies responsibility for managing health facilities, and [3] recognize the roles of private and nonprofit sectors in service delivery. Sector management outputs include [1] coordinated planning and financing within the Ministry of Health, [2] sustainable health financing schemes, [3] effective management of assets and supplies, [4]
This document summarizes the key points from the Ashgabat Declaration on the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases in the Context of Health 2020. The declaration was adopted by health ministers and representatives from WHO European member states who met in Ashgabat, Turkmenistan in December 2013. In the declaration, they commit to accelerating efforts to implement the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, taking whole-of-government approaches to address social determinants of health, and strengthening national policies and health systems to better monitor and respond to NCDs through prevention, treatment, and research.
WHO is working to ensure that everyone has access to quality health care.
In many countries, there is little money available to spend on health. This
results in inadequate hospitals and clinics, a short supply of essential
medicines and equipment, and a critical shortage of health workers.
Worse, in some parts of the world, large numbers of health workers are
dying from the very diseases which they are trying to prevent and treat.
WHO works with countries to help them plan, educate and manage the
health workforce, for example, by advising on policies to recruit and retain
people working in health.
The document discusses WHO's new European policy for health called Health 2020. It aims to improve health and reduce health inequalities across Europe by tackling major health challenges like noncommunicable diseases, strengthening health systems, and creating supportive environments. The policy focuses on four priorities: improving leadership on health, investing in health across one's lifetime, addressing major diseases, and building resilient communities. It also discusses the impact of the economic crisis on health systems and policies to promote universal healthcare coverage and public health interventions.
World Health Organization, Msw 2nd semester, Jomon Josephjomonmeerut
The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that was established on April 7, 1948 with a goal of attaining the highest level of health for all people. WHO is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland and works through 6 regional offices to coordinate global health initiatives, set health standards and guidelines, and monitor health trends worldwide. WHO aims to promote health, keep smallpox eradicated, and reduce illnesses, disabilities and deaths caused by diseases.
This document discusses promoting well-being and preventing disease through nutrition and lifestyle changes in Europe. It notes that central Europe and central Asia have seen the slowest life expectancy gains of any world region. The top preventable risk factors for disease burden are smoking, high blood pressure, overweight/obesity, and physical inactivity. It argues for policies like limiting junk food marketing to children, taxing unhealthy foods, and establishing healthy food standards in schools and government institutions to effectively promote public health.
The document summarizes progress on health in Uzbekistan between 2016-2020 under the UNDAF. Key achievements include reducing tuberculosis cases and mortality, adopting WHO guidelines on HIV/AIDS treatment, strengthening immunization programs, ratifying the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, and decreasing maternal and infant mortality rates. It outlines priorities for 2018-2020 such as strengthening health systems, integrating SDG monitoring, and addressing communicable and non-communicable diseases. Actual UN agency spending on health totaled $4.9 million from 2016-2017.
The World Health Organization (WHO) is the United Nations agency responsible for global public health. It was established in 1948 and is governed by 192 member states. WHO sets global health standards and guidelines, provides technical support to countries, monitors health trends, and works with partners to promote health and strengthen health systems globally. It aims to guide worldwide health efforts, set health standards, and help governments strengthen their national health programs.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in public health from Lecture b, including:
- Defining important public health terminology like endemic, epidemic, morbidity, and mortality.
- Illustrating the general organization of public health agencies in the United States at the local, state, and federal levels.
- Explaining several roles of public health like education, policy, monitoring and surveillance, and regulating reportable diseases.
Public health policy development in developing countries Ruby Med Plus
Public Health policy development in developing countries is addressed by four policy questions:
1. Does the introduction of a health policy at national, international level imply corresponding improvement in the quality of health of a country/population?
2. For effective health systems with efficient outcome: should health related policies be locally/nationally or internationally motivated (initiated)?
3. Should developing countries rely on the West for changes in the health of their population?
4. What is the impact of health policies adopted at the international scene on the health of populations in developing countries?
The document outlines India's national health programs which are organized into several categories: communicable disease programs, non-communicable disease programs, nutritional programs, system strengthening/welfare programs, and health policies. It lists specific programs targeting diseases and conditions like tuberculosis, leprosy, AIDS, as well as programs focused on immunization, nutrition, water and sanitation, and empowering women and children. The national health programs aim to address both communicable and non-communicable diseases across India.
