The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and technical assistance to developing countries. It was established in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference to help countries rebuild after World War II. The World Bank Group consists of five institutions, including the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association. The World Bank works to reduce poverty and promote shared prosperity by providing financing, advice, and capacity building support to member countries. It has over 180 member countries and works on projects in sectors like health, education, infrastructure, and agriculture. In Nepal, some of its recent projects include initiatives focused on youth employment, nutrition, rural water and sanitation, and the health sector.
Introduction to World Bank, Agencies of World Bank, Objectives of World Bank, Resources of World Bank, Members and Management of World Bank, Functions of World Bank, Success and Criticism of World Bank, India and The World Bank.
The World Bank was created at Bretton Woods in 1944 to lend to European countries to help them rebuild after World War II. It was the world's first multilateral development bank, and was funded through the sale of World Bonds. Its first loans were to France and other European countries, but soon lent money to Chile, Mexico and India to build power plants and railways. The Bank came into formal existence on 27 December 1945 following international ratification of the Bretton Woods agreements, which emerged from the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (1–22 July 1944). It also provided the foundation of the Osiander-Committee in 1951, responsible for the preparation and evaluation of the World Development Report. Commencing operations on 25 June 1946, it approved its first loan on 9 May 1947 (US$250M to France for postwar reconstruction, in real terms the largest loan issued by the Bank to date). Its five agencies are:
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
• International Development Association (IDA)
• International Finance Corporation (IFC)
• Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
• International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
The World Bank's activities are focused on developing countries, in fields such as human development (e.g. education, health), agriculture and rural development (e.g. irrigation, rural services), environmental protection (e.g. pollution reduction, establishing and enforcing regulations), infrastructure (e.g. roads, urban regeneration, electricity), and governance (e.g. anti-corruption, legal institutions development). The IBRD and IDA provide loans at preferential rates to member countries, as well as grants to the poorest countries. Loans or grants for specific projects are often linked to wider policy changes in the sector or the economy. For example, a loan to improve coastal environmental management may be linked to development of new environmental institutions at national and local levels and the implementation of new regulations to limit pollution. The World Bank Institute is the capacity development branch of the World Bank, providing learning and other capacity-building programs to member countries. Two countries, Venezuela and Ecuador, have recently withdrawn from the World Bank. It is stated that it is also an observer on the United Nations Development Group.
Introduction to World Bank, Agencies of World Bank, Objectives of World Bank, Resources of World Bank, Members and Management of World Bank, Functions of World Bank, Success and Criticism of World Bank, India and The World Bank.
The World Bank was created at Bretton Woods in 1944 to lend to European countries to help them rebuild after World War II. It was the world's first multilateral development bank, and was funded through the sale of World Bonds. Its first loans were to France and other European countries, but soon lent money to Chile, Mexico and India to build power plants and railways. The Bank came into formal existence on 27 December 1945 following international ratification of the Bretton Woods agreements, which emerged from the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference (1–22 July 1944). It also provided the foundation of the Osiander-Committee in 1951, responsible for the preparation and evaluation of the World Development Report. Commencing operations on 25 June 1946, it approved its first loan on 9 May 1947 (US$250M to France for postwar reconstruction, in real terms the largest loan issued by the Bank to date). Its five agencies are:
• International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
• International Development Association (IDA)
• International Finance Corporation (IFC)
• Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA)
• International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID)
The World Bank's activities are focused on developing countries, in fields such as human development (e.g. education, health), agriculture and rural development (e.g. irrigation, rural services), environmental protection (e.g. pollution reduction, establishing and enforcing regulations), infrastructure (e.g. roads, urban regeneration, electricity), and governance (e.g. anti-corruption, legal institutions development). The IBRD and IDA provide loans at preferential rates to member countries, as well as grants to the poorest countries. Loans or grants for specific projects are often linked to wider policy changes in the sector or the economy. For example, a loan to improve coastal environmental management may be linked to development of new environmental institutions at national and local levels and the implementation of new regulations to limit pollution. The World Bank Institute is the capacity development branch of the World Bank, providing learning and other capacity-building programs to member countries. Two countries, Venezuela and Ecuador, have recently withdrawn from the World Bank. It is stated that it is also an observer on the United Nations Development Group.
World Bank Group: History, Mission, Structure, Services, Main Activities and ...AminKarimi26
Outline:
What does the World Bank do?
What is the history of the World Bank?
What is the structure of the World Bank?
What is the relationship between the World Bank and other international institutions?
How is the world bank group funded?
How can countries use the services of the world bank for their development?
What has been the main activities of the World Bank?
