Why is it important that the donor cultures are grown to exponential.pdf

•

0 likes•2 views

Why is it important that the donor cultures are grown to exponential phase, but the recipient cells can be in stationary phase? Solution Cells in exponential phase are more active, healthier and have more energy stores compared to the cells in stationary phase. It is necessary for a donor cell to make the pilus and the proteins necessary to copy and transfer the F-plasmid to the recipient cell. It can be assumed that healthy cells of exponential phase could serve as donor cells. The role of recipient cells is to accept the incoming DNA and make a second strand of the incoming DNA. This is much less active role than the donor cells..

Education

More from info824691

Define: indirect finance, direct finance, debt, and equity. Solution Direct finance: When a firm borrows funds directly issuing securities from financial market i.e. without help of any financial institution. Direct finance can be in nature of equity or debt Indirect finance: When firm borrows funds using financial intermediaries to raise capital for the firm. Indirect finance can be in nature of equity or debt. Equity: Equity is unit or certificate which represents the ownership in the firm. The ownership is proportionate to the value of the share or equity purchased. Equity shareholders have voting rights in the firm. No fixed payment is obligated towards equity. Debt: Debt is borrowing which a firm owes to its creditors. Debt is for specific period of time. A fixed payment is obligated towards debt which is called interest or coupon..

Define indirect finance, direct finance, debt, and equity.Solut.pdf

info824691

Chapter 17 True False Questions 1. Hemostasis is the production of formed elements of blood True False 2. Blood viscosity stems mainly from electrolytes and monomers dissolved in plasma. True False 3. Lymphoid her esis occurs mainly in the bone marrow. mopoi True False 4. oxygen and carbon dioxide bind to different parts of hemoglobin. True False 5. The liver stores excess iron in ferritin. True False 6. The most important components of the cytoplasm of RBCs are hemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase. True False Solution 1. This statement is False. Homeostasis is a tendency towards a relatively stable equilibrium between interdependent elements , especially as maintained by physiological processes. 2. This statement is false. The blood viscosity is due to the presence of erythrocytes than any others factors. 3. This statement is False. Lymphoid Haemopoiesis is the formation of lymphocytes. It occurs mostly in the Thymus. 4. This statement is true. Oxygen and carbon dioxide combines to different parts of haemoglobin to form oxyhemoglobin and carbaminohemoglobin. 5. This statement is True. The liver stores excess of iron in the form of ferritin. ferritin is a blood cell protein which stores iron. 6. This statement is True. The most important component of cytoplasm of RBCS are haemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase..

Chapter 17 True False Questions 1. Hemostasis is the production of fo.pdf

info824691

An object is placed 12.9 cm in front of the cornea. (The cornea is thin ans has approximately parallel sides so that the reflection that occurs as light travels from air to cornea to aqueous humor is essentially the same as though the aqueous humor were directly in contact with the air. The aqueous humor has index of refraction n = 1.34 and the radius of curvature of cornea is 7.8 mm.) (b) The image formed by the cornea serves as an object for the lens. Treat the lens as a thin lens 7 mm behind the cornea. Find the optical power of the lens necessary to form an image on the retina, 30 mm from the center of the lens. Solution len\'s maker formula 1/f = (n-1)*(1/R1 + 1/R2 ) => 1/f = (1.34 -1)*(2/7.8) => f = 11.5 mm location of image v = (12.9*1.15)/(12.9-1.15) = 1.262 cm The image at this location acts as object for the lens. Thus, the object distance for the lens is 0.7 cm- 1.262 cm= -0.562 cm => v2 = -0.562*3)/(-0.562+3) = -0.6915 cm P = 1/f = 1/0.03 = - 33.33 D.