1) The document discusses health and sustainable development. It emphasizes that health is a political choice and a priority for the public.
2) It summarizes Uzbekistan's progress in improving health outcomes like increased life expectancy while also noting ongoing challenges like inequities.
3) It argues that coherent, multisectoral policies are needed to strengthen primary health care, reduce inequities, and ensure universal access to reduce out-of-pocket payments.
1) The document discusses health and sustainable development. It emphasizes that health is a political choice and a priority for the public.
2) It summarizes Uzbekistan's progress in improving health outcomes like increased life expectancy while also noting ongoing challenges like inequities.
3) It argues that achieving universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals requires multisectoral policies and coherence across health and other agendas to reduce inequities and environmental and commercial determinants of health.
The social gradient in health refers to the consistent finding that lower socioeconomic status is associated with worse health outcomes and shorter life expectancy. People further down the social ladder run at least twice the risk of serious illness and premature death compared to those higher up. This social gradient exists even among middle-class groups. Both material and psychosocial factors contribute to these health inequalities. Addressing the social determinants of health through policies that reduce educational failure, employment insecurity, and poverty across the lifespan is important for improving population health and social justice.
This document discusses governance for health in the 21st century. It defines governance for health as governments and other actors working to improve health and well-being through whole-of-government and whole-of-society approaches. It highlights that views are shifting to consider health as a factor in many societal systems, requiring action across sectors. Governance for health builds on past approaches like intersectoral action and health in all policies. It requires synergistic policies across government and society supported by collaborative structures and citizen engagement.
Re thinking-european-healthcare-ehp-book-2015 2016 MEDx.CareMEDx eHealthCenter
This document outlines recommendations from the European Health Parliament's committee on antimicrobial resistance. It begins with an executive summary describing the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance and outlines four key areas of recommendations: 1) establishing a European Health Semester platform and national AMR teams to improve cross-border cooperation; 2) preventing AMR through GP interventions, diagnostic tools, and education; 3) implementing manufacturing standards to prevent pharmaceutical pollution; and 4) creating access to innovative tools through a global fund. The full document provides further context on antimicrobial resistance as a global crisis and the factors driving increased resistance.
This document proposes ways for the EU to strengthen its role in global health. It recommends that the EU:
1) Seek stronger leadership and coordination of global health actors like the WHO to improve governance.
2) Increase support to help all countries achieve universal healthcare coverage and make faster progress on health-related UN Millennium Development Goals.
3) Promote policy coherence across EU policies affecting health like trade, development aid, migration, and climate change.
EN EN COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES Br.docxSALU18
EN EN
COMMISSION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES
Brussels, 23.10.2007
COM(2007) 630 final
WHITE PAPER
Together for Health:
A Strategic Approach for the EU 2008-2013
(presented by the Commission)
{SEC(2007) 1374}
{SEC(2007) 1375}
{SEC(2007) 1376}
EN 2 EN
WHITE PAPER
Together for Health:
A Strategic Approach for the EU 2008-2013
1. WHY A NEW HEALTH STRATEGY?
Health is central in people's lives and needs to be supported by effective policies and actions
in Member States, at EC1 level and at global level.
Member States have the main responsibility for health policy and provision of healthcare to
European citizens. The EC's role is not to mirror or duplicate their work. However, there are
areas where Member States cannot act alone effectively and where cooperative action at
Community level is indispensable. These include major health threats and issues with a cross-
border or international impact, such as pandemics and bioterrorism, as well as those relating
to free movement of goods, services and people.
To carry out this role, cross-sectoral work is required. Article 152 of the EC Treaty says that a
"high level of human health protection shall be ensured in the definition and implementation
of all Community policies and activities". This Strategy reinforces the importance of health in
policies such as the Lisbon Strategy for Growth and Jobs, emphasising the links between
health and economic prosperity, and the Citizens' Agenda, recognising people's right to be
empowered in relation to their health and healthcare. Actions in the Strategy represent work
on health across all sectors. Health is found in Treaty articles on the Internal Market,
Environment, Consumer Protection, Social Affairs including the Safety and Health of
Workers, Development Policy, and Research, amongst many others2.
