This document discusses a study on working capital management practices of small scale enterprises in Ghana's Central Region. The study found that 38% of small businesses received an average of 2 weeks to 1 month of credit from suppliers. Small businesses provided credit periods of less than 1 month to 60 days to customers. The main challenges with customer credit were late payments and bad debts. Half of businesses used notebooks for inventory tracking while 57% had business bank accounts. Personal savings made up 60% of startup capital on average. The document recommends increased collaboration between business advisory centers and small business associations to improve financial training as well as expanded record keeping support.
Working capital management and profitability an empirical analysisIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between working capital management and profitability among Indian manufacturing firms. The study uses financial data from 1,198 manufacturing firms over a 5-year period. Correlation analysis found negative relationships between measures of working capital management (debtor's days, inventory days, creditor's days, cash conversion cycle) and firm profitability. Regression analysis will further examine these relationships to determine how adjusting elements of working capital management could impact profitability. The results aim to provide Indian manufacturers insights on variables that influence their profits.
Working Capital Management and Bank profitability in GhanaSamuel Agyei
This document examines the relationship between working capital management practices and profitability of banks in Ghana. It reviews previous empirical studies that have mostly found efficient working capital management, like reducing cash conversion cycles and accounts receivable periods, improves firm profitability. The study uses panel data and random effects techniques to analyze this relationship for Ghanaian banks. Preliminary findings contradict some prior studies by showing cash operating cycles and debtors collection periods positively relate to bank profitability, while creditors payment periods negatively relate to it. The study aims to inform bank managers and policymakers on effective working capital strategies.
Working capital management and cash holdings of banks in ghanaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between working capital management and cash holdings of banks in Ghana. The study analyzed panel data from 10 Ghanaian banks from 1999 to 2008. The results showed that longer debtor collection periods, longer cash conversion cycles, higher capital structure, and larger bank size were significantly negatively related to bank cash holdings. Meanwhile, longer creditor payment periods and higher profitability had a significantly positive relationship with bank cash holdings. The findings provide insights for bank managers and policymakers on how to effectively manage working capital to ensure adequate liquidity.
Effect of working capital on profitability in indian markets and concept of z...mvkdel
This document provides an analysis of the relationship between working capital management and profitability for Indian companies from 2005-2010. It discusses key concepts around working capital, including how it refers to current assets and liabilities required for short-term financing. Prior research has shown that both excessive and low levels of working capital can negatively impact profitability. The document reviews literature on working capital management and profitability relationships. It aims to contribute to understanding how working capital management impacts profitability to help managers make decisions that create shareholder value, especially in emerging markets like India.
Working Capital Management and Cash Position of Banks in GhanaSamuel Agyei
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between working capital management and cash holdings of banks in Ghana. The study analyzed panel data from 10 Ghanaian banks from 1999-2008. The results showed that longer debtor collection periods, longer cash conversion cycles, higher capital structure, and larger bank size were significantly negatively related to bank cash positions. Meanwhile, longer creditor payment periods and higher profitability were significantly positively related to bank cash positions in Ghana. The document provides background on working capital management, cash holdings, and regulation of the Ghanaian banking sector. It also reviews theories and prior empirical research on factors influencing firm cash levels and working capital management.
Ratio analysis involves evaluating a company's performance and financial health by comparing financial data over time and against industry benchmarks. There are several types of ratios that provide different insights. Liquidity ratios like the current ratio measure a company's ability to pay short-term debts, with a higher ratio indicating better coverage of current liabilities. Profitability ratios like return on assets indicate how efficiently a company generates profits relative to its assets, with a higher ratio generally being preferable. Ratio analysis is a key tool for fundamental analysis of a company's financial strength and operating efficiency.
This paper investigates the relationship between working capital management and financial performance of Pharmaceuticals and Textile firms listed at the Dhaka Securities Exchange in Bangladesh. The data analysis was carried on ten Pharmaceuticals and Textile firms for a period of 2013 to 2017. Secondary Data was analyzed by applying Descriptive Statistics, Regression and Correlation analysis to findthe relationship of current ratio, inventory conversion period and average payment period with Return on Asset. The findings indicate that the Pharmaceuticals and Textile firms’ performance is influenced by the variables relating to working capital. There is a positive relationship between profitability and current ratioand Inventory Turnover period shows a negative relationship with profitability but Average payment period shows insignificant impact on profitability. The study concludes that there exists a relationship between working capital managementand financial performance of Pharmaceuticals and Textile firms in Bangladesh. The study recommends that for the Pharmaceuticals and Textile firms to remain profitable, they should employ working capital management practice that will help in making decisions about investment mix and policy, matching investment to objective, asset allocation for institution and balancing risk against profitability.
This document summarizes a study that examined the effect of assets management on the profitability of selected quoted firms in Nigeria from 2007 to 2016. Specifically, it analyzed the effect of current assets, non-current assets, and debt-equity ratio on profit after tax. Data were collected from the annual reports of 10 quoted firms and analyzed using panel estimation techniques. The results revealed that current assets had an insignificant positive effect on profit after tax, while non-current assets had a significant positive effect. Debt-equity ratio had an insignificant negative effect on profit after tax. The study concluded that assets management contributes meaningfully to improved firm performance, especially when measured by profit after tax.
Working capital management and profitability an empirical analysisIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between working capital management and profitability among Indian manufacturing firms. The study uses financial data from 1,198 manufacturing firms over a 5-year period. Correlation analysis found negative relationships between measures of working capital management (debtor's days, inventory days, creditor's days, cash conversion cycle) and firm profitability. Regression analysis will further examine these relationships to determine how adjusting elements of working capital management could impact profitability. The results aim to provide Indian manufacturers insights on variables that influence their profits.
