If Mendel had chosen factors to follow in his pea plants poorly,.pdf

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If Mendel had chosen \'factors\' to follow in his pea plants poorly, and had unwittingly chosen to observe gene traits on the same chromosome: a. which one of his laws would he not have been able to figure out? why? Solution Mendel performed classical experiments on pea plant considering following points: Based upon these assumption, Mendel performed some experiments and resulted in following conclusions: Till that time, it was not known that these \'factors\' were actually genes which are very active at molecular levels. These genes can indeed show segregation and independent assortment but for that to take place, a minimum prescribed distance should be present between two genes. If two genes are located very close to each other, it is very highly probabale that these gene-pair will be inherited as a single unit in the successive generations. Thus, the law of segregation and independent assortment fails here. Tthus, if Mendel was able to figure out the molecular nature of genes/factors, the laws of segregation and resultantly, the law of independent assortmuent would have failed..

If Mendel had chosen 'factors' to follow in his pea plants poorly, and had unwittingly chosen to
observe gene traits on the same chromosome:
a. which one of his laws would he not have been able to figure out? why?
Solution
Mendel performed classical experiments on pea plant considering following points:
Based upon these assumption, Mendel performed some experiments and resulted in following
conclusions:
Till that time, it was not known that these 'factors' were actually genes which are very active at
molecular levels. These genes can indeed show segregation and independent assortment but for
that to take place, a minimum prescribed distance should be present between two genes. If two
genes are located very close to each other, it is very highly probabale that these gene-pair will be
inherited as a single unit in the successive generations. Thus, the law of segregation and
independent assortment fails here.
Tthus, if Mendel was able to figure out the molecular nature of genes/factors, the laws of
segregation and resultantly, the law of independent assortmuent would have failed.

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Describe the structure and location of the parathyroid glands. Describe the structure and location of the adrenal glands. Include the organization of the following parts and their major role: Cortex and Medulla Explain how the adrenal medulla and the sympathetic nervous system interact. Describe the circadian cycle of melatonin. Describe how the HPA axis controls sex-hormone release. Describe what happens in the body in diabetes mellitus and explain the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes. Solution 1.Structure and location of parathyroid glands: Structure : Loaction :These glands are situated behind the left and right lobes of the thyroid. 2.Structure and location of adrenal glands: Structure : Cortex :It is the outermost layer and is made up of three zones: Zona glomerulosa :The outermost layer of the adrenal cortex is the zona glomerulosa and is made up of oval cells that separated by thin strands of connective tissue.They secrete aldosterone that function to regulate blood pressure. Zona fasciculata:Lies next to zona glomerulosa.It is the largest layer made up of columnar cells.They secrete hormone cortisol that is essential in maintaining homeostasis. Zona reticularis:Lies next to zona fasciculata and near to medulla.Cells are in form of irregular cords and they secrete androgen hormones for male reproductive functions. Medulla :Present in the centre of the adrenal gland.Presence of chromaffin cells that secrete hormones catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline. in response to fright and fear. Location of adrenal gland:The adrenal glands are located on both sides of the body in the retroperitoneum above the kidneys medially. 3.Adrenal and sympathetic nervous sytem interaction : In response to fear and fright , the sympathetic nervous sysyem is activated that in turn activates the adrenal medulla to secrete norepinephrine.Nor epinephrine prepares the body to respond to the situation immediately by increasing the blood flow to our skeletal muscles to act accordingly. 4.Circadian cycle of melatonin: Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland controls our sleep and wake up cycle in a day.The internal clock of our body known as circadian rhythm regulates the amount of melatonin produced by pineal gland.Melatonin levels rise in the dark after the sunset and are at elevated levels at the night tht makes us asleep.In the morning,with sunrise the levels drop making us awake. 5.HPA axis controls sex hormones: Sex difference is the result of interactions between the gonadal hormone system and the HPA axis.In adulthood,androgen levels increase HPA activity while and estrogen level decreases HPA activity.Monoamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine and serotonin are released from HPA axis that determine differences in sex.Signals that originate from the brain and periphery are integrated together to influence the level of HPA axis activity, and these are sex-specific. 6.Diabetes Mellitus : In diabetes mellitus, the blood sugar level increase.