The EC's important role in health policy has been reaffirmed in the Reform Treaty which was
agreed by EU Heads of State and Government in Lisbon on 19 October 2007, and which
proposes to reinforce the political importance of health. A new overall aim on supporting
citizens' wellbeing is expected, as well as an encouragement of cooperation amongst Member
States on health and health services. Work on health at Community level adds value to
Member States' actions, particularly in the area of prevention of illness, including work on
food safety and nutrition, the safety of medical products, tackling smoking, legislation on
blood, tissues and cells, and organs, water and air quality, and the launch of a number of
health-related agencies. However, there are several growing challenges to the health of the
population which require a new strategic approach.
– Firstly, demographic changes including population ageing are changing disease patterns
and putting pressure on the sustainability of EU health systems. Supporting healthy ageing
means both promoting health throughout the lifespan, aiming to prevent h ...
WHO's new European health strategy, Health 2020, aims to improve health for all Europeans and reduce health inequalities. It recommends a "whole of society" and "whole of government" approach. The strategy sets six headline targets to be achieved by 2020 related to life expectancy, mortality rates, wellbeing, universal health coverage, and national health goals. However, whether Health 2020 succeeds depends on governments demonstrating real political commitment to cross-sector collaboration on public health issues outside of just healthcare systems. The strategy's emphasis on supporting member states' implementation efforts is a refreshing shift from WHO's prior analytical focus.
WHO is the leading authority on global health within the United Nations. It provides leadership, shapes health research agendas, sets standards and policies, and monitors health trends. A key achievement was eradicating smallpox in the late 1970s through a global vaccination campaign coordinated by WHO. WHO works to ensure universal access to quality healthcare and helps countries plan their health systems and workforce. The definition of health includes physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the absence of disease.
Presentation made by Zsuzsanna Jakab, WHO Regional Director for Europe, at the meeting on Interdepartmental Plan for Public Health of Catalonia (PINSAP) Strategy and Programme, held in Barcelona, Spain on 14 February 2014.
Monitoring progress towards universal health coverage at country and global l...The Rockefeller Foundation
A movement towards universal health coverage (UHC) – ensuring that everyone who needs health services is able to get them, without undue financial hardship – has been growing across the globe (1). This has led to a sharp increase in the demand for expertise, evidence and measures of progress and a push to make UHC one of the goals of the post-2015 development agenda (2). This paper proposes a framework for tracking country and global progress towards UHC; its aim is to inform and guide these discussions and assessment of both aggregate and equitable coverage of essential health services as well as financial protection. Monitoring progress towards these two components of UHC will be complementary and critical to achieving desirable health outcome goals, such as ending preventable deaths and promoting healthy life expectancy and also reducing poverty and protecting household incomes.
This paper was written jointly by the World Health Organization (WHO) and The World Bank Group on the basis of consultations and discussions with country representatives, technical experts and global health and development partners (3). A draft of this paper was posted online and circulated widely for consultation between December 2013 and February 2014. Nearly 70 submissions were received from countries, development partners, civil society, academics and other interested stakeholders. The feedback was synthesized and reviewed at a meeting of country and global experts in Bellagio, Italy, in March 2014 (4). The paper was modified to reflect the views emerging from these consultations.
Alma-Ata Conferance 2018, Global Conference on Primary Health Care. From Alma-Ata towards universal health coverage and the Sustainable Development Goals. Astana, Kazakhstan, 25 and 26 October 2018
The World Health Organization’s (WHO) first-ever report on the health of refugees and migrants in Europe shows increasing vulnerability to both communicable and noncommunicable diseases such as diabetes, depression, and anxiety once individuals enter their host country. Refugees and migrants also present with cancer at more advanced stages.
Although European countries are implementing a strategy and action plan for refugee and migrant health, the report called for greater progress in making health systems responsive to displaced populations, including by ensuring culturally and linguistically appropriate care as well as access to basic preventive care. Migrants make up 10 percent of Europe’s population; 7 percent are refugees.
Health 2020 is a new European policy framework for health and well-being adopted by the WHO Regional Committee for Europe in 2012. It aims to significantly improve population health and well-being, reduce health inequities, and ensure sustainable health systems. Health 2020 recognizes that health challenges require involvement across all levels of government and society. It provides an adaptable framework for integrated interventions to address major health issues like noncommunicable and communicable diseases.