Working Capital Management and Bank profitability in GhanaSamuel Agyei
This document examines the relationship between working capital management practices and profitability of banks in Ghana. It reviews previous empirical studies that have mostly found efficient working capital management, like reducing cash conversion cycles and accounts receivable periods, improves firm profitability. The study uses panel data and random effects techniques to analyze this relationship for Ghanaian banks. Preliminary findings contradict some prior studies by showing cash operating cycles and debtors collection periods positively relate to bank profitability, while creditors payment periods negatively relate to it. The study aims to inform bank managers and policymakers on effective working capital strategies.
Working capital management and cash holdings of banks in ghanaAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between working capital management and cash holdings of banks in Ghana. The study analyzed panel data from 10 Ghanaian banks from 1999 to 2008. The results showed that longer debtor collection periods, longer cash conversion cycles, higher capital structure, and larger bank size were significantly negatively related to bank cash holdings. Meanwhile, longer creditor payment periods and higher profitability had a significantly positive relationship with bank cash holdings. The findings provide insights for bank managers and policymakers on how to effectively manage working capital to ensure adequate liquidity.
Effect of working capital on profitability in indian markets and concept of z...mvkdel
This document provides an analysis of the relationship between working capital management and profitability for Indian companies from 2005-2010. It discusses key concepts around working capital, including how it refers to current assets and liabilities required for short-term financing. Prior research has shown that both excessive and low levels of working capital can negatively impact profitability. The document reviews literature on working capital management and profitability relationships. It aims to contribute to understanding how working capital management impacts profitability to help managers make decisions that create shareholder value, especially in emerging markets like India.
Working Capital Management and Cash Position of Banks in GhanaSamuel Agyei
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between working capital management and cash holdings of banks in Ghana. The study analyzed panel data from 10 Ghanaian banks from 1999-2008. The results showed that longer debtor collection periods, longer cash conversion cycles, higher capital structure, and larger bank size were significantly negatively related to bank cash positions. Meanwhile, longer creditor payment periods and higher profitability were significantly positively related to bank cash positions in Ghana. The document provides background on working capital management, cash holdings, and regulation of the Ghanaian banking sector. It also reviews theories and prior empirical research on factors influencing firm cash levels and working capital management.
Ratio analysis involves evaluating a company's performance and financial health by comparing financial data over time and against industry benchmarks. There are several types of ratios that provide different insights. Liquidity ratios like the current ratio measure a company's ability to pay short-term debts, with a higher ratio indicating better coverage of current liabilities. Profitability ratios like return on assets indicate how efficiently a company generates profits relative to its assets, with a higher ratio generally being preferable. Ratio analysis is a key tool for fundamental analysis of a company's financial strength and operating efficiency.
This paper investigates the relationship between working capital management and financial performance of Pharmaceuticals and Textile firms listed at the Dhaka Securities Exchange in Bangladesh. The data analysis was carried on ten Pharmaceuticals and Textile firms for a period of 2013 to 2017. Secondary Data was analyzed by applying Descriptive Statistics, Regression and Correlation analysis to findthe relationship of current ratio, inventory conversion period and average payment period with Return on Asset. The findings indicate that the Pharmaceuticals and Textile firms’ performance is influenced by the variables relating to working capital. There is a positive relationship between profitability and current ratioand Inventory Turnover period shows a negative relationship with profitability but Average payment period shows insignificant impact on profitability. The study concludes that there exists a relationship between working capital managementand financial performance of Pharmaceuticals and Textile firms in Bangladesh. The study recommends that for the Pharmaceuticals and Textile firms to remain profitable, they should employ working capital management practice that will help in making decisions about investment mix and policy, matching investment to objective, asset allocation for institution and balancing risk against profitability.
This document summarizes a study that examined the effect of assets management on the profitability of selected quoted firms in Nigeria from 2007 to 2016. Specifically, it analyzed the effect of current assets, non-current assets, and debt-equity ratio on profit after tax. Data were collected from the annual reports of 10 quoted firms and analyzed using panel estimation techniques. The results revealed that current assets had an insignificant positive effect on profit after tax, while non-current assets had a significant positive effect. Debt-equity ratio had an insignificant negative effect on profit after tax. The study concluded that assets management contributes meaningfully to improved firm performance, especially when measured by profit after tax.
MBA INTERNAL ASSIGNMENT JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITYANIL KUMAR
The document provides information about global business planning systems and the components of an international business plan. It discusses determining demand in foreign markets, organizational structure, marketing strategy, costs, investment needs, and legal requirements. The key aspects of an international business plan include research on target global markets, supply chain and distribution plans, startup and operational costs, expansion strategy, management structure, financial projections, and obtaining necessary licenses and permits. The business plan communicates the company's goals, risks, and timeline for reaching objectives in global operations.
The main objective of this paper such as the Karachi Stock Exchange market development working capital management (WCM) on firm performance is to determine the impact. In this paper the chemical industry for the period 2009-2014 to 6 years for a sample of 22 firms Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) working capital management and firm performance of different variables used for analysis . Working Capital Management to measure the variables that were used in this study are the number of recovery days , days in inventory and size , leverage , inventory , equity , sales and gross domestic product (GDP) numbers are control variables. Firm performance measure used in this study for the dependent variable is the return on assets. Firm size is positively affected by the firm’s profits. Firms whose profits are high, their working capital firms are not interested in management and firm performance. The result of the study and working capital is negative relationship between firm performance shows. Is a positive relationship between size and profitability? Firm size is increased or decreased profit increased or decreased respectively. Moreover, profits and principles that support the pecking order used by firms are negative relationship between debts.
