This is a brief article on trafficking in persons in the Ethiopian context. The article is based on a series of studies conducted for the ILO in Ethiopia and seeks to provide an overview of the situation in the country.
Corruption is one of the primary facilitators of refugee smuggling. In order to fight this crime, and help refugees safely realise their rights, the international community must understand the intricate connections between corruption and refugee smuggling.
OECD's response to the refugee crisis http://www.oecd.org/migration-insights/
OECD work to fight corruption http://www.oecd.org/corruption/
Every year, millions of children literally disappear into thin air. One of the best places to eliminate child trafficking in the world is miles above it.
Join Airline Ambassadors Hero Force. We Are A Nation Of Airline Flight Attendants, Pilots, Counter and Gate Representatives, Ground Personnel, Law Enforcement, Airport Security, Retail and Volunteers – and the concerned public – all committed to putting an end to Child Trafficking, the #2 crime on Earth – and saving children’s lives every day.
Corruption is one of the primary facilitators of refugee smuggling. In order to fight this crime, and help refugees safely realise their rights, the international community must understand the intricate connections between corruption and refugee smuggling.
OECD's response to the refugee crisis http://www.oecd.org/migration-insights/
OECD work to fight corruption http://www.oecd.org/corruption/
Every year, millions of children literally disappear into thin air. One of the best places to eliminate child trafficking in the world is miles above it.
Join Airline Ambassadors Hero Force. We Are A Nation Of Airline Flight Attendants, Pilots, Counter and Gate Representatives, Ground Personnel, Law Enforcement, Airport Security, Retail and Volunteers – and the concerned public – all committed to putting an end to Child Trafficking, the #2 crime on Earth – and saving children’s lives every day.
Trafficking is a crucial violation of human rights and is considered as a form of slavery all over the world. Women and children, particularly, are in great demand in so far as the different sites of trafficking are concerned.
UAE is a destination for human trafficking for the purpose of commercial, labor and sexual exploitation.
Women and men are trafficked from various countries including, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Nigeria, Somalia, Ethiopia, Uganda, China, Philippines, Morocco and Iraq.
A Political Economy of Trans-Border Migration Crises and Human Trafficking in...Przegląd Politologiczny
Encouraged by porous border boundaries in Africa, trafficking in persons and objects is
a demand-driven global venture that has market potential for: commercial sex, cheap labour, terrorism, and drug-related crimes. Most African States, especially Nigeria, have been reputed as hardliners
in encouraging these illicit trends. Chief among the motivating factors include: domestic insecurity,
political instability, economic recession, and institutional failure, etc. Amongst other instigating factors however, this paper takes a cursory look at the relationship between the twin crime of trans-border
migration crises and human trafficking in Nigeria, and the attendant political economic implications on
the Nigerian polity. Data relied on are largely gotten from secondary sources. The paper employs the
neoclassical political economic theory of migration. Findings from conceptual and theoretical reviews
of literatures show that the incentive for human trafficking and migration-related offences is not only
profit driven but also a fall-out from institutional failure. The paper recommends a taut border security,
which can disallow border-related crimes like drug and human trafficking. The paper also sues for
people-oriented leadership that will eschew illicit crimes such as the above.
Trafficking is a crucial violation of human rights and is considered as a form of slavery all over the world. Women and children, particularly, are in great demand in so far as the different sites of trafficking are concerned.
UAE is a destination for human trafficking for the purpose of commercial, labor and sexual exploitation.
Women and men are trafficked from various countries including, Sri Lanka, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Uzbekistan, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Russia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Nigeria, Somalia, Ethiopia, Uganda, China, Philippines, Morocco and Iraq.
A Political Economy of Trans-Border Migration Crises and Human Trafficking in...Przegląd Politologiczny
Encouraged by porous border boundaries in Africa, trafficking in persons and objects is
a demand-driven global venture that has market potential for: commercial sex, cheap labour, terrorism, and drug-related crimes. Most African States, especially Nigeria, have been reputed as hardliners
in encouraging these illicit trends. Chief among the motivating factors include: domestic insecurity,
political instability, economic recession, and institutional failure, etc. Amongst other instigating factors however, this paper takes a cursory look at the relationship between the twin crime of trans-border
migration crises and human trafficking in Nigeria, and the attendant political economic implications on
the Nigerian polity. Data relied on are largely gotten from secondary sources. The paper employs the
neoclassical political economic theory of migration. Findings from conceptual and theoretical reviews
of literatures show that the incentive for human trafficking and migration-related offences is not only
profit driven but also a fall-out from institutional failure. The paper recommends a taut border security,
which can disallow border-related crimes like drug and human trafficking. The paper also sues for
people-oriented leadership that will eschew illicit crimes such as the above.
Trafficking in Human Beings by Anna Ekstedt (CBSS Task Force against Traffick...Gerd Tarand
Anna Ekstedts presentation at the youth conference in the framework of the European Commission’s Strategy for the Baltic Sea Region, held in the Free and Hanseatic City of Hamburg on the 3.-4. February 2009.