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3. European Health for All Series No. 5
Anintroductiontothe
healthforallpolicyframework for
theWHOEuropeanRegion
World Health Organization
Regional Office for Europe
Copenhagen
4. Adopted by the world health community at the Fifty-first World Health Assembly,
May 1998
I
We, the Member States of the World Health Organization (WHO), reaffirm our commitment
to the principle enunciated in its Constitution that the enjoyment of the highest attainable
standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being; in doing so, we
affirm the dignity and worth of every person, and the equal rights, equal duties and shared
responsibilities of all for health.
II
We recognize that the improvement of the health and well-being of people is the ultimate aim
of social and economic development. We are committed to the ethical concepts of equity,
solidarity and social justice and to the incorporation of a gender perspective into our strate-
gies. We emphasize the importance of reducing social and economic inequities in improving
the health of the whole population. Therefore, it is imperative to pay the greatest attention to
those most in need, burdened by ill-health, receiving inadequate services for health or affected
by poverty. We reaffirm our will to promote health by addressing the basic determinants and
prerequisites for health. We acknowledge that changes in the world health situation require
that we give effect to the “Health-for-All Policy for the 21st century” through relevant regional
and national policies and strategies.1
1
Text not highlighted
in original.
World Health Declaration4
5. III
We recommit ourselves to strengthening, adapting and reforming, as appropriate, our health
systems, including essential public health functions and services, in order to ensure universal
access to health services that are based on scientific evidence, of good quality and within
affordable limits, and that are sustainable for the future. We intend to ensure the availability of
the essentials of primary health care as defined in the Declaration of Alma-Ata2
and developed
in the new policy. We will continue to develop health systems to respond to the current and
anticipated health conditions, socioeconomic circumstances and needs of the people, com-
munities and countries concerned, through appropriately managed public and private actions
and investments for health.
IV
We recognize that in working towards health for all, all nations, communities, families and
individuals are interdependent. As a community of nations, we will act together to meet com-
mon threats to health and to promote universal well-being.
V
We, the Member States of the World Health Organization, hereby resolve to promote and
support the rights and principles, action and responsibilities enunciated in this Declaration
through concerted action, full participation and partnership, calling on all peoples and insti-
tutions to share the vision of health for all in the 21st century, and to endeavour in common to
realize it.
World Health Declaration
2
Adopted at the Inter-
national Conference on
Primary Health Care,
Alma-Ata, 6–12 Septem-
ber 1978, and endorsed by
the Thirty-second World
Health Assembly in
resolution WHA32.30
(May 1979).
5
9. 9
Four main strategies for action have been chosen to ensure that scientific, economic, social
and political sustainability drive the implementation of HEALTH21:
• multisectoral strategies to tackle the determinants of health, taking into account physical,
economic, social, cultural and gender perspectives, and ensuring the use of health impact
assessment;
• health-outcome-driven programmes and investments for health development and clinical
care;
• integrated family- and community-oriented primary health care, supported by a flexible
and responsive hospital system; and
• a participatory health development process that involves relevant partners for health at
home, school and work and at local community and country levels, and that promotes
joint decision-making, implementation and accountability.
Twenty-one targets for health for all have been set, which specifically spell out the needs of the
whole European Region and suggest the necessary actions to improve the situation. They will
provide the “benchmarks” against which to measure progress in improving and protecting
health, and in reducing health risks. These 21 targets together constitute an inspirational
framework for developing health policies in the countries of the European Region.
HEALTH21 should be incorporated into the health development policy of every Member State of
the Region and its principles should be embraced by all major European organizations and
institutions. For its part, the WHO Regional Office for Europe should give strong support by
playing the following five main roles:
1. act as a “health conscience”, defending the principle of health as a basic human right, and
identifying and drawing attention to persistent or emerging concerns related to people’s
health;
2. function as a major information centre on health and health development;
3. promote the health for all policy throughout the Region and ensure its periodic updating;
4. provide up-to-date evidence-based tools that countries can use to turn policies based on
health for all into action; and
5. work as a catalyst for action by:
• providing technical cooperation with Member States – this can be strengthened through
the establishment of a strong WHO function in every country, to ensure the mutually
beneficial exchange of experience between the country and the regional health organiza-
tion;
• exercising leadership in Region-wide efforts to eradicate, eliminate or control diseases
that are major threats to public health, such as epidemics of communicable diseases and
pandemics such as tobacco-related diseases;
Summary
10. Summary10
• promoting policies based on health for all with many partners through networks across the
European Region; and
• facilitating the coordination of emergency preparedness for and response to public health
disasters in the Region.