An Empirical Analysis on the Nature of Relationship between Capital Structure...iosrjce
The financing decision with regard to capital structure theory of finance has been a topic of many
theories and their conflicting output for past many years. This paper aims to analyse the nature of relationship
between the capital structure of a firm and its performance. The data of 40 firms excluding financial services
firms listed on Nifty indices on National Stock Exchange is studied (The composition of 50 firms on Nifty
represents a well branch out index reflecting precisely the overall market conditions). Financial services firms
have been excluded from purview of this paper, as they are in the business of collecting money and investing in
financial assets rather than producing goods, hence follow a unique business valuation model. Further financial
services sector being one of the most sensitive sectors. This paper analyzes a period of 13 years (2001-2014)
covering the phases of a business cycle starting from boom (2001/02-2006/07), recession (2007/08-2008/09)
and then recovery (2009/10-2013/14). The complete business cycle will aid to demonstrate the results more
accurately. This paper also surveys the topical developments in the empirical capital structure research. The
data for a period of 13 years is analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression
techniques. For research purpose, the ratios such as debt-equity ratio, debt-asset ratio and long term debt are
taken as independent variables whereas Net Profit, Net Profit Margin, ROCE, ROE and ROA are the ratios
taken as dependent variables.
Nwankwo, odi an empirical analysis of corporate survival and growth ijsaid ...William Kritsonis
This document summarizes a research paper on efficient working capital management and its importance for corporate survival and growth. The paper examines how working capital, including current assets and current liabilities, must be efficiently managed to ensure companies can meet daily financial obligations and remain competitive. Inefficient working capital management can lead to excess inventory, inability to pay bills on time, and idle cash. The paper recommends that financial managers understand sources of working capital and opportunities to temporarily invest idle funds. When companies efficiently manage working capital, they have greater chances of long-term profitability and liquidity.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between working capital management and profitability for non-listed firms in Ghana from 2004-2009. The study used cash conversion cycles and its components (days of receivables, days of inventory, and days of payables) as measures of working capital management. Gross operating profit to total assets was used as the measure of firm performance. The results showed that profitability was negatively related to the length of the cash conversion cycle. Specifically, performance was positively affected by reducing days of receivables and days of inventory. Additionally, firm size, GDP growth, and sales growth positively impacted performance. The study suggests that managers in emerging markets should focus on effective working capital management to improve
The Miller-Orr model of cash management allows businesses to set upper and lower cash balance limits and determine a target cash balance point. It accounts for stochastic cash inflows and outflows. The key assumptions are random daily cash balances, ability to invest idle cash, and transaction fees for buying/selling securities.
Money markets deal with short-term financial assets up to one year. Transactions typically occur through phone without brokers. Participants include central banks, commercial banks, and non-bank financial institutions.
International finance management helps determine exchange rates, assess foreign debt securities and inflation rates, compare countries' economic statuses, and identify foreign market opportunities. Exchange rates strongly influence international finance calculations.
There is a consistent relationship
- The document analyzes the ratio analysis of Amara Raja Batteries Limited over 5 years from 2009-2014.
- Key ratios like current ratio, quick ratio, total debt ratio, and debt-equity ratio are calculated from the company's annual reports.
- Current ratios were above 2:1 standard except in 2011-2012. Debt ratios increased over time, showing a rising dependence on debt financing rather than equity.
This document summarizes a study that investigates the influence of working capital management on the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan from 2006 to 2012. The study uses data from various sources on SMEs to examine the relationship between return on assets (used as a proxy for profitability) and variables like accounts receivable, inventory, cash conversion cycle, and accounts payable. The results suggest that days of accounts payable has a positive association with profitability, while average collection period, inventory turnover, and cash conversion cycle have an inverse relationship with performance. Firm size and sales growth also positively influence profitability, while debt ratio negatively impacts profitability.
Human resource-management-essay-challenges-in-employee-attraction-and-retenti...Total Assignment Help
The human resource management essay represents the analysis of the challenges that the finance sector is facing in order to attract and retain the employees to their job roles.
Thousands of employers are turning to human resources outsourcing firms and Professional Employer Organizations (PEOs) as a way to cut employment costs, reduce HR risks and improve efficiencies. This is according to a new white paper entitled “Preparing for the Rebound: How Human Resources Outsourcing Can Help Business Through Uncertain Economic Times.”
The predictability of financial, accounting-based, and industrial factors on ...Marc Oliveras Villanueva
This document summarizes a study exploring factors that predict the success or failure of newly incorporated Spanish firms. The study analyzes data on over 17,000 firms from manufacturing and distribution sectors incorporated in 2008-2009 and tracked for 5 years. Logistic regressions identify relationships between survival rates and factors like firm size, profitability, liquidity, debt levels, corporate venturing, industry entry rates and concentration. Key findings are that firm size and profitability strongly predict success in both sectors, while liquidity, debt and concentration positively impact distribution firms. The study contributes to understanding firm success predictors in Spain during economic downturns from 2009-2014.
Impact of working capital on firm profitabilityWaqas Mehmood
This document analyzes the impact of working capital management on the profitability of sugar and leather firms in Pakistan. It examines secondary data from 5 sugar and 5 leather firms over 2008-2012. The key variables studied are cash conversion cycle, interest coverage ratio, debt-equity ratio, age of inventory, age of debtors, age of creditors, and return on assets. The study aims to determine if there is a significant relationship between working capital management and firm profitability. The results could help managers optimize working capital levels to improve financial performance.
