2. “The burden of mental
disorders, such as depression
and anxiety, fall
disproportionately on women of
childbearing and childrearing
age.”
Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 2007
3. Rates of severe mental illness similar between
men and women, but differences in diagnoses,
age of onset, course.
Rates of Major Depression and Dysthymia are
about twice as high for women as for men
Prevalence rates for most Anxiety Disorders
(panic disorder, agoraphobia, specific phobia,
GAD, PTSD) are 2-3x higher in women
(exceptions are OCD and social phobia: rates
are =)
4. Bipolar Disorder – Type I rates = in men and
women, Type II women > men
› More mixed episodes, rapid cycling
› Later age of onset, more depressive episodes
Schizophrenia – Lifetime prevalence = in men and
women.
› Women have later age of onset (25-35) with bimodal
distribution
› Higher premorbid functioning and social functioning
› More “benign” course
Eating Disorders – Anorexia Nervosa 95% female;
Bulimia 80% female
5. Substance Abuse : Men 2-4 x more likely to
have dx of substance abuse or dependence
› Women with affective illness more vulnerable
Personality Disorders:
› Women > Men in Borderline, Histrionic (?)
› Men > Women in Antisocial, Narcissistic,
Obsessive-Compulsive
10. Higher incidence of MDD in women starting at
puberty, less marked post-menopause
Suicidal behavior may be more common in low
estrogen states
5% rate of PMDD
Rates of postpartum admissions and psychosis
elevated immediately after childbirth
Perimenopausal mood d/o’s vs. post-
menopause
12. Fig. 1. Phases of the menstrual cycle positively correlated with suicide attempts and
changes in oestrogen concentration during the cycle. * Denotes studies where results were
statistically significant. Saunders et al, 2006
15. E2
PROG
MAO / COMT
E2 MAO & COMT - 5HT
PROG MAO & COMT - SHT
MAO: Monoamine Oxidase
COMT: Catechol-O-Methyl
Transferase
5HT: Serotonin
TRYP
5HT Re-uptake Site
5HT
Estroge
n
16.
17. Psychological Symptoms
Depression
Anger, Irritability
Affective lability
Anxiety
Sensitivity to rejection
Poor concentration
Sense of feeling
overwhelmed
Social withdrawal
Physical Symptoms
Lethargy or fatigue
Sleep disturbance
(usually hypersomnia)
Appetite disturbance
(usually increased)
Abdominal bloating
Breast tenderness
Muscle aches, joint pain
Swelling of extremities
18. Affects 3-8% of menstruating women
Symptoms begin during Luteal Phase,
resolve completely with onset of menses
≥5 symptoms in most cycles
Marked decrease in social or occupational
functioning
Distinguish from underlying mood disorder
(no symptoms Follicular Phase)
Abnormal serotonin neurotransmission?
19. Lifestyle interventions, exercise
Calcium, Vit B6, Magnesium, Vit E
Herbal remedies (chasteberry)
Psychotherapy
SSRI’s (fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline)
› Immediate effect
› Intermittent vs. continuous dosing
Hormonal therapies
20. Increased risk for first episode depression
during menopausal transition
Lower risk for first episode depression in
post-menopausal women
Women with a history of depression remain
at risk for future episodes
Estrogen replacement effective for mild
symptoms, but not Major Depression
24. Pregnancy is NOT protective against psychiatric
illness
Rates of Major Depression during pregnancy
10-15% Anxiety disorders may be higher.
High rate of relapse when antidepressant
medications are stopped during pregnancy
(~50-70%)
Pregnant Bipolar women have same risk for
relapse off meds as non-pregnant Bipolar
women. Post partum risk 4x higher.
25. Past history of depression
Poor overall health
Greater alcohol use
Smoking
Being unmarried
Unemployment
Lower education level
26. Level of suffering – for mom and partner
Decreased ability to care for herself and the
pregnancy – suicide risk in severe cases
Increased risk for pre-term delivery,
preeclampsia, and low birth weight
Higher rates of smoking, alcohol and substance
use
Risk of post-partum depression, negative effects
on child and family
28. Psychotropic Medications in Pregnancy – are
they safe?
No Psychotropics are FDA-approved for use
during pregnancy
All medications cross the placenta
Principals of management: maximize non-
medication options, minimize exposure to
meds and to depression
29. Teratogenesis
› No increase in overall rate of fetal malformations
› Some evidence linking inc risk of rare defects (i.e.
paroxetine and cardiac malformations)
Pregnancy Outcomes
› Mixed evidence on birth weight, early pregnancy loss,
preterm labor (depression effects?)
Neonatal Toxicity
› Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
› Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension of the Newborn
Long-term effects
› No evidence to date of long-term developmental effects in
children exposed in utero
33. Occurs in 50-85% of women
Characterized by mood lability, tearfulness,
anxiety and irritability
Symptoms peak at day 4-5
May last a few hours to several days
Symptoms do not interfere with functioning
Reassurance rather than treatment
If symptoms persist > 2 weeks, patient should
be evaluated for a more serious mood disorder
34. Occurs in 1-2 per 1000 women
Onset 24hrs – 3 weeks postpartum
Rapid mood swings, insomnia, obsessive thoughts
Delusions, hallucinations, impaired reality testing.