What are the future plans of the World Bank?
What criticisms have been raised about the World Bank?
What are the World Bank Publications?
World Bank-Working for a World free of PovertyAshok Taradale
World bank is one of the most influential institution in current era. Here I covered briefly about its origin, functions, objectives,criticism, projects and many other things.
This presentation was made in 2018 for class presentation by a group of students studying at the department of Public Administration, University of Rajshahi.
World Bank Group: History, Mission, Structure, Services, Main Activities and ...AminKarimi26
Outline:
What does the World Bank do?
What is the history of the World Bank?
What is the structure of the World Bank?
What is the relationship between the World Bank and other international institutions?
How is the world bank group funded?
How can countries use the services of the world bank for their development?
What has been the main activities of the World Bank?
What are the future plans of the World Bank?
What criticisms have been raised about the World Bank?
What are the World Bank Publications?
World Bank-Working for a World free of PovertyAshok Taradale
World bank is one of the most influential institution in current era. Here I covered briefly about its origin, functions, objectives,criticism, projects and many other things.
This presentation was made in 2018 for class presentation by a group of students studying at the department of Public Administration, University of Rajshahi.
Struggling with intense fears that disrupt your life? At Renew Life Hypnosis, we offer specialized hypnosis to overcome fear. Phobias are exaggerated fears, often stemming from past traumas or learned behaviors. Hypnotherapy addresses these deep-seated fears by accessing the subconscious mind, helping you change your reactions to phobic triggers. Our expert therapists guide you into a state of deep relaxation, allowing you to transform your responses and reduce anxiety. Experience increased confidence and freedom from phobias with our personalized approach. Ready to live a fear-free life? Visit us at Renew Life Hypnosis..
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
We understand the unique challenges pickleball players face and are committed to helping you stay healthy and active. In this presentation, we’ll explore the three most common pickleball injuries and provide strategies for prevention and treatment.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
How many patients does case series should have In comparison to case reports.pdfpubrica101
Pubrica’s team of researchers and writers create scientific and medical research articles, which may be important resources for authors and practitioners. Pubrica medical writers assist you in creating and revising the introduction by alerting the reader to gaps in the chosen study subject. Our professionals understand the order in which the hypothesis topic is followed by the broad subject, the issue, and the backdrop.
https://pubrica.com/academy/case-study-or-series/how-many-patients-does-case-series-should-have-in-comparison-to-case-reports/
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Navigating Challenges: Mental Health, Legislation, and the Prison System in B...Guillermo Rivera
This conference will delve into the intricate intersections between mental health, legal frameworks, and the prison system in Bolivia. It aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current challenges faced by mental health professionals working within the legislative and correctional landscapes. Topics of discussion will include the prevalence and impact of mental health issues among the incarcerated population, the effectiveness of existing mental health policies and legislation, and potential reforms to enhance the mental health support system within prisons.
Global launch of the Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index 2nd wave – alongside...ILC- UK
The Healthy Ageing and Prevention Index is an online tool created by ILC that ranks countries on six metrics including, life span, health span, work span, income, environmental performance, and happiness. The Index helps us understand how well countries have adapted to longevity and inform decision makers on what must be done to maximise the economic benefits that comes with living well for longer.
Alongside the 77th World Health Assembly in Geneva on 28 May 2024, we launched the second version of our Index, allowing us to track progress and give new insights into what needs to be done to keep populations healthier for longer.
The speakers included:
Professor Orazio Schillaci, Minister of Health, Italy
Dr Hans Groth, Chairman of the Board, World Demographic & Ageing Forum
Professor Ilona Kickbusch, Founder and Chair, Global Health Centre, Geneva Graduate Institute and co-chair, World Health Summit Council
Dr Natasha Azzopardi Muscat, Director, Country Health Policies and Systems Division, World Health Organisation EURO
Dr Marta Lomazzi, Executive Manager, World Federation of Public Health Associations
Dr Shyam Bishen, Head, Centre for Health and Healthcare and Member of the Executive Committee, World Economic Forum
Dr Karin Tegmark Wisell, Director General, Public Health Agency of Sweden
3. BACKGROUND
The World Bank is an
Internationally supported bank
that provides financial and
technical assistance to developing
countries for development
programs (e.g. bridges, road,
schools) with the stated goals of
reducing poverty.