Measuring entrepreneurial orientation & business performance relationshipIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance among Indian seafood exporting firms. The study found that entrepreneurial orientation, measured by factors like innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness, was positively correlated with various measures of business performance. Firms with higher entrepreneurial orientation tended to have better overall performance, return on investment, and sales compared to competitors. The study concludes that Indian seafood firms should focus on developing their entrepreneurial orientation in order to improve competitive capabilities and deal with the risks inherent in the industry. Some limitations of the study are noted, and further research is suggested.
This document discusses the important role of finance managers and the finance function in ensuring business sustainability. It defines finance as the process of securing business resources at favorable prices and allocating them to promote growth. The finance manager is responsible for financial planning, controlling finances, and ensuring optimal use of funds. Their duties include financial reporting, investment selection, determining financing sources, and dividend policies. Developing sound financial strategies that consider the optimal mix of equity, debt, and retained earnings is important for sustainable growth. The finance function and manager play a crucial role in allocating resources efficiently and maximizing the business's market value over the long run.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Determinants of working capital management efficiencyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examines the determinants of working capital management efficiency for automotive and engineering firms listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange in Pakistan. The study uses cash conversion cycle, days sales inventory, days payable outstanding, and days sales outstanding as explanatory variables to analyze quarterly panel data from 9 firms over 5 years. It also administers a questionnaire on Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. The study aims to determine the efficient factors of working capital management for these firms and investigate the relationships between working capital components and independent variables. It concludes that keeping the cash conversion cycle shortest through tight collection policies and liberal payment terms, along with efficient inventory management, can help firms keep working capital efficient.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines trends in working capital management and its impact on the performance of small manufacturing firms in Mauritius. It discusses how working capital management is important for business liquidity and profitability. The paper aims to analyze the relationship between working capital metrics like inventory days, receivables days, payables days, and cash conversion cycle on the profitability of 58 small manufacturing firms in Mauritius from 1998-2003. Specifically, it finds that higher investment in inventory and receivables is associated with lower profitability.
This document summarizes a research study on the relationship between working capital management and profitability among Indian manufacturing firms. The study uses financial data from 1,198 manufacturing firms over a 5-year period. The study aims to analyze how variables affecting working capital management influence firm profitability. Specifically, it examines the impact of days of debtors, days of inventory, days of creditors, and cash conversion cycle on profitability. The results of the study provide insights for Indian manufacturing firms on managing working capital to improve profitability.
Working capital management profitability an empirical analysisIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between working capital management and profitability among Indian manufacturing firms. The study uses financial data from 1,198 manufacturing firms over a 5-year period. Correlation analysis found negative relationships between measures of working capital management (debtor's days, inventory days, creditor's days, cash conversion cycle) and firm profitability. Regression analysis will further examine these relationships to determine how adjusting elements of working capital management could impact profitability. The results aim to provide Indian manufacturers insights on variables that influence their profits.
Contribution of Current Assets Management to the Financial Performance of Lis...ijtsrd
The study examined the effect of current asset management on the financial performance of listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria. The study specifically determined the extent to which debtor turnover ratio, cash ratio and inventory turnover ratio affect the Earnings Per Share of listed consumer goods firms on the Nigerian Exchange Group, using causal comparative research design. Purposive sampling technique was deployed to determine the twelve 12 consumer goods firms that made up the sample participants of the study, out of a population of twenty one. Secondary data were obtained from the annual reports and accounts of the selected companies over a period of ten years which spanned from 2011 to 2020. The hypotheses formulated were tested using Ordinary Least Square technique at 5 level of significance. The findings revealed that while debtor turnover ratio and inventory turnover ratio have a positive effect on earnings per share, cash ratio negatively affects the Earnings Per Share of listed consumer goods firms on the Nigerian Exchange Group. However, the effects were not significant at 5 level. It was recommended that managers of consumer goods firms should reduce to minimal level the time it will take between sales of goods and services and the collection of cash since the performance of firms can be increased through an increment in frequency of debt collection. Gilbert Ogechukwu Nworie | Vitalis O. Moedu | Onyali, Chidiebele Innocent "Contribution of Current Assets Management to the Financial Performance of Listed Consumer Goods Firms in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52600.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/52600/contribution-of-current-assets-management-to-the-financial-performance-of-listed-consumer-goods-firms-in-nigeria/gilbert-ogechukwu-nworie
MBA INTERNAL ASSIGNMENT JAIPUR NATIONAL UNIVERSITYANIL KUMAR
The document provides information about global business planning systems and the components of an international business plan. It discusses determining demand in foreign markets, organizational structure, marketing strategy, costs, investment needs, and legal requirements. The key aspects of an international business plan include research on target global markets, supply chain and distribution plans, startup and operational costs, expansion strategy, management structure, financial projections, and obtaining necessary licenses and permits. The business plan communicates the company's goals, risks, and timeline for reaching objectives in global operations.
The main objective of this paper such as the Karachi Stock Exchange market development working capital management (WCM) on firm performance is to determine the impact. In this paper the chemical industry for the period 2009-2014 to 6 years for a sample of 22 firms Karachi Stock Exchange (KSE) working capital management and firm performance of different variables used for analysis . Working Capital Management to measure the variables that were used in this study are the number of recovery days , days in inventory and size , leverage , inventory , equity , sales and gross domestic product (GDP) numbers are control variables. Firm performance measure used in this study for the dependent variable is the return on assets. Firm size is positively affected by the firm’s profits. Firms whose profits are high, their working capital firms are not interested in management and firm performance. The result of the study and working capital is negative relationship between firm performance shows. Is a positive relationship between size and profitability? Firm size is increased or decreased profit increased or decreased respectively. Moreover, profits and principles that support the pecking order used by firms are negative relationship between debts.