An object is placed 12.9 cm in front of the cornea. (The cornea is t.pdf

info824691

An archaeal contaminant is discovered in a shipment of sausages. To which of the following groups would this contaminant most likely belong? A-methanogens B-thermophiles C-hyperthermophiles D-halophiles Solution correct answer is METHANOGENS Thermophiles, Hyperthermophiles or halohiles will be contaminating, if extreme conditions of temperature or salt concentration is present. Methanogens are present in the spoilage of shipment and produce methane leading to foul smelling..

An archaeal contaminant is discovered in a shipment of sausages. To .pdf

info824691

8. A box of parts contains 8 good items and 2 defective items. If 2 .pdf

info824691

A microbiologist obtains two samples: one of a virus and the other of a viroid. He mixes the labels and is not sure which is which. What is one molecule that he could analyze and try to detect the presence of that would help him distinguish between the two and put the correct labels on? Solution Viiruses have either DNA or RNA genome as the genetic material covered with a protein capsid but viroids and virusoids consist of naked RNA. Viroids lack protein coat. The other difference is viruses are of various shapes and sizes but viroids and virusoids are covalently closed circular RNA molecules.Viruses infect all organisms but viriods infect only plants.

A microbiologist obtains two samples one of a virus and the other of.pdf

info824691

Can someone please explain part E to me. It\'s the only one I don\'t understand. I posted the previews b/c its needed for part E but I don\'t really get it. Solution As we can see, our data set is composed of only 0, 1, 2, which are all close to each other. Thus, there are no outliers, or unusual values. Now, we see that the graph is relatively symmetric, as the peak is at the middle, and to its left and right are not very different heights. Thus, OPTION E: There are no outliers in this relatively symmetric, mound shaped distribution. [ANSWER].

Can someone please explain part E to me. Its the only one I dont.pdf

info824691

A two-way ANOVA with interaction has how many sources of variation? a. 4 b. 2 c. 3 d. 5 Solution A two-way ANOVA with interaction has how many sources of variation? Ans is 5SourceSSdfMSFMain Effect AgivenA, a-1SS / dfMS(A) / MS(W)Main Effect BgivenB, b-1SS / dfMS(B) / MS(W)Interaction EffectgivenA*B, (a-1)(b-1)SS / dfMS(A*B) / MS(W)WithingivenN - ab, ab(n-1)SS / dfTotalsum of othersN - 1, abn - 1.

A two-way ANOVA with interaction has how many sources of variation.pdf

info824691

2. Start capturing packets then open a webpage. a. “Follow” the TCP .pdf

info824691

Bioinformatics sequencing excercise. Sequencing the human genome started with how many base pairs? Where are all of those base pairs located? Sequencing that many base pairs was and still is not feasible. So what did scientists do to begin the international effort to sequence the genome? What two processes were used to sequence the human genome? What is the difference between the two processes? Sequencing of the genome helps to know the sequence of the genes and mapping is to identify location of genes and distance between genes on the chromosomes. Who was the director of the International Human Genome Sequencing Project? Why is this process call hierarchical clone by clone sequencing? The DNA is split up into fragments ready for sequencing. What is the Golden Tiling Path? Where does it fit into the process on the illustration of the hierarchical clone by clone sequencing process. What is the purpose of using BACs in the sequencing process? How long are the sequences carried by each BAC clone? What is un Solution 1) The Human Genome Project started in 1990 and aimed in sequencing all three billion base pairs. The genome was broken into 150,000 base pairs in length and then ligated and cloned into BAC 2) The nucleotides Adenine, Thymine, Guanine and cytosine are located in the DNA in the nucleus. Mitochondria and chloroplast also carry genetic material as plasmid hence they are self replicating. 3) The DNA was cut into fragments of 150,000 base pairs and ligated into BAC. They created a shortgun and assembled and sequenced it. 5)Francis Collins is the director of NHGRI 9) 150,000 base pairs are present in one BAC. it takes about 20,000 different BAC clones to contain the 3 billion pairs.