Delusions involving infant are common
Shifting mental status , disorientation, confusion,
disorganized behavior
High risk of suicide and/or infanticide
Psychiatric emergency – needs evaluation immediately
Differential: medical causes of delirium, PPD, SCZ
>70% appears to be a presentation of bipolar disorder.
Bipolar women at very high risk of PPP
35. Estimates of prevalence between 10-15%
Risk factors:
› Prior episodes depression or anxiety, including
during pregnancy
› Marital discord
› Unwanted or unplanned pregnancy
› Infant medical problems
› Lack of social support
› Low socioeconomic status
Differential: anemia, diabetes, thyroid
36. Symptoms:
• Depressed mood
• Tearfulness
• Loss of interest in usual activities
• Feelings of guilt
• feelings of worthlessness or incompetence
• Fatigue
• Sleep disturbance
• Change in appetite
• Poor concentration
• Suicidal thoughts
37. Milder cases overlap with normal feelings in the
postpartum period – i.e. fatigue, altered sleep,
appetite, energy
Hopelessness, worthlessness, suicidal ideation
are not normal in the postpartum period
Comorbid anxiety with obsessional thoughts
about the baby is common
› Important to distinguish from psychosis
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
› 10-item self-rating scale measuring mood, anxiety
and SI
38. Psychotherapy: IPT, CBT, Supportive,
Psychodynamic, Couples, Group
Improved social supports
Help with infant care
Light therapy
Medications: SSRI’s, Tricyclics,
Benzodiazepines for comorbid anxiety
39. All psychotropic medications are secreted into
breast milk
Concentrations in breast milk vary widely
Peak concentrations are attained at 6-8 hours
Infant toxicity depends on exposure and hepatic
metabolism
Relationship between infant serum
concentrations and infant physiology, behavior
and development is unknown
Carefully monitor breast fed infants
40. Mood and Anxiety disorders disproportionately affect
women of reproductive age
Times of hormonal change may be periods of particular
vulnerability
Many women are reluctant to seek treatment, diagnoses
often missed
Treatment of psychiatric illness is complicated by
potential pregnancy, pregnancy, postpartum issues
Risks and benefits of both treatment and non-treatment
must be carefully considered
Editor's Notes
Curiosity about why this is
What does this tell us about the differences between men and women?
What does this tell us about affective and anxiety disorders?
Responsibility to our women patients to understand the effects of these illness and our treatments of them not only on the patients, but on their unborn children and their families.
DSM III categorization of MDE – 12-month prevalance. Hazard rate data by age. Hazard rates diverge starting at age 10-14. Data in the 50-54 range based on small n, so not reliable, though ? Perimenopause effect? Overall women are 1.7 x more likely to report a lifetime episode of MDE.
Prior to menarche, rates in boys and girls similar
Systematic review of studies looking at suicidal behavior and menstrual cycle.
? Findings (some + some -) though felt that better methods led to more correlation.
Trend toward low-estrogen states being more correlated.
Relative risk of admission 90d after childbirth = 4
Computer linkage of obstetric and psychiatric record systems made it possible to identify all women resident in the city of Edinburgh who had given birth to live or stillborn children in 1971-7 and to study (a) the distribution of psychiatric admissions relative to the time of childbirth and (b) the correlates of psychiatric admission in the first 90 days after childbirth. Having a first baby, being unmarried and undergoing Cesarean section were all associated with an increased risk of admission; twin births, perinatal death and maternal age were not. It is difficult to account for these and other established relationships purely in psychological or purely in somatic terms, suggesting that influences of both kinds are probably involved in the genesis of puerperal disorders.
Progesterone levels in mid-luteal phase abt 5ng/dl. By the third trimester of pregnancy abt 175
PMS abt 75%
PMS abt 75%
PMS abt 75%
PMS abt 75%
Where there is illness there is risk.
Depression may impact a woman’s ability to care for herself and the pregnancy (i.e. insufficient weight gain, poor nutrition, insufficient pre-natal care).
Risk of suicide in severe cases (though on a population basis, rates of suicide during pregnancy are relatively lower than the general population).
There is evidence to suggest that maternal depression increases the risk for pre-term delivery, preeclampsia, and low birth weight [1-7]. This may be due to maternal neuroendocrine changes associated with depression, although the exact mechanisms are unclear [8-11].
There are higher rates of smoking, alcohol and substance use in depressed pregnant women as compared to nondepressed pregnant women.
In addition, the level of suffering of untreated depression has an impact not only on the mother and the unborn fetus but on the family unit, with potentially adverse effects for young children in the home - including behavioral, cognitive and emotional problems and psychiatric diagnoses. [25,39]
Severity and length of post-partum depressions in mothers has been associated with less language and cognitive development in children. [25]