An Empirical Analysis on the Nature of Relationship between Capital Structure...iosrjce
The financing decision with regard to capital structure theory of finance has been a topic of many
theories and their conflicting output for past many years. This paper aims to analyse the nature of relationship
between the capital structure of a firm and its performance. The data of 40 firms excluding financial services
firms listed on Nifty indices on National Stock Exchange is studied (The composition of 50 firms on Nifty
represents a well branch out index reflecting precisely the overall market conditions). Financial services firms
have been excluded from purview of this paper, as they are in the business of collecting money and investing in
financial assets rather than producing goods, hence follow a unique business valuation model. Further financial
services sector being one of the most sensitive sectors. This paper analyzes a period of 13 years (2001-2014)
covering the phases of a business cycle starting from boom (2001/02-2006/07), recession (2007/08-2008/09)
and then recovery (2009/10-2013/14). The complete business cycle will aid to demonstrate the results more
accurately. This paper also surveys the topical developments in the empirical capital structure research. The
data for a period of 13 years is analysed using descriptive statistics, correlation and multiple regression
techniques. For research purpose, the ratios such as debt-equity ratio, debt-asset ratio and long term debt are
taken as independent variables whereas Net Profit, Net Profit Margin, ROCE, ROE and ROA are the ratios
taken as dependent variables.
Nwankwo, odi an empirical analysis of corporate survival and growth ijsaid ...William Kritsonis
This document summarizes a research paper on efficient working capital management and its importance for corporate survival and growth. The paper examines how working capital, including current assets and current liabilities, must be efficiently managed to ensure companies can meet daily financial obligations and remain competitive. Inefficient working capital management can lead to excess inventory, inability to pay bills on time, and idle cash. The paper recommends that financial managers understand sources of working capital and opportunities to temporarily invest idle funds. When companies efficiently manage working capital, they have greater chances of long-term profitability and liquidity.
This document summarizes a research study that examined the relationship between working capital management and profitability for non-listed firms in Ghana from 2004-2009. The study used cash conversion cycles and its components (days of receivables, days of inventory, and days of payables) as measures of working capital management. Gross operating profit to total assets was used as the measure of firm performance. The results showed that profitability was negatively related to the length of the cash conversion cycle. Specifically, performance was positively affected by reducing days of receivables and days of inventory. Additionally, firm size, GDP growth, and sales growth positively impacted performance. The study suggests that managers in emerging markets should focus on effective working capital management to improve
The Miller-Orr model of cash management allows businesses to set upper and lower cash balance limits and determine a target cash balance point. It accounts for stochastic cash inflows and outflows. The key assumptions are random daily cash balances, ability to invest idle cash, and transaction fees for buying/selling securities.
Money markets deal with short-term financial assets up to one year. Transactions typically occur through phone without brokers. Participants include central banks, commercial banks, and non-bank financial institutions.
International finance management helps determine exchange rates, assess foreign debt securities and inflation rates, compare countries' economic statuses, and identify foreign market opportunities. Exchange rates strongly influence international finance calculations.
There is a consistent relationship
- The document analyzes the ratio analysis of Amara Raja Batteries Limited over 5 years from 2009-2014.
- Key ratios like current ratio, quick ratio, total debt ratio, and debt-equity ratio are calculated from the company's annual reports.
- Current ratios were above 2:1 standard except in 2011-2012. Debt ratios increased over time, showing a rising dependence on debt financing rather than equity.
This document summarizes a study that investigates the influence of working capital management on the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Pakistan from 2006 to 2012. The study uses data from various sources on SMEs to examine the relationship between return on assets (used as a proxy for profitability) and variables like accounts receivable, inventory, cash conversion cycle, and accounts payable. The results suggest that days of accounts payable has a positive association with profitability, while average collection period, inventory turnover, and cash conversion cycle have an inverse relationship with performance. Firm size and sales growth also positively influence profitability, while debt ratio negatively impacts profitability.
Human resource-management-essay-challenges-in-employee-attraction-and-retenti...Total Assignment Help
The human resource management essay represents the analysis of the challenges that the finance sector is facing in order to attract and retain the employees to their job roles.
Thousands of employers are turning to human resources outsourcing firms and Professional Employer Organizations (PEOs) as a way to cut employment costs, reduce HR risks and improve efficiencies. This is according to a new white paper entitled “Preparing for the Rebound: How Human Resources Outsourcing Can Help Business Through Uncertain Economic Times.”
The predictability of financial, accounting-based, and industrial factors on ...Marc Oliveras Villanueva
This document summarizes a study exploring factors that predict the success or failure of newly incorporated Spanish firms. The study analyzes data on over 17,000 firms from manufacturing and distribution sectors incorporated in 2008-2009 and tracked for 5 years. Logistic regressions identify relationships between survival rates and factors like firm size, profitability, liquidity, debt levels, corporate venturing, industry entry rates and concentration. Key findings are that firm size and profitability strongly predict success in both sectors, while liquidity, debt and concentration positively impact distribution firms. The study contributes to understanding firm success predictors in Spain during economic downturns from 2009-2014.
Impact of working capital on firm profitabilityWaqas Mehmood
This document analyzes the impact of working capital management on the profitability of sugar and leather firms in Pakistan. It examines secondary data from 5 sugar and 5 leather firms over 2008-2012. The key variables studied are cash conversion cycle, interest coverage ratio, debt-equity ratio, age of inventory, age of debtors, age of creditors, and return on assets. The study aims to determine if there is a significant relationship between working capital management and firm profitability. The results could help managers optimize working capital levels to improve financial performance.