4. FACT FILE
Formation : July 1944
Type :International Financial Organization
Headquarters :Washington D.C., United States
Membership :188 countries (IBRD)
76 countries (IDA)
Official language :English, Chinese, Arabic, French, Russian,
Spanish
President :David Malpass (13th president) (April 9, 2019)
Parent organization :World Bank Group
6. BRANCH OFFICES
1. United Kingdom Home- World Bank
2. Safety Nets and Transfers-CCT Program Profile –Brazil
3. The Arab Spring and Microfinance-Syria
4. Mexico Home-World Bank
5. World Bank Kenya
6. Bangladesh Home- World Bank
7. India Home- World Bank
8. Nigeria- World Bank
9. Srilanka Home- World Bank
10. Pacific Island Home- World Bank
7. 11. The World Bank in Azerbaijan
12. Zambia- World Bank
13. Ghana Home- World Bank
14. Singapore Home- World Bank
15. Jamaica Home- World Bank
16. Pakistan Home- World Bank
17. China Home- World Bank
18. Ethiopia - World Bank
19. Senegal - World Bank
20. The World Bank in Bulgaria
21. Jordan Home- World Bank
22. The World bank in Russia
23. Republic of Korea Home- World Bank
8. 24. The World bank in Turkey
25. Mozambique - World Bank
26. Cambodia Home - World Bank
27. The World Bank in Croatia
28. Malaysia- World Bank
29. The World Bank in Albania
30. The World Bank in Turkey
9. HISTORY
The world bank was created at the end of world war II as a result of many
European and Asian countries needing financing to fund reconstruction effort.
The bank is successful in providing financing for those destroyed countries.
July 1-22, 1944 Bretton Woods Conference
The International bank for Reconstruction and Development was the first
“Multilateral Development Bank.” Before World War II had ended.
December 27, 1945 IBRD Articles of Agreement Become Effective
March 8, 1946 Savannah Conference
May 7, 1946 First Meeting of Executive Directors held
June 18, 1946 Eugene Meyer Takes Office as First World Bank President and June
19, 1946 Harold D. Smith Appointed Vice President
10. June 20, 1946 Date for Beginning Operations Announced
June 25, 1946 World Bank Operations Begin
September 27, 1946 First Annual Meeting Convened in Washington
11. WORLD BANK GROUP
WORLD
BANK
GROUP
International
Bank for
Reconstructio
n and
Development
(IBRD)
International
Development
Association
(IDA)
International
Finance
Corporation
(IFC)
Multilateral
Investment
Guarantee
Agency
(MIGA)
International
Centre for
Settlement of
Investment
Disputes
(ICSID)
12. IBRD
The International Bank for
Reconstruction and Development
(IBRD) is an international financial
institution that offers loans to middle-
income developing countries. The IBRD
is the first of five member institutions
that compose the World Bank Group,
and is headquartered in Washington, D.C.
in the United States.
13. IDA
The International Development
Association (IDA) is the part of the World
Bank that helps the world's poorest
countries. Established in 1960, IDA aims
to reduce poverty by providing loans
(called “credits”) and grants for programs
that boost economic growth, reduce
inequalities, and improve people's living
conditions.
14. NEED OF WORLD BANK
Need of World
Bank
Build Capacity
Create
Infrastructure
Develop Financial
System
Combat
Corruption
15. OBJECTIVES
1. To end extreme poverty: By reducing the share of the global population that
lives in extreme poverty to 3% by 2030.
2. To promote shared property: By increasing the incomes of the poorest 40 % of
people in every country.