Describe the structure and location of the parathyroid glands.Desc.pdf

Describe the structure and location of the parathyroid glands.Desc.pdf

Describe the structure and location of the parathyroid glands.Desc.pdf

Describe how the composition of MALT tissue bypasses the need for dendritic cells to travel to the lymph node to present antigen to B and T cells. What benefit does this provide, given that gut mucosal membranes are a major avenue for pathogen entry? Is this benefit provided during the first or subsequent encounters with a specific pathogen? Why? Solution Ans Problem 3. Problem Type: Comprehension: MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue) is scattered along all mucosal linings of body and is responsible for initiating immune responses to antigens that are specifically encountered along these mucosal linings. Mucosal epithelium contains special flat epithelial cells called M (which are membrane-like) cells or FAE (also known as follicle associated epithelial cells). These special cells take small amounts of gut antigens that enter the lumen of gut, and pass them to antigen producing cells and lymphocytes of the MALT. M Cells also produce B-lymphocytes in gut react to micro-organisms that tend to cross mucosa, and make IgA type of antibodies, which are then secreted directly onto the gut lumen. These antibodies help in prevention of micro-organisms entering the gut by sticking to the epithelium of gut, and can neutralise toxins and viruses both first and subsequently also due to presence of memory B cells and T cells that then move to mucosal effector sites..

Describe how the composition of MALT tissue bypasses the need for.pdf

Describe how the composition of MALT tissue bypasses the need for.pdf

Describe how the composition of MALT tissue bypasses the need for.pdf

C. wye D. delta E. not defined Question 6 What is the configuration of R3, R4 and R6? O A. wye B. not defined O C. delta D. parallel E. Series Question 7 What is the configuration of R5, R7 and R8? R2 LR3 Solution its a delta connection Standard 3-phase circuits or networks take on two major forms with names that represent the way in which the resistances are connected, a Star connected network which has the symbol of the letter, (wye) and a Delta connected network which has the symbol of a triangle, (delta).

C. wye D. delta E. not defined Question 6 What is the configuration o.pdf

C. wye D. delta E. not defined Question 6 What is the configuration o.pdf

C. wye D. delta E. not defined Question 6 What is the configuration o.pdf

A bullet that lodges in the heart would a. be located in the ventra.pdf

A bullet that lodges in the heart would a. be located in the ventra.pdf

A bullet that lodges in the heart would a. be located in the ventra.pdf

Year d) interactions with other species for space or resources-classic experiment with Paramecia ook in at pop: Grown separately One tends \"Or O\' hod P to have a Place or o P kaudatum higer tenders aurelia than the owner to hide They can Grown in mixed culture lire together o o a. 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Days Other considerations: a) interactions from competition Paramecia exa c) age ofreproduction Guvenile to senescence) reproductive value d) seasonal effects a weather (regular and catastrophic) thrips example e) effects of habitat degradation fKocarrying capacity) is effectively unknown for natural pops of all species Solution d) Interaction with other species for space or resources-classical example of paramecia 1st diagram: Here both the species of paramecium P. aurelia and P. caudatumare are gwown separately. In this case there is no competition between both species. Therefore these are growing in number and number is increasing with time (days). 2nd diagram: Here both the species of paramecium P. aurelia and P. caudatumare gwown are grown together. Here you can see that one species population is increasing (P. aurelia) and other is decreasing (P. caudatumare). Here ‘Principle of Competitive Exclusion’ works. When two species are too similar, they cannot co-exsits because one of them will prove superior (dominant) competitor. In other words we can say that two species cannot co-exist when they are actively dependent on same resources. d) Seasonal effect of weather (regular or catastrophic) strips example Change in weather also effects the growth of a particular species. One species grow well in winters whereas other in summer or autumn. As the favourable season changes the regular growth is inhibited and whole population is destroyed (catastrophe). Example: Agricultural crops.