This book serves as a guide to the full regional health for all policy, which is described in detail
in HEALTH21: the health for all policy framework for the WHO European Region (European
Health For All Series No. 6).
13. To foster stronger equity and solidarity in health development between Member
States of the Region and better equity in health among groups within each country
Closing the health gap between countries
Poverty is a major cause of ill health and lack of social cohesion. One third of the population in
the eastern part of the Region, 120 million people, live in extreme poverty. Health has suffered
One third of the
population in the
eastern part of the
Region live in
extreme poverty
Life expectancy at
birth in subregional
groups of countries in
the European Region,
1970–1996
13Solidarity and equity in health
most where economies are unable to
secure an adequate income for all,
where social systems have collapsed,
and where natural resources have
been poorly managed. This is clearly
demonstrated by the wide health gap
between the western and eastern parts
of the Region. Infant mortality ranges
from 3 to 43 deaths per thousand live
births, and life expectancy at birth
from 79 to 64 years.
In order to reduce these inequities and
to maintain the security and cohesion
of the European Region, a much
stronger collective effort needs to be
made by international institutions,
funding agencies and donor countries
to increase the volume, synergy and
effectiveness of health development
support to the countries most in need.
The “20/20 initiative”, springing from
the United Nations Social Summit
held in Copenhagen in
1995, should now be
fully respected. That
is, at least 20% of
overall development
assistance should be
allocatedtosocialsec-
tor activities, and re-
ceiving countries should allocate at least 20% of their national budgets (net of aid)
to basic social services. Furthermore, external support should be much better integrated
through joint inputs into government health development programmes that are given high
priority and are firmly based on a national health for all policy in the receiving country.
Lifeexpectancy(years)
80
75
70
65
Year
1970
1972
1974
1976
1978
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
EU
European Region
CCEE
NIS
Target 1.
Solidarity for
health in the
European
Region
18. Communicable diseases. Reducing communicable diseases requires an integrated approach
combining health promotion, disease prevention and patient treatment. Improvement and
maintenance of basic hygiene, water quality and food safety are essential, as are sustainable
and effective immunization programmes and well directed treatment schedules. Efforts
against communicable diseases can be directed towards eradication, elimination or control.
Within the time span covered by HEALTH21, poliomyelitis, measles and neonatal tetanus
should be eliminated from the Region (the first two as part of global eradication efforts) and
Syphilis incidence in
subregional groups of
countries in the
European Region,
1990–1996
Better health for the people ofWHO’s European Region18
congenital rubella, diphtheria, hepati-
tis B, mumps, pertussis and invasive
diseases caused by Haemophilus
influenzae should be well controlled
through immunization. In
addition, tough, coordi-
nated action is required
to strengthen preven-
tion and treatment
programmes for tuber-
culosis, malaria, HIV/
AIDS and sexually trans-
mitted diseases.
Noncommunicable diseases. Cardio-
vascular diseases, cancer, diabetes,
chronic obstructive lung disease and
asthma combine to create the greatest
health problems in the Region. A large
part of these problems could be elimi-
nated if all countries organized, both
at country level and in local commu-
nities, an integrated
programme to re-
duce the risk fac-
tors that are common to many of these diseases. These factors include
smoking, unhealthy nutrition, lack of physical activity, use of alcohol and
stress. The European Region has a good deal of experience in conducting
such integrated programmes: the CINDI approach, which should now be
carried out in every local community in all Member States. Furthermore,
diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation services for these diseases – including
acute care facilities – need improvement in many Member States. One important part of such
an effort should be strong support for self-care, including the retraining of health profession-
als in this concept.
NIS
CCEE
EU
Newcasesper100000population
225
200
175
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
Year
Target 7.
Reducing
communicable
diseases
Target 8.