Human Trafficking in FloridaHuman trafficking involves the c.docxsheronlewthwaite
Human Trafficking in Florida
Human trafficking involves the coercion of a victim to gain some type of labor or sex act. This can happen to anyone, no matter their age, race, nationality, or gender. Florida is among the three worst human trafficking states and has now become an epidemic. Many support the idea that the high level of human trafficking in Florida is partly due to its significant tourism, geographical location, and agriculture. Many human traffickers end up being women and are never able to escape their holder or pimp. Some statewide efforts include collaborations of coalitions and task forces, state research and training, and funding opportunities. There are also hotlines and shelters to help those who have fallen victim. Increasing awareness of human trafficking can help individuals notice signs, avoid becoming a victim, and helping those who have escaped. Many people who flee their predators do not feel like they can come forward, but with more help from the state and support from the community, these individuals could feel more comfortable doing so.
Florida is one of the largest tourist destinations, and because of this, it also lures in a lot of human trafficking. Florida airports are highly used in transporting human trafficking victims; it is made accessible through international airports, such as Miami and Orlando. Since there are so many tourists coming in and out of hotels, it can be tough to spot. An individual could be renting out a room to force a victim into prostitution, and, likely, the hotel staff would not know. Due to Florida's geological shape, victims can be smuggled from other states. The ports and access to the ocean make it simple for the human traffickers to deal with victims internationally. Through these easy access points, they can either take victims from Florida to a different state or bring victims to Florida. The immigrant communities additionally give a constant flow of helpless victims previously living in Florida for human dealers to go after (ahubofhumantrafficking). Florida's eight army installations and South Florida's topographical area makes it a vital passage point for dealers bringing victims from Latin America and the Caribbean into the United States. Due to this enormous number of personnel at Florida army installations, various trafficked women and girls might be living in territories encompassing these bases (Torres, 2011). Moreover, labor trafficking goes hand in hand with Florida's agricultural industry. Labor trafficking is one of the highest forms of human trafficking seen in Florida. The most significant number of dealing victims distinguished in Florida somewhere in the range of 2004 and 2010 included people misused for constrained work.
There are many reasons why victims do not escape. Many of these victims are immigrants who do not speak English, which leaves them at a more significant disadvantage. If the victim does not know what their capturer is saying, then it can be even ...
Trafficking usually stands at the center of all activities relating to child abuse and exploitation. A need exists to introduce effective legal regime, enforcement and preventive mechanism.
The Effectiveness of the Indonesian Anti Human Trafficking Regulation and Law...AJHSSR Journal
ABSTRACT: All around the world, men, women and children are subject to be victimized by human
trafficking for sexual, forced labor and other forms of exploitation. Human trafficking can be defined as a
process where people being recruited in their community and country of origin and transported to the
destination where they are being exploited for purposes of forced labor, prostitution, domestic servitude,
and other forms of exploitation. The implementation of Indonesian laws and regulations as well as it‟s
enforcement personnel for fighting against human trafficking has not been evaluated in quantitative and
qualitative measures. Therefore this research will analyze and evaluate the effectiveness of the Indonesian
anti human trafficking regulation and law enforcement. This research will analyze and evaluate the
effectiveness of the Indonesian anti human trafficking regulation and law enforcement. The main cause of
trafficking is the lack of information about trafficking, poverty and the low level of education and skills
possessed. The problem oftrafficking is a complex problem and needed the complex handling.
KEYWORD : human trafficking, trafficking, trafficking law, anti-human trafficking regulation
Thousands of women and children are trafficked every day. Within the overall profile of trafficking in South Asia, India is a country of both transit and destination. There is a considerable degree of internal trafficking as well as some trafficking from India to Gulf States and to South East Asia. Sale of children and their movement across the state borders takes place within the country too. In other words, while there is movement of children through procurement and sale from one country to another, with India being both a supplier as well as a “consumer”, there is internal “movement” of children within the country itself - one town to another, one district to another and one state to another. It is undertaken in an organised manner, by organised syndicates or by individuals, and sometimes informal groups. Relatives and parents are part of this as well.
HAQ: Center for Child Rights
B1/2, Ground Floor,
Malviya Nagar
New Delhi - 110017
Tel: +91-26677412,26673599
Fax: +91-26674688
Website: www.haqcrc.org
FaceBook Page: https://www.facebook.com/HaqCentreForChildRights
Ghetnet Metiku - The african court of justice and human rightsGhetnet Metiku
The planned merger of the human rights court and the yet to be established court of justice into an African Court of Justice and Human Rights is the focus of this paper. More specifically the potential challenges of establishing such a court are explored in some detail.
Relevance of the Right to Ghetnet Metiku - Development (RTD) in linking and r...Ghetnet Metiku
Developments in the theory and practice of human rights and development have progressively come together in recent decades. This paper explores the contributions of the emergence of the right to development to such a coming together.
Ghetnet Metiku - Institutional advances in the african human rights system si...Ghetnet Metiku
This brief paper explores the institutional advances in the african human rights system since the adoption of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR).
Ghetnet Metiku - An assessment of the effectiveness of the Universal Periodic...Ghetnet Metiku
This is a brief assessment of the effectiveness of the universal periodic review mechanism in terms of improving the protection and promotion of human rights. While the emphasis is on Ethiopia, a range of countries are covered in the assessment.
This is an