Year d) interactions with other species for space or resources-classi.pdf

Year d) interactions with other species for space or resources-classi.pdf

Year d) interactions with other species for space or resources-classi.pdf

Write a program that creates a linked list of families. Each family contains a husband, his wife and a set of children. Each family is linked to another by a pointer called nextFamily. Husband is linked to his wife by a pointer called myWife. The children are linked to their mother through a pointer called myChildren. Children are linked by a pointer called mySibling. Therefore, there are three types of nodes. The Husband node (class) contains the following information: SSN of type long firstName of type string lastName of type string nextFamily of Husband* myWife of type Wife* The Wife class contains the following information: SSN of type long firstName of type string lastName of type string myChildren of Child* The Child class contains the following information: SSN of type long firstName of type string lastName of type string mySibling of Child* Your program reads a set of commands from the transaction file and acts accordingly. The commands in the transaction file include AddHusband RemoveHusband AddWife RemoveWife AddAChild RemoveAChild PrintAFamily PrintAllFamilies AddHusbad comes with three more information: his SSN, his first name and his last name. When you get this command, you need to create a node of type Husband and insert it to the top of the Link list of the families RemveHusband comes with one more information: the SSN. This node should be deleted. In order to delete this node, first you need to remove the children (if any), then remove the wife (if he is married) and then remove the node itself AddWife comes with 4 more information, the SSN of the wife, her first name, her last name and finally the SSN of her husband. Based on the SSN of her husband, her husband must be found in the linked list and the wife node should be linked to it. RemoveWife, comes with the SSN of her husband. In this case, the husband should be searched and his wife node should be deleted. If the wife node is attached to the children, first remove all the children and then remove the wide node AddAchild comes with 4 more information, the SSN of the child, child first name, child last name and finally the SSN of the father. Based on the SSN of the father, the father must be found in the linked list and the child should be attached to the mother. RemoveAchild, comes with the SSN of the father and SSN of the child. In this case, the father should be searched and his wife node should be followed to find the child that should be deleted. If you find the child, you need to remove it from the family PrintAFamily comes with the SSN of the father. You need to search that family in the linked list and print the information of the father. The mother (if any) and the children (if any) on the screen PrintAllFamilies, goes through the entire linked list of the family and prints the information of each family one by one. Test your program with the following transaction file AddHusband 100100100 Jim Smith AddHusband 200200200 Joe Brown AddHusband 300300300 Kevin Tarr A.

Write a program that creates a linked list of families. Each family .pdf

Write a program that creates a linked list of families. Each family .pdf

Write a program that creates a linked list of families. Each family .pdf

Why do Radicals maintain capitalism will always tend to enter into crisis? Solution Keynes challenged Say’s law that supply will create its own demand, and argues it is incompetent to tackle the problems of unemployment and of the trade cycle. The radicals believe that capitalism has reduced the need for work, blurred the edges between work and free time and loosened the relationship between work and wages. Information is corroding the market’s ability to form prices correctly because markets are based on scarcity while information is abundant. They feel the system’s defence mechanism is to form monopolies. Goods and services are appearing no longer responsive to the dictates of the market and the managerial hierarchy. Parallel currencies, time banks, and cooperatives have been proliferated and the whole swaths of economic life are beginning to move to a different rhythm. *****.