Reducing
noncommunicable
diseases
19. 19Better health for the people ofWHO’s European Region
Violence and accidents. Reducing injury from violence and accidents requires improved
emergency services in many countries and stricter enforcement of the well
known preventive measures that can cut accidents on the roads, at work
and in the home. Higher priority needs to be given to issues related to
social cohesion and the major causes of violence – including domestic
violence – with particular attention to alcohol (see below).
Target 9.
Reducing
injury from
violence and
accidents
21. Trade and agricultural
policies should con-
tinue to be realigned to
promote health, pro-
vide safe food and pro-
tect the environment.
Promoting more healthy
eating and reducing obesity would re-
sult in considerable health gains, es-
pecially among vulnerable groups.
This requires fiscal, agricultural and
retail policies that increase the avail-
ability of, access to and consumption
of vegetables and fruits and reduce the
consumption of high-fat food, par-
ticularly for low-income groups.
Health education alone is not suffi-
cient to tackle health and food issues
successfully. Safe food handling to
reduce the risk of contamination
should be applied throughout the
entire food chain. It is important
that policy-makers, especially those
dealing with nutrition and food
safety, strengthen cooperation be-
tween private and voluntary sectors.
Cycling, walking and the use of public
transport instead of cars all promote
Consumption of
tobacco and
cigarettes in France,
1975–1997
21A multisectoral strategy for sustainable health
health by increasing physical activity and social contact. They also reduce fatal accidents and
air pollution. Financial support for public transport, and the creation of tax disincentives for
the business use of cars, can be a powerful stimulus for change. So can increasing the numbers
of bus, cycle and walking lanes, and inhibiting the growth of low-density sub-
urbs and out-of-town supermarkets, both of which increase the use of cars.
Smoking is the biggest threat to health in the European Region.
Implementation of the 1988 Madrid Charter against Tobacco and the
Action Plan for a Tobacco-free Europe will lead to health and economic
gain. Increasing taxes on tobacco products raises government revenue
and saves lives. Tighter regulation of tobacco products and greater avail-
ability of treatment products and cessation advice, coupled with enhanced
110
105
100
95
90
85
80
75
The“Evin”law of 1991 placed a complete ban on
tobacco advertising, banned smoking in public places and
raised the retail price of tobacco products.
Source: DUBOIS, G. La
nécessaire internationalisation
de la lutte contre le
tabagisme. Bulletin de
l’Académie nationale de
médecine, 182: 939–953
(1998).
Year
Units×109
(1unit=1cigaretteor1goftobacco)
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
“Evin”
law
TOBACCOCIGARETTES
Environmental
taxes, by reducing
pollution, promote
health
Target 11.
Healthier
living
Target 12.
Reducing harm
from alcohol,
drugs and
tobacco
24. A multisectoral strategy for sustainable health24
Accountability for health impact
An effective approach to health development requires all sectors of society to be
accountable for the health impact of their policies and programmes and rec-
ognition of the benefits to themselves of promoting and protecting health.
Health impact assessment must therefore be applied to any social and eco-
nomic policy or programme, as well as development projects, likely to have
an effect on health.
Accountability also rests with government leaders who create policy, allocate
resources and initiate legislation. Mechanisms such as health policy audits, litiga-
tion for health damages and public access to reports on health impact assessments can ensure
that both the public sector and private industry are publicly accountable for the health effects
of their policies and actions.
Countries should also aim to ensure that their foreign aid and trade policies are not detrimen-
tal to health in other countries, and that they contribute as much as possible to the develop-
ment of disadvantaged countries. Closer cooperation between countries, and the development
and implementation of international codes of conduct and regulatory mechanisms, can mini-
mize such problems.
Accountability also
rests with
government
leaders
Target 14.
Multisectoral
responsibility
for health
25. To orient the health sector towards ensuring better health gain,
equity and cost–effectiveness
Integrating health care
Health services cost a lot of money and count among the Region’s major employers. In many
countries in the more eastern part of the Region, health expenditure today is too low. At the
same time, increasing numbers of older people, rising levels of poverty and the introduction of
new technologies all point to the need for more health spending in all Member States in the
future. That is, if countries continue in the same way as now. Fortunately, however, solutions
are available that can improve both the quality and the cost–effectiveness of health systems.
Moreover, they often do not require major investment, only a willingness to strengthen the
overall design of the system and to sharpen the management focus on public health pro-
grammes and on patient care.