Measuring entrepreneurial orientation & business performance relationshipIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study on the relationship between entrepreneurial orientation and business performance among Indian seafood exporting firms. The study found that entrepreneurial orientation, measured by factors like innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness, was positively correlated with various measures of business performance. Firms with higher entrepreneurial orientation tended to have better overall performance, return on investment, and sales compared to competitors. The study concludes that Indian seafood firms should focus on developing their entrepreneurial orientation in order to improve competitive capabilities and deal with the risks inherent in the industry. Some limitations of the study are noted, and further research is suggested.
This document discusses the important role of finance managers and the finance function in ensuring business sustainability. It defines finance as the process of securing business resources at favorable prices and allocating them to promote growth. The finance manager is responsible for financial planning, controlling finances, and ensuring optimal use of funds. Their duties include financial reporting, investment selection, determining financing sources, and dividend policies. Developing sound financial strategies that consider the optimal mix of equity, debt, and retained earnings is important for sustainable growth. The finance function and manager play a crucial role in allocating resources efficiently and maximizing the business's market value over the long run.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Determinants of working capital management efficiencyAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a research study that examines the determinants of working capital management efficiency for automotive and engineering firms listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange in Pakistan. The study uses cash conversion cycle, days sales inventory, days payable outstanding, and days sales outstanding as explanatory variables to analyze quarterly panel data from 9 firms over 5 years. It also administers a questionnaire on Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems. The study aims to determine the efficient factors of working capital management for these firms and investigate the relationships between working capital components and independent variables. It concludes that keeping the cash conversion cycle shortest through tight collection policies and liberal payment terms, along with efficient inventory management, can help firms keep working capital efficient.
This document summarizes a research paper that examines trends in working capital management and its impact on the performance of small manufacturing firms in Mauritius. It discusses how working capital management is important for business liquidity and profitability. The paper aims to analyze the relationship between working capital metrics like inventory days, receivables days, payables days, and cash conversion cycle on the profitability of 58 small manufacturing firms in Mauritius from 1998-2003. Specifically, it finds that higher investment in inventory and receivables is associated with lower profitability.
This document summarizes a research study on the relationship between working capital management and profitability among Indian manufacturing firms. The study uses financial data from 1,198 manufacturing firms over a 5-year period. The study aims to analyze how variables affecting working capital management influence firm profitability. Specifically, it examines the impact of days of debtors, days of inventory, days of creditors, and cash conversion cycle on profitability. The results of the study provide insights for Indian manufacturing firms on managing working capital to improve profitability.
Working capital management profitability an empirical analysisIAEME Publication
This document summarizes a study examining the relationship between working capital management and profitability among Indian manufacturing firms. The study uses financial data from 1,198 manufacturing firms over a 5-year period. Correlation analysis found negative relationships between measures of working capital management (debtor's days, inventory days, creditor's days, cash conversion cycle) and firm profitability. Regression analysis will further examine these relationships to determine how adjusting elements of working capital management could impact profitability. The results aim to provide Indian manufacturers insights on variables that influence their profits.
Contribution of Current Assets Management to the Financial Performance of Lis...ijtsrd
The study examined the effect of current asset management on the financial performance of listed consumer goods firms in Nigeria. The study specifically determined the extent to which debtor turnover ratio, cash ratio and inventory turnover ratio affect the Earnings Per Share of listed consumer goods firms on the Nigerian Exchange Group, using causal comparative research design. Purposive sampling technique was deployed to determine the twelve 12 consumer goods firms that made up the sample participants of the study, out of a population of twenty one. Secondary data were obtained from the annual reports and accounts of the selected companies over a period of ten years which spanned from 2011 to 2020. The hypotheses formulated were tested using Ordinary Least Square technique at 5 level of significance. The findings revealed that while debtor turnover ratio and inventory turnover ratio have a positive effect on earnings per share, cash ratio negatively affects the Earnings Per Share of listed consumer goods firms on the Nigerian Exchange Group. However, the effects were not significant at 5 level. It was recommended that managers of consumer goods firms should reduce to minimal level the time it will take between sales of goods and services and the collection of cash since the performance of firms can be increased through an increment in frequency of debt collection. Gilbert Ogechukwu Nworie | Vitalis O. Moedu | Onyali, Chidiebele Innocent "Contribution of Current Assets Management to the Financial Performance of Listed Consumer Goods Firms in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-1 , February 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52600.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/52600/contribution-of-current-assets-management-to-the-financial-performance-of-listed-consumer-goods-firms-in-nigeria/gilbert-ogechukwu-nworie
This study empirically evaluates the performance of Nigeria's Small and Medium Enterprises Equity Investment Scheme (SMEEIS) using data from Benue and Nassarawa States from 1993 to 2008. The study found that there was no significant difference in bank loans to SMEs before and after the introduction of SMEEIS, and that the conditions for accessing SMEEIS funds were beyond the reach of most SMEs in Nigeria. This indicates that SMEEIS has not significantly impacted SME growth in Nigeria. The study recommends establishing a credit guarantee scheme with risk-sharing between the government and banks to encourage greater bank lending to SMEs and support their growth, development, and Nigeria's national economic
EVALUATION OF SWOT ANALYSIS AS A STRATEGIC BUSINESS TOOL TO ENHANCE ECONOMIC ...indexPub
This study aims to analyse the applicability of SWOT analysis as a strategic business tool towards enhancing SME contractors’ capability to identify, assess and utilised identified critical factors that are considered as attributes of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats towards growing economic sustainable firms in South African construction industry.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Business and Management. IJBMI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Business and Management, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online
Strategic cost management as a recession survival tool in the nigerian manufa...Alexander Decker
The document discusses strategic cost management as a recession survival tool in Nigeria. It aims to determine if Nigerian companies use strategic cost management techniques, the extent of their use in manufacturing and financial services, factors influencing adoption, and if it can be used as a competitive strategy for survival in recessions. The research found that while Nigerian companies are receptive to strategic cost management philosophies, challenges inhibit adoption and implementation. Manufacturing concerns utilize the tools more than financial services. Companies were encouraged to adopt strategic cost management and the government to create an enabling environment for adoption.
