This document discusses women as a constituency in politics. It provides historical context on women's suffrage movements in western countries in the late 18th and 19th centuries which aimed to give women political rights and the ability to vote. It also notes that some eastern women had political rights and participated in politics earlier than western women. The document then outlines the representation of women in Pakistani politics since independence in 1947 through reserved seats. It notes some recent increases in women's participation in politics but also barriers that still exist like lack of autonomy, education, and the patriarchal political structure.
A Comparative Analysis of Federalism in Sri LankaNimesh Babu Oli
This slide gives a comprehensive overview of Federalism in Sri Lanka. This is only a slide for the presentation of the whole topic. For in-depth understanding, enthusiasts should watch the presentation given by the authors.
Brian Moore For Governor of Florida/DEMOCRATjenkan04
Brian Moore on the issues for Governor of Florida
Candidates personal history
Presented by The Highlands Tea Party http://thehighlandsteaparty.com /
Prepared by John Nelson
A Comparative Analysis of Federalism in Sri LankaNimesh Babu Oli
This slide gives a comprehensive overview of Federalism in Sri Lanka. This is only a slide for the presentation of the whole topic. For in-depth understanding, enthusiasts should watch the presentation given by the authors.
Brian Moore For Governor of Florida/DEMOCRATjenkan04
Brian Moore on the issues for Governor of Florida
Candidates personal history
Presented by The Highlands Tea Party http://thehighlandsteaparty.com /
Prepared by John Nelson
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PowerPoint developed and used by TA Michael Fix for a lecture on Civil Rights for PS 101 American Government at the University of Kentucky, Spring 2007.
POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND REPRESENTATION OF WOMEN IN INDIAN POLITICSpaperpublications3
Abstract: women constitute half of the world population, but they are the largest excluded category in almost all respects. Women are neglected at family, community and societal levels and living as an oppressed class. Historically they have been exposed to extreme form of physical, sexual and psychological violence and enjoy least socio -economic status. They have been victims of gender based violence and their miseries got intensified further due to patriarchal nature of society. Women attempted diversified strategies to liberate themselves from shackles of exploitation and feminism was a major response to challenge patriarchy at global platform as well as within national boundaries. An important area where women have been inadequately represented is in the political sphere. Articles 325 and 326 of the constitution of India guarantee political equality, equal right to participation in political activities and right to vote respectively. Lack of space for participation in political bodies has not only resulted in their presence in numbers in these decision making bodies but also in the neglect of issues and experiences in policy making.
3. What is constituency
A body of voters in a specified area who elect a
representative to legislative body.
A body of voters represented by a legislator or elected
official.
A group of supporters or patrons.
4. Historical review
Western women
• Western women demands for their improved social
status and equality in political rights.
• Wanted freedom to participate in legislative body.
• “American resolution in 1776” and
• “French resolution in 1789” provided the
movement for their rights.
• They had resort to strikes, processions and
demonstrations.
• They were abused, tear gassed and imprisoned.
5. Cont..
Women sufferage movement
In all democratic societies male have political
empowerment.
Till late 19th century women were generally
regarded incapable of understanding political
problems and deprived the right to vote in Britain.
Under people representation act of 1918 and
later in 1928.A section of women was given this
right who were owner of the property
6. Eastern women
Took part in politics side by side with men
Eastern males were supportive
Got right of vote early than western women
After independence women step back from politics
and confined in home
Very few of them participate in politics.
7. Women Representation(1947-1973)
Under the 1935 act of British-India
Shaista Ikramullah and Jahanara Shahnawaz were only two women
members on seats based on women suffrage in the Constituent
Assembly.
The constitution of 1956, the first constitution of Pakistan, maintained
women suffrage election of female member and improved the
number of reserved seats for women to 15.
Gen. Ayub Khan in his 1962 Constitution, introduced reserved seats
women, i.e. 8 at the national level and 5 in each provincial assembly.
Bhutto in 1973 constitution increased the reserved seats at national
level that is 10.
Zia-ul-Haq introduced Islamization and restricted women to their
domestic life. Caused women under representation in political sphere.
8. Women as constituency
It gradually engaging in the country because of the several breaks in the
pattern mostly over recent years
Recent changes occurs like
a) More being registered as voter than before
b) Increased participation of women in electoral and political
processes(Mariyam Nawaz, Hina Rabbani, sharmila faruqi)
c) More women coming as candidate
d) Securing votes in local as well as provincial elections
e) Increased mobilization of women voters by political parties ( Andleb Abas)
9. Governmental support
Electoral reforms 2002
It provided the opportunity path for women to be politically active at
national and provincial level,
started their political tenure in a politically insulated environment with
heavy responsibility for the cause of women’s political empowerment to
(a)promote and facilitate encouraging environment for their sisterhood
(b)(b) playing a positive role in national level issues and policies.
The legal framework order(LFO) carried positive provisions
I. Increased women representation in legislature bodies
II. Highest reservation for women in senate
III. Reservation of seats for non-Muslims in NA and PA’s
IV. Lowering the voting age to 18years
10. Barriers in the way of women constituency
Women own limited autonomy
Lack of education of political or gender issues
Isolation from active women’s groups
Lack of encouragement
Dependency (Herman finer )
Patriarchal political structure