In many Member States, a more integrated health sector is needed, with a much
stronger emphasis on primary care. At the core should be a well trained family
health nurse, providing a broad range of lifestyle counselling, family support
and home care services to a limited number of families. More specialized
services should be provided by a family health physician who, together with
the nurse, would interact with local community structures on local health
problems. Freedom of choice in selecting the two should be the prerogative of
individual citizens, and actively supporting self-care should be one of the tasks of
the nurse/physician team. A community health policy and programme should ensure system-
atic involvement of local sectors and nongovernmental organizations in promoting more
healthy lifestyles, a healthier environment and an efficient health and social service system at
local level.
Such an approach would greatly enhance the prevention of illness and injury and ensure the
early and effective treatment of all patients who clearly do not need hospital care. Nursing
homes and similar long-stay institutions should have a stronger “home atmosphere” and be a
local community responsibility.
Secondary and tertiary care, which are largely provided in hospital, should be clearly support-
ive to primary health care, concentrating only on those diagnostic and therapeutic functions
that cannot be performed well in primary care settings. If the above principles are followed,
and flexibility in the development and deployment of hospital services becomes a stronger
feature of hospital planning and management, hospitals will be better able to meet the future
challenges of changing technologies and clinical practices. They will also be more responsive
to the individual needs of their patients.
25Changing the focus: an outcome-oriented health sector
Solutions are
available that can
improve both the
quality and the
cost–effectiveness
of health systems
Target 15.
An integrated
health
sector
31. and on empowering people to take action. By identifying and taking into account the mutual
benefits of investment for health, all sectors stand to gain.
However, integrative and participatory planning has implications for those governments that
are not yet ready for such a holistic approach. Institutional reforms and mechanisms may be
needed in a number of Member States to promote cooperation in implementing policies and
plans, to facilitate the decentralization of structures, to involve different sectors, and to
achieve better coordination within government.
31Managing change for health
32. The European Region of WHO has a formidable resource in the large number of organizations
that can work with countries to support their efforts. The World Health Organization has as its
major task to work for better health. The European Union, an integrational organization with
a strong mandate for multisectoral action for health, has considerable potential for contribut-
ing to development. The Council of Europe is a major force in ensuring that the basic ethical
values are defended, and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
(OECD) provides important economic analyses for its Member States. These and other eco-
nomic and political groupings, together with various United Nations agencies, major invest-
ment banks and international and nongovernmental organizations, contribute to “regional
governance for health”.
Through its Constitution, WHO has a special mandate to promote closer cooperation for
health development, both internationally and in its work to support individual countries. This
task has to take into account the realities of the European Region as it enters the 21st century,
and the need to establish cooperation with different partners based on mutual trust, a spirit of
partnership among equals, and respect for each other’s specific mandates.
On this basis, the Regional Office for Europe will work closely with WHO’s Geneva head-
quarters and with other regional offices, as well as with its European partners, to provide
maximum benefit to the European Member States from the wider experience and potential for
action made possible by the global nature of WHO.
Against this background, the Regional Office will have five roles to play in support of the
policy’s implementation in individual countries.
1. Acting as the Region’s “health conscience” to identify and draw attention to persistent or
emerging health concerns, the Regional Office will protect the principles of health as a
human right, promote regional health and advocate equity between and within countries.
It will protect the health of the vulnerable and the poor, and identify policies and practices
that benefit or harm health.
2. Providing a focus for information on health and health development, the Regional Office
will maintain and keep up to date the regional health for all monitoring and evaluation
systems (the next exercises will be carried out in 2001 and 2004, respectively) and serve as a
centre for information on health status, health determinants, health systems and health
developments in the Region. In so doing, the Regional Office will strive to optimize its
cooperation with WHO headquarters and with its major partners in the Region – the Euro-
pean Commission, OECD and other United Nations bodies in particular – to promote the
development of surveillance and other health information systems that combine ease of
data collection and reporting for Member States with the technical requirements of stand-
ardization and responding to users’ needs.
The role of WHO and its partners for health32
WHO has a special
mandate to
promote closer
cooperation for
health
development
33. 3. Analysing and advocating health for all policies, the Regional Office will provide guidance
and support to Member States, to organizations and to its networks on health policy devel-
opment at all levels. The Office will undertake health policy research, maintain the regional
health for all policy and ensure its next update in 2005.