International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI) inventionjournals
- The document examines the impact of accounting systems on the performance of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria through a survey.
- It finds that adoption of sound accounting practices enhances SME business performance. Having proper financial records facilitates decision making.
- However, many SMEs face challenges in implementing full accounting systems due to lack of skilled personnel and excessive costs. The study recommends customizing accounting systems and services for SMEs to address their needs and capacities.
This document provides an overview of strategic management accounting and its importance for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria. It discusses how strategic management accounting can help SMEs make better business decisions to improve competitiveness and performance. Specifically, it notes that strategic management accounting techniques like activity-based costing can help SMEs beyond traditional management accounting methods. The document also outlines some of the key components needed for effective strategic management accounting implementation in SMEs, including technology, information, people and government policy support. Finally, it concludes that optimal use of strategic management accounting can boost SME organizational performance.
Corporate Governance on Earnings Management in Listed Deposit Money Bank in N...ijtsrd
The increase in the manipulation of accounting records and collapse of some Nigerian Deposit Money Banks have left question in the mind of researchers on the role of corporate governance. This paper was carried out to examine the impact of corporate governance attributes on earnings management of listed Deposit Money Banks from 2009 to 2017. The study used a sample size of thirteen 13 banks. The dependent variable was measured using Discretionary Loan Loss Provision Model by Chang, Shen and Fang 2008 . Correlational design was employed the secondary data was obtained from the annual reports of the firms and Nigerian Stock Exchange website. The results from the multiple regression analysis proved that board size has positive and significant impact on earnings management board independence has negative and significant impact on earnings management while board of directors' ownership has insignificant impact on earnings management. The study concludes that effective monitoring role of independence directors will constrain the opportunistic behavior by managers. The paper therefore recommends among others that banks should increase the numbers of independent directors on the board to improve their monitoring effectiveness. Olaleye John Olatunde | Amafa Etupu Oluwafunmilayo "Corporate Governance on Earnings Management in Listed Deposit Money Bank in Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29515.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/other/29515/corporate-governance-on-earnings-management-in-listed-deposit-money-bank-in-nigeria/olaleye-john-olatunde
Working Capital Management and the Financial Performance of Basic Materials M...ijtsrd
The management of working capital involves managing inventories, accounts receivable and payable, and cash. Based on this assertion, this dissertation is to examine working capital management and the financial performance of basic materials manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The objective of the study is to examine the relationship between working capital management and financial performance of basic material manufacturing companies in Nigeria, The study is anchored with Fisher's separation theory. The study used ex post facto research design which also known as after the effect research, data analyses of financial information were extracted from the manufacturing companies Financial Statements for the years 2001 to 2015. These statements used to examine how an independent variable, present prior to the study, affects a dependent variable. In order to arrive at the testable conclusion, stratified random sampling techniques were adopted. Ordinary Least Square OLS regression model were used in this research work with the model findings, which revealed that debtors, creditors and inventory has no significant relationship with return on investment of manufacturing companies in Nigeria. The study therefore recommended that managers of basic material manufacturing companies in Nigeria should intensify effort on how to improve the management of debtor as a component of working capital components than creditors and inventories in their industry. Olaniyi, Ayo R | Nzewi, Ugochukwu C ""Working Capital Management and the Financial Performance of Basic Materials Manufacturing Companies in Nigeria"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30225.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/30225/working-capital-management-and-the-financial-performance-of-basic-materials-manufacturing-companies-in-nigeria/olaniyi-ayo-r
Effect of Earnings Management on Bankruptcy Predicting Model Evidence from Ni...ijtsrd
This study examined the effect of earnings management on bankruptcy risk among deposit money banks listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange. Specifically, it analyzed the effect of debt covenant on bankruptcy risk, and whether bank size and age moderate the effect of earnings management incentives (income smoothing, executive compensation, tax planning, debt covenant) on bankruptcy risk. The study found that debt covenant had an inverse significant effect on bankruptcy risk, implying that violations of debt covenant do not strongly influence bankruptcy risk. It also found that bank size moderates the effect of earnings management incentives on bankruptcy risk, meaning the impact depends on company size. However, bank age was found to have no significant moderating effect.
“Working Capital Management and Firms Financial Performance of Oil Companies ...IOSRJBM
The research examined the connection amid Working Capital Management (WCM) in addition to Financial Performance of Oil companies in Nigeria. The Quasi-Experimental design was employed. The hypotheses were tested by using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation (PPMC). Data analysis results point to that of a progressive and perfectly substantial relationship amongst investing and financing rules and Return on Assets (ROA) exists; a neutral and minor relationship amid both financing and investing policies and earnings per share (EPS) exists. Furthermore, there is an insignificant but undesirable relationship amongst investing and financing rules and return on equity (ROE). Conclusively, WCM impacts performance of Nigerian firms primarily from the domain of ROA. It is recommended amongst others that the comprehensive appraisal of fiscal performance trends and WCM framework; Firms in the sector should establish adequate benchmarks of working assets components in order for emerging obligations to be met adequately.