Bioinformatics sequencing excercise. Sequencing the human genome sta.pdf

info824691

Write a function in C++ to generate an N-node random binary search tree with distinct keys 1 through N. Assume that you have available a function, randInt(lower,upper), that generates a uniform random integer in the appropriate closed interval. What is the running time of your routine? Solution / A C++ prgroam to contrcut all unique BSTs for keys from 1 to n #include #include using namespace std; // node structure struct node { int key; struct node *left, *right; }; // A utility function to create a new BST node struct node *newNode(int item) { struct node *temp = new node; temp->key = item; temp->left = temp->right = NULL; return temp; } // A utility function to do preorder traversal of BST void preorder(struct node *root) { if (root != NULL) { cout << root->key << \" \"; preorder(root->left); preorder(root->right); } } // function for constructing trees vector constructTrees(int start, int end) { vector list; /* if start > end then subtree will be empty so returning NULL in the list */ if (start > end) { list.push_back(NULL); return list; } /* iterating through all values from start to end for constructing\\ left and right subtree recursively */ for (int i = start; i <= end; i++) { /* constructing left subtree */ vector leftSubtree = constructTrees(start, i - 1); /* constructing right subtree */ vector rightSubtree = constructTrees(i + 1, end); /* now looping through all left and right subtrees and connecting them to ith root below */ for (int j = 0; j < leftSubtree.size(); j++) { struct node* left = leftSubtree[j]; for (int k = 0; k < rightSubtree.size(); k++) { struct node * right = rightSubtree[k]; struct node * node = newNode(i);// making value i as root node->left = left; // connect left subtree node->right = right; // connect right subtree list.push_back(node); // add this tree to list } } } return list; } // Driver Program to test above functions int main() { // Construct all possible BSTs vector totalTreesFrom1toN = constructTrees(1, 3); /* Printing preorder traversal of all constructed BSTs */ cout << \"Preorder traversals of all constructed BSTs are \ \"; for (int i = 0; i < totalTreesFrom1toN.size(); i++) { preorder(totalTreesFrom1toN[i]); cout << endl; } return 0; } Output:.

Write a function in C++ to generate an N-node random binary search t.pdf

info824691

Write a paragraph introducing the immunology pertaining to Crohn\'s Disease. This should be written in a formal scientific format specific to a scientific audience. Solution Answer : Crohn\'s disease:Its a type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that may affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. Signs and symptoms often include abdominal pain, (which may be bloody if inflammation is severe), fever, and weight loss. Other complications may occur outside the gastrointestinal tract and include anemia, skin rashes, arthritis, inflammation of the eye, and feeling tired. The skin rashes may be due to infections as well as pyoderma gangrenosum or erythema nodosum. Bowel obstruction also commonly occurs and those with the disease are at greater risk of bowel cancer. Crohn\'s disease contended that the characteristic intestinal inflammation resulted from a T celldriven process initiated by usually innocuous commensal bacteria or bacterial products. Crohn\'s disease has been viewed as a paradigm of a type 1 helper T cell, with raised levels of interferon and interleukin (IL2). The mucosal inflammation is theorised to be perpetuated by a failure to down regulate this immunologically activated state with a loss of normal tolerance to commensal flora. This conception has served as the guiding principle for most current and investigational agents that aim to suppress what is considered to be an inappropriate immune response, with most approaches targeting the T cell or T cell products. Crohn\'s disease is caused by a combination of environmental, immune and bacterial factors in genetically susceptible individuals. It results in a chronic inflammatory disorder, in which the body\'s immune system attacks the gastrointestinal tract possibly directed at microbial antigens, While Crohn\'s is an immune related disease, it does not appear to be an autoimmune disease (in that the immune system is not being triggered by the body itself). The exact underlying immune problem is not clear; however, it may be an immunodeficiency state. About half of the overall risk is related to genetics with more than 70 genes found to be involved. Tobacco smokers are two times more likely to develop Crohn\'s disease than nonsmokers. It also often begins aftergastroenteritis. Diagnosis is based on a number of findings including biopsy and appearance of the bowel wall, medical imaging and description of the disease. Other conditions that can present similarly include irritable bowel syndrome and Behçet\'s disease..