4. Providing evidence-based tools and guidelines for turning policies into action, the Office
will identify innovative tools, approaches and methods for health development. This will be
achieved through monitoring the results of international research, reviewing practical
experience in Member States and, where necessary, promoting or undertaking special
high-priority studies when these are not otherwise available.
5. Working as a catalyst for action, the Regional Office will have four main functions:
• technical cooperation with Member States;
• leadership in efforts to eliminate or control diseases that are major threats to public
health, such as epidemics of communicable diseases and pandemics such as tobacco-
related diseases, trauma and violence;
• coordinated action with its partners through collaborative networks across Europe; and
• coordination of, and support to, emergency preparedness and response measures
concerning public health disasters in the Region.
33The role of WHO and its partners for health
34. As we stand on the brink of the 21st century, we have a strong obligation to take action to
improve the health of the 870 million people of the Region. HEALTH21 provides the framework
for accepting that challenge by applying the best strategies that have emerged from Europe’s
collective experience during the past 10–15 years.
It is not a vision beyond our grasp – it can be done! Experience has shown that countries with
vastly different political, social, economic and cultural conditions can develop and implement
health for all policies designed to put health high on the agenda, and when they do, they stand
to gain from a fundamental change for the better. The major challenge for the 51 Member
States in the Region is now to use the new regional health for all policy as an inspirational
guide to update, as necessary, their own policies and targets.
Throughout the Region, many local communities have shown great initiative and imagina-
tion in using the health for all ideas to mobilize people to promote and protect their health.
The dynamic and rapidly expanding Healthy Cities movement, in particular, has demonstrated
a formidable potential for systematic, sustainable and innovative mobilization of local com-
munities in every Member State. Furthermore, excellent examples can be seen of the public
and private sectors exploring the possibilities for health gain. Thousands of health profession-
als and many of their organizations have introduced innovative approaches to improving the
quality of care and working more closely with other sectors to find new ways of meeting the
challenges.
Clearly focused and committed action is now needed to transform the vision of health for all
into a practical and sustainable reality in every one of the 51 Member States in the Region. The
experience, the know-how and many of the tools for influencing the determinants of health
are all there. What is needed now is strong leadership and the political will to pick them up and
use them!
Towards a better future34
35.
36. Member States
Albania
Andorra
Armenia
Austria
Azerbaijan
Belarus
Belgium
Bosnia and
Herzegovina
Bulgaria
Croatia
Czech Republic
Denmark
Estonia
Finland
France
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Germany
Greece
Hungary
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Ireland
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Italy
Kazakhstan
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Lithuania
Luxembourg
Malta
Monaco
Netherlands
Norway
Poland
Portugal
Republic of Moldova
Romania
Russian Federation
San Marino
Slovakia
Slovenia
Spain
Sweden
Switzerland
Tajikistan
The Former
Yugoslav Republic
of Macedonia
Turkey
Turkmenistan
Ukraine
United Kingdom
Uzbekistan
Yugoslavia
The WHO Regional
Office for Europe
The World Health
Organization (WHO)
is a specialized
agency of the
United Nations
created in 1948
with primary
responsibility for
international health
matters and public
health.The WHO
Regional Office for
Europe is one of six
regional offices
throughout the
world, each with its
own programme
geared to the
particular health
conditions of the
countries it serves.
World Health Organization
Regional Office for Europe
Scherfigsvej 8
DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø
Denmark
Telephone +45 39 17 17 17
Telefax: +45 39 17 18 18
Telex: 12000 who dk
Electronic mail: Internet
Userid: postmaster@who.dk
World Wide Web Address: http://www.who.dk
ISBN 92 890 1348 6 Sw.fr. 15.–
Whether one is a government minister, city mayor, company director, community
leader, parent or individual, HEALTH21 can help develop action strategies that
will result in more democratic, socially responsible and sustainable
development. Health is a powerful political platform.
Those who implement HEALTH21 will be able to:
• profit from greater equity in health
• strengthen health and productivity throughout life
• reduce the burden of ill health and injury
• unlock new resources from multisectoral action
• gain from quality and cost-effective health care
• take charge of health and its determinants.