Effect of Cash Management on The Financial Performance of Cooperative Banks i...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This paper analyses the effect of cash management on the financial performance of cooperatives
banks in Rwanda. A descriptive research design was used. The population comprised of 148 employees of ZIGMA
CSS from which a sample of 108 employees was determined using Solvirn and Yemen’s formula. Data was
collected from both primary and secondary sources using questionnaires and document analysis. Data was
presented using frequency tables from which analysis was made. A multi regression analysis was used to analyse
relationship between the variables. The results from the survey revealed that ZIGMA CSS uses various cash
management techniques in the cash management. The results further revealed a strong relationship between cash
management and financial performance of ZIGMA CSS. The study concludes that cash management is a key tool
in the financial management of the banks since cash forms the biggest asset of the bank. Cooperatives banks
should ensure that they develop policies in effective cash management.
Effect of Cash Management on The Financial Performance of Cooperative Banks i...journal ijrtem
This paper analyses the effect of cash management on the financial performance of cooperatives
banks in Rwanda. A descriptive research design was used. The population comprised of 148 employees of ZIGMA
CSS from which a sample of 108 employees was determined using Solvirn and Yemen’s formula. Data was
collected from both primary and secondary sources using questionnaires and document analysis. Data was
presented using frequency tables from which analysis was made. A multi regression analysis was used to analyse
relationship between the variables. The results from the survey revealed that ZIGMA CSS uses various cash
management techniques in the cash management. The results further revealed a strong relationship between cash
management and financial performance of ZIGMA CSS. The study concludes that cash management is a key tool
in the financial management of the banks since cash forms the biggest asset of the bank. Cooperatives banks
should ensure that they develop policies in effective cash management.
Financial literacy is important for small and medium enterprises to effectively manage their finances and make good financial decisions. Lack of financial literacy can negatively impact SME performance by preventing them from properly assessing financing options and managing debts. Specifically, lack of knowledge in bookkeeping, debt management, and financial planning can magnify financial barriers for SMEs and limit their ability to grow and achieve their goals. Empirical studies show that SMEs with higher financial literacy, including skills in bookkeeping, debt management and understanding financial concepts, tend to have better financial performance through improved profitability, sales growth and ability to access appropriate financing.
Nwankwo, odi an empirical analysis of corporate survival and growth ijsaid ...William Kritsonis
The document summarizes a research paper on efficient working capital management as a prerequisite for corporate survival and growth. It discusses how working capital, consisting of current assets like cash, accounts receivable, inventory, and current liabilities, must be efficiently managed for a company to continue operating and growing over time. The researchers examined different aspects of working capital management, including inventory management, accounts receivable, cash position, and suggested measures to improve efficiency. Their findings showed that inefficient working capital management can lead to issues like excess inventory, inability to pay bills, and unproductive cash that hurts a company's survival and growth.
A Visual Guide to 1 Samuel | A Tale of Two HeartsSteve Thomason
These slides walk through the story of 1 Samuel. Samuel is the last judge of Israel. The people reject God and want a king. Saul is anointed as the first king, but he is not a good king. David, the shepherd boy is anointed and Saul is envious of him. David shows honor while Saul continues to self destruct.
Philippine Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) CurriculumMJDuyan
(𝐓𝐋𝐄 𝟏𝟎𝟎) (𝐋𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐨𝐧 𝟏)-𝐏𝐫𝐞𝐥𝐢𝐦𝐬
𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐜𝐮𝐬𝐬 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐄𝐏𝐏 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐫𝐢𝐜𝐮𝐥𝐮𝐦 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐏𝐡𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐩𝐩𝐢𝐧𝐞𝐬:
- Understand the goals and objectives of the Edukasyong Pantahanan at Pangkabuhayan (EPP) curriculum, recognizing its importance in fostering practical life skills and values among students. Students will also be able to identify the key components and subjects covered, such as agriculture, home economics, industrial arts, and information and communication technology.
𝐄𝐱𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐍𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐚𝐧𝐝 𝐒𝐜𝐨𝐩𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐚𝐧 𝐄𝐧𝐭𝐫𝐞𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐧𝐞𝐮𝐫:
-Define entrepreneurship, distinguishing it from general business activities by emphasizing its focus on innovation, risk-taking, and value creation. Students will describe the characteristics and traits of successful entrepreneurs, including their roles and responsibilities, and discuss the broader economic and social impacts of entrepreneurial activities on both local and global scales.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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إضغ بين إيديكم من أقوى الملازم التي صممتها
ملزمة تشريح الجهاز الهيكلي (نظري 3)
💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀💀
تتميز هذهِ الملزمة بعِدة مُميزات :
1- مُترجمة ترجمة تُناسب جميع المستويات
2- تحتوي على 78 رسم توضيحي لكل كلمة موجودة بالملزمة (لكل كلمة !!!!)
#فهم_ماكو_درخ
3- دقة الكتابة والصور عالية جداً جداً جداً
4- هُنالك بعض المعلومات تم توضيحها بشكل تفصيلي جداً (تُعتبر لدى الطالب أو الطالبة بإنها معلومات مُبهمة ومع ذلك تم توضيح هذهِ المعلومات المُبهمة بشكل تفصيلي جداً
5- الملزمة تشرح نفسها ب نفسها بس تكلك تعال اقراني
6- تحتوي الملزمة في اول سلايد على خارطة تتضمن جميع تفرُعات معلومات الجهاز الهيكلي المذكورة في هذهِ الملزمة
واخيراً هذهِ الملزمة حلالٌ عليكم وإتمنى منكم إن تدعولي بالخير والصحة والعافية فقط
كل التوفيق زملائي وزميلاتي ، زميلكم محمد الذهبي 💊💊
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Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,