Write a paragraph introducing the immunology pertaining to Crohns D.pdf

info824691

Why aren\'t conjugative plasmids degraded by Restriction-Modification systems upon transfer to a recipient cell? Solution Majority of RM systems are located on bacterial chromosomes, some of them, especially those representing type II can be found in naturally occurring plasmids. This may facilitate dissemination of these genetic elements among bacteria by means of horizontal gene transfer as suggested by bioinformatic analyses.Their primary role relies on protecting bacteria against phage invasion.When present in cells, the RM systems, apart from their aforementioned diverse functions, may also modulate the flow of incoming DNA molecules.So, they can be considered as key elements that can control circulation of genetic determinants in the environment. RM systems are rare in plasmids and the host spectrum for such plasmids is rather narrow. three factors ensure stable maintenance of plasmids are: (i) sites involved in resolution of plasmid multimers, (ii) a gene coding for endonuclease, and (iii) plasmid copy number control . So,if conjugative plasmids are degraded by RM system upon transfer to areceipient cell or descendants of cells that have lost the plasmid encoding a RM system cannot survive due to a reduced pool of DNA methyltransferase molecules. Lack of sufficient protection of the genomic DNA against the action of cognate restriction endonuclease leads directly to bacterial cell death..

Why arent conjugative plasmids degraded by Restriction-Modificatio.pdf

info824691

1- Discuss Cooley and his theory of socialization ? 2-Define the concept of socialization in detail? 3- Discuss Goffman and his theory of socialization. Discuss four of the phrases he used in his analysis of social structure.such as front stage ,back stage impression management 4- Discuss the concept of anticipatory socialization and relate it to your life on campus ? Solution Ans 1 :Cooley and his theory of socialization : The looking-glass self is a social psychological concept, created by Charles Horton Cooley in 1902 (McIntyre 2006), stating that a person\'s self grows out of society\'s interpersonal interactions and the perceptions of others. The term refers to people shaping their self-concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive them. Cooley clarified that society is an interweaving and inter-working of mental selves. The term \"looking glass self\" was first used by Cooley in his work, Human Nature and the Social Order in 1902. There are three main components of the looking-glass self: 1. First, we imagine how we must appear to others. 2. Second, we imagine the judgment of that appearance. 3. Finally, we develop our self through the judgments of others. Ans 2 : Concept of socialization : Socialisation is a term used by sociologists, social psychologists, anthropologists, political scientists, and educationalists to refer to the lifelong process of inheriting and disseminating norms, customs, values and ideologies, providing an individual with the skills and habits necessary for participating within their own society. Socialization is thus \"the means by which social and cultural continuity are attained\". Socialisation describes a process which may lead to desirable outcomes—sometimes labeled \"moral\"—as regards the society where it occurs. Individual views on certain issues, for instance race or economics, are influenced by the society\'s consensus and usually tend toward what that society finds acceptable or \"normal\". Many socio-political theories postulate that socialization provides only a partial explanation for human beliefs and behaviors, maintaining that agents are not blank slates predetermined by their environment; scientific research provides evidence that people are shaped by both social influences and genes. Genetic studies have shown that a person\'s environment interacts with his or her genotype to influence behavioral outcomes. Ans 2 : Goffman and his theory of socialization : Dramaturgy is a sociological perspective commonly used in microsociological accounts of social interaction in everyday life. The term was first adapted into sociology from the theatre by Erving Goffman, who developed most of the related terminology and ideas in his 1959 book,The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. In dramaturgical sociology it is argued that the elements of human interactions are dependent upon time, place, and audience. In other words, to Goffman, the self is a sense of who one is, a dramatic effect emergin.

