Jared Diamond called the adoption of agriculture "The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race" due to its disadvantages compared to hunting and gathering. Agriculture led to denser populations and the rise of social hierarchies, but reduced health and leisure time. While it allowed for technological advances, early agricultural societies saw increased work, disease, and inequality. The video and readings present evidence both supporting and opposing Diamond's view by comparing the lifestyles and effects of agriculture versus hunting and gathering.