16. MEMBER COUNTRIES
Eligible to receive IDA resources
Africa
1. Benin
2. Burkina Faso
3. Cameroon
4. Cape verde
5. C.A.R
6. Chad
7. Comoros
8. Congo
9. Mauritania
10. Republic of Cote
d’Ivore
11. Democratic
republic of
Congo
12. Eritrea
13. Ethiopia
14. Gambia
15. Ghana
16. Guinea
17. Guinea Bissau
18. Kenya
19. Lesotho
20. Liberia
21. Madagascar
22. Malawi
23. Mali
24. Mozambique
25. Niger
26. Nigeria
27. Rwanda
28. Sao Tome
29. Senegal
30. Sierra Leone
31. Somalia
32. South Sudan
33. Tanzania
34. Togo
35. Uganda
36. Zambia
37. Zimbabwe
17. East Asia
1. Cambodia
2. Fiji
3. Kiribati
4. Lao
5. PDR
6. Marshall Ireland
7. Micronesia
8. FS
9. Mongolia
10. Myanmar
11. Papua New
Guinea
12. Samoa
13. Solomon Island
14. Timor-Leste
15. Tonga
16. Tuvalu
17. Vanuatu
South Asia
1. Afghanistan
2. Bangladesh
3. Bhutan
4. Maldives
5. Nepal
6. Pakistan
Europe and
Central Asia
1. Kosovo
2. Kyrgyz Republic
3. Moldova
4. Tazikistan
5. Uzbekistan
Latin America and
Caribbean
1. Dominica
2. St Vincent
3. Grenada
4. Guyana
5. Haiti
6. Honduras
7. Nicaragua
8. St Lucia
Middle East and
North Africa
1. Djibouti
2. Syrian Arab
Republic
3. Yemen
18. IBRD COUNTRIES
1. Afghanistan
2. Albania
3. Algeria
4. Angola
5. Antigua and
Barbuda
6. Argentina
7. Armenia
8. Australia
9. Austria
10. Azerbaijan
11. Bahamas
12. Bahrain
13. Bangladesh
14. Barbados
15. Belarus
16. Belgium
17. Belize
18. Benin
19. Bhutan
20. Bolivia
21. Bosnia and
Herzegovina
22. Botswana
23. Brazil
24. Brunei
Darussalam,
25. Bulgaria
26. Burkina Faso
27. Burundi
28. Cabo Verde
29. Cambodia
30. Cameroon
31. Canada
32. Central African
Republic
33. Chad
34. Chile
35. China
36. Colombia,
37. Comoros
38. Congo,
Democratic
Republic of
39. Congo, Republic
of
40. Costa Rica
41. Cote d'Ivoire
19. 42. Croatia
43. Cyprus
44. Czech Republic
45. Denmark
46. Djibouti
47. Dominica
48. Dominican
Republic
49. Ecuador
50. Egypt, Arab
Republic of
51. El Salvador
52. Equatorial
Guinea
53. Eritrea
54. Estonia
55. Eswatini
56. Ethiopia
57. Fiji
58. Finland
59. France
60. Gabon
61. Gambia
62. Georgia
63. Germany
64. Ghana
65. Greece
66. Grenada
67. Guatemala
68. Guinea
69. Guinea-Bissau
70. Guyana
71. Haiti
72. Honduras
73. Hungary
74. Iceland
75. India
76. Indonesia
77. Iran, Islamic
Republic of
78. Iraq
79. Ireland
80. Israel
81. Italy
82. Jamaica
83. Japan
84. Jordan
85. Kazakhstan
86. Kenya
87. Kiribati
24. ACTIVITIES (WORLD WIDE)
Improving the livelihoods of Miskito Indigenous people in La Moskitia.
Sint Maarten Airport Terminal Reconstruction Project
Digital Government for resilience
Paraguay Public Health Sector Strenthening
Saint Lucia Health System Strengthening Project
Health Service Delivery Network Project
Argentina First Inclusive Growth Programmatic DPF
Support for the National Indigenous Peoples Development Plan
Chile - Public Health Sector Support Project
FIRST IMPROVED GOVERNANCE OF PUBLIC RESOURCES AND NUTRITION
Strengthening Universal Health Insurance in Costa Rica
25. Ecuador Risk Mitigation and Emergency Recovery Project
Poverty Reduction and Local Development Project
Provincial Reform Loan Project - Cordoba
Decentralization Adjustment Loan Project
Poverty Reduction Fund Project
Health Sector Reform Project
Hurricane Emergency Project
Emergency Recovery and Disaster Management Project
Early Childhood Development Project
Haiti Emergency Recovery and Disaster Management
26. ACTIVITIES IN NEPAL
Youth Employment Transformation Initiative Project(o)
Nepal: Additional Financing for School Sector Development Program
Programmatic Fiscal and Public Financial Management Development Policy
Credit
Nepal: Private Sector-Led Mini-Grid Energy Access Project
Second Bridges Improvement and Maintenance Program
Food and Nutrition Security Enhancement Project
Nepal: Community Action for Nutrition Project (Sunaula Hazar Din)
Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Rehabilitation Project
Nepal Health Sector Management Reform Program(o)
Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Project
Population and Family Health Project
27. Youth Employment Transformation Initiative Project
Project ID :P160696
Country: Nepal
Region: South Asia
Approval Date: September 12, 2019(as of board presentation)
Closing Date: June30,2024
Team Leader: Jasmine Rajbhandary,Anastasiya Denisova
Total Project Cost: US Dollar 120.00 million
Commitment Amount: US Dollar 120.00 million
28. CONCLUSION
World Bank established in 1944, before the World War II, helps the effected
countries to overcome their losses.
World Bank has 188 IBRD and 76 IDA countries.
It was formed to reduce the poverty of the member countries.
World Bank provides loans for developing countries in the sector of
development.