1- Discuss Cooley and his theory of socialization 2-Define the co.pdf

info824691

Which of the following statements must be true of a two-force member in static equilibrium? 5 I. Forces must be equal in magnitude. II. Forces must have collinear lines of action. IIL. Forces must produce the same moment about every point in a plane IV. Forces must be of opposite sense. O (A) 1, 1I, and IV only (B) 1 and IV only O (C) 1,11,111, and IV (D) I. III, and IV only Solution Option A is correct. The forces has to be of equal magnitude, should be collinear, should have same moment in magnitube but opposite direction and must be of opposite sense..

Which of the following statements must be true of a two-force member .pdf

info824691

Where would you find transitional epithelium? a. The trachea b. The lungs c. The uterus d. The skin If I saw multiple layers of tall cells, how could I describe them? a. Simple Squamous b. Stratified cuboidal c. Stratified columnar d. Simple columnar Solution answer 5. Uterus. Transitionalk epithelium is present in thye linig of uterus and ureters which brings urine to the urinary bladder. It is a layer of epithelial cells. Answer 6 : Strattified Columnar These are columnar cells because it is described as tall cells and since it is present in the layers form so this is known as Stratified columnar. Single layer of columnar cells are called simple columnar..

Where would you find transitional epithelium a. The trachea b. The.pdf

info824691

What is the PDU at Layer 3 called? A. Data B. Segment C. Packet D. Frame E. Bit Solution C is correct. Packet is the PDU at the Network layer. A, B, D, and E are incorrect. A is incorrect because the data is the PDU for the top three layers. B is incorrect because the Layer 4 PDU is called a segment. D is incorrect because the frame is the PDU for the Data Link layer. E is incorrect because the bit is the PDU for the Physical layer..

What is the PDU at Layer 3 calledA. DataB. SegmentC. Packet.pdf

info824691

What would happen to a strain of Listeria mono cytogeneses that had a frame shift mutation in the gene encoding Listeria lysine O? Solution Listeria monocytogenes is a pathogenic bacterium containing the gene Lysteria lysin O (LLO). Listeriolysin O is a hemolysin, a toxin which is bacteria\'s virulence factor. This is crucial for the virulence of L. monocytogenes. Listeriolysin O is a non-enzymatic, pore-forming toxin protein which has cytolytic properties and is activated in presence of reducing agents. It enables the pathogen to escape from phagosomes into the cytosol of infected cells, without damaging the plasma membrane. Thus bacteria manage to thrive intracellularly and remains protected from extracellular immune system. A frameshift mutation (addition or deletion of base pairs in the DNA which shifts the natural reading frames during transcription process) in LLO gene of this pathogen may result in inability to produce toxin. This can cause the L. monocytogenes loose its virulence activity..

What would happen to a strain of Listeria mono cytogeneses that had a.pdf

info824691

What is the role of sulfur in the sulfur cycle? decomposition reduction oxidation Reduction of CO_2 to generate carbohydrates can occur when coupled to the oxidation reduced s compounds (for example, has). This latter process is carried out by what type of ? Solution 10. Oxidation- is the role of sulfur chemoautotrophs in the sulfur cycle chemoautotrophs anrganism that derives its energy from chemical processes rather than photosynthesis 11. Reduction of co2 to generate carbohydrates can occur when coupled to the oxidation of reduced sulphur compounds. the latter type of process is carried out by Sulphate reducers.

What is the role of sulfur in the sulfur cycle decomposition redu.pdf

info824691

What is salmonella? Solution Salmonella is a gram negative bacteria. It is a bacillus meaning rod shaped bacteria of Enteriobacterieacea family. It belongs to the kingdom Eubacteria. They are basically chemotrops obtaining their enrgy from organic source using oxidation reduction reaction, they can also live with or without oxygen (facultative anaerobes). It is the organism responsible for the spleen infection in Typhoid fever and food born deseases. It can be transmittedd by eating infectious food or contaminated food. REptiles and rodends are likely to carry salmonella..

What is salmonellaSolutionSalmonella is a gram negative bacte.pdf

info824691

More from info824691 (20)