Why do Radicals maintain capitalism will always tend to enter into c.pdf

Why do Radicals maintain capitalism will always tend to enter into c.pdf

Why do Radicals maintain capitalism will always tend to enter into c.pdf

Write a C program that converts an NFA file to a DFA, where the language of the NFA consists of lowercase letters of the alphabet. Then have it be able to determine whether strings in a string file are in the language or not. The program must take the two files as command line arguments (do not prompt the user). Solution #include #include #define STATES 256 #define SYMBOLS 20 int N_symbols; int NFA_states; char *NFAtab[STATES][SYMBOLS]; int DFA_states; /* number of DFA states */ int DFAtab[STATES][SYMBOLS]; /*Print state-transition table.*/ void put_dfa_table( int tab[][SYMBOLS], /* DFA table */ int nstates, /* number of states */ int nsymbols) /* number of input symbols */ { int i, j; puts(\"STATE TRANSITION TABLE\"); /* input symbols: \'0\', \'1\', ... */ printf(\" | \"); for (i = 0; i < nsymbols; i++) printf(\" %c \", \'0\'+i); printf(\"\ -----+--\"); for (i = 0; i < nsymbols; i++) printf(\"-----\"); printf(\"\ \"); for (i = 0; i < nstates; i++) { printf(\" %c | \", \'A\'+i); /* state */ for (j = 0; j < nsymbols; j++) printf(\" %c \", \'A\'+tab[i][j]); printf(\"\ \"); } } /*Initialize NFA table.*/ void init_NFA_table() { NFAtab[0][0] = \"12\"; NFAtab[0][1] = \"13\"; NFAtab[1][0] = \"12\"; NFAtab[1][1] = \"13\"; NFAtab[2][0] = \"4\"; NFAtab[2][1] = \"\"; NFAtab[3][0] = \"\"; NFAtab[3][1] = \"4\"; NFAtab[4][0] = \"4\"; NFAtab[4][1] = \"4\"; NFA_states = 5; DFA_states = 0; N_symbols = 2; } /*String \'t\' is merged into \'s\' in an alphabetical order.*/ void string_merge(char *s, char *t) { char temp[STATES], *r=temp, *p=s; while (*p && *t) { if (*p == *t) { *r++ = *p++; t++; } else if (*p < *t) { *r++ = *p++; } else *r++ = *t++; } *r = \'\\0\'; if (*p) strcat(r, p); else if (*t) strcat(r, t); strcpy(s, temp); } /*Get next-state string for current-state string.*/ void get_next_state(char *nextstates, char *cur_states, char *nfa[STATES][SYMBOLS], int n_nfa, int symbol) { int i; char temp[STATES]; temp[0] = \'\\0\'; for (i = 0; i < strlen(cur_states); i++) string_merge(temp, nfa[cur_states[i]-\'0\'][symbol]); strcpy(nextstates, temp); } int state_index(char *state, char statename[][STATES], int *pn) { int i; if (!*state) return -1; /* no next state */ for (i = 0; i < *pn; i++) if (!strcmp(state, statename[i])) return i; strcpy(statename[i], state); /* new state-name */ return (*pn)++; } /* Convert NFA table to DFA table. Return value: number of DFA states. */ int nfa_to_dfa(char *nfa[STATES][SYMBOLS], int n_nfa, int n_sym, int dfa[][SYMBOLS]) { char statename[STATES][STATES]; int i = 0; /* current index of DFA */ int n = 1; /* number of DFA states */ char nextstate[STATES]; int j; strcpy(statename[0], \"0\"); /* start state */ for (i = 0; i < n; i++) { /* for each DFA state */ for (j = 0; j < n_sym; j++) { /* for each input symbol */ get_next_state(nextstate, statename[i], nfa, n_nfa, j); dfa[i][j] = state_index(nextstate, statename, &n); } } return n; /* number of DFA states */ } void main() { init_NFA_table(); DFA_states = nfa_to_dfa(NFAtab, N.

Write a C program that converts an NFA file to a DFA, where the lang.pdf

Write a C program that converts an NFA file to a DFA, where the lang.pdf

Write a C program that converts an NFA file to a DFA, where the lang.pdf

Which of these hypotheses cannot be tested by an experiment? Biological interactions between barnacle species are responsible for their distribution patterns. Night-feeding fishes rely on their sense of smell to locate prey. The growth of salt marsh gross is limited by nitrogen availability. Certain humpback whale behaviors are important for attracting a mate. Goldfish prefer to eat brightly-colored foods. TRUE/FALSE The oceans cover less than half of the earth\'s surface. Ocean productivity is the amount of food produced by marine organisms and the number of organisms this food supports. Aristotle developed one of the first taxonomical classification schemes. Today it is generally believed that animals cannot live below the lit regions of the ocean. Ecology is: a type of life style. the study of the interaction of organisms and their environment. a place where organisms live. what happens when a predator consumes a prey item. the study of the physical environment in an ecosystem. Organisms that live under similar environmental conditions and location, and interact directly or indirectly are part of the same: ecosystem. biosystem. abiotic habitat. biotic habitat. population. An example of abiotic factors influencing marine organisms is: predation. competition for food. parasitism. salinity. bacterial disease. Habitat refers to where an organism: lives. feeds. reproduces. forages. All of the above. Solution Answers 15. False Oceans cover about 70%of the surface of the earth 16. True 17. True Aristotle developed the first classification system which divided all known organisms into two groups plants and animals 18. False Multiple choice 19. b study of interaction of organism\'s their environment Ecology is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment . It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology, geography and science . 20. a ecosystem Interactions describes the different ways organisms obtain their food and energy . Some organisms can make their own food and other organisms have to their food by eating other organism 22. a lives A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animals plants or other type of organism . It is the natural environment in which an organism lives ..

Which of these hypotheses cannot be tested by an experiment Biologi.pdf

Which of these hypotheses cannot be tested by an experiment Biologi.pdf

Which of these hypotheses cannot be tested by an experiment Biologi.pdf

Which is the mode of inheritance that is most likely? [That is the mode of inheritance that would mean that the pattern would HAVE to be as described, not just that is could have come out this way.] sex-limited, autosomal dominant Y-linked X-linked recessive autosomal recessive X- linked dominant autosomal dominant autosomal sex-influenced Solution Non-autosomal mode of inheritance is the one related to sex-chromosomes. The alleles associated with sex-chromosomes represent a differential kind of inheritance pattern and display a differential phenotype response in offsprings based upon their sex. Majority of the human diseases related to sex-chromosomes are X-linked in nature such as color blindness, hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Vitamin D resistant rickets or X-linked hypophosphatemia, Rett syndrome, Incontinentia pigmention and Goltz syndrome. Since both parents, a male and a female carry an X chromosome, they both are potential donors of X-linked allele of a disease. Since the offsprings can acquire a differential X-chromosome profile either from mother or father, their genetic make up will be dependent upon that of their parents and thus, their disease condition (carrier, affected, unaffected). Thus, X-linked (dominant or recessive) mode of sex-chromosome related diseases need to be explained theoratically and observationally, and not only be described as general procedures of genetic segregation. Since X-linked recessive diseases are more likely to cause ambiguity among inheritance pattern, a more detailed explanation would be requried for X-linked recessive alleles..

Which is the mode of inheritance that is most likely [That is the mo.pdf

Which is the mode of inheritance that is most likely [That is the mo.pdf

Which is the mode of inheritance that is most likely [That is the mo.pdf

Which of the following is a good example of homoplasy (convergent evolution)? a. Dolphins and humans b. Apes and monkeys c. Dolphins and fish d. Dolphins and whales e. Cats and bats Wings of bats are: a. Plesiomorphic (ancestral) feature for mammals b. Plesiomorphic feature for bats and birds c. Synapomorphic (shared-derived) feature for vertebrates d. Synapomorphic feature for bats e. Synapomorphic feature for bats and birds Solution 1). c. Dolphins and fish Analogous structures (convergent evolution) are not found in the common ancestors but the same structure or similar structure with the same function can be found in one or more groups. In such cases, it is not clear to tract the ancestry but the homologous structures are helpful to track the ancestry. For example, both the dolphins and sharks share the fins but the dolphins are mammals, while the shark are fish..

Which of the following is a good example of homoplasy (convergent ev.pdf

Which of the following is a good example of homoplasy (convergent ev.pdf

Which of the following is a good example of homoplasy (convergent ev.pdf

What happens at the mid-blastula transition in Xenopus? Which part of the Xenopus blastula becomes the mesoderm? Where does the dorsal lip tissue end up when, Xenopus gastrulation is finished? Where does the vegetal pole end up when gastrulation is finished? How is the central nervous system formed? Where does the neural crest come from and what does it become? What are the main tissue types formed from the mesoderm? What happens during the cortical rotation? What is the principal determinant for endoderm formation in Xenopus? What are the main mesoderm-inducing factors in Xenopus? Solution 2. Midblastula transition refers to a number of dramatic changes that occur at this stage in Xenopus. The important event that happens during this stage is activation of zygotic genes. The Cell cycle is lengthened, the asynchronous cycle of different cells. Development of cellular motility. 3. The blastula is composed of three different regions out of which the equatorial or marginal zone, which compose the walls of the blastocoel differentiate primarily into mesodermal tissue. 4. The lip of the blastopore nearer to the animal pole is termed the dorsal lip of the blastopore. The dorsal lip of the blastopore forms due to the contraction of bottle cells. It becomes the head and the dorsal midline structures all along the body. It forms notochord, flanking parts of somites, floor plate of neural tube. 5. The vegetal plate undergoes primary invagination to produce the archenteron or primitive gut. Primary invagination is thought to result from changes in the shape of cells in the vegetal plate. 6. During the development, the dorsal ectoderm rolls up into a tube, which becomes the brain at the anterior end and the spinal cord at the posterior end. 7. The neural crest is a population of migratory cells, derived from the neural folds. In the head, it forms much of the skeleton. It forms dorsal root ganglia, enteric ganglia and pigment cells. 8. Mesoderm develops into notochord, somites, kidneys, gonads, limbs, lateral plate, blood islands, heart and blood vessels during the Xenopus development. 9. On the surface of the dorsal egg cortex egg toward the animal pole and internally components associated with cortex move from a vegetal to a dorsal position..

What happens at the mid-blastula transition in Xenopus Which part o.pdf

What happens at the mid-blastula transition in Xenopus Which part o.pdf

What happens at the mid-blastula transition in Xenopus Which part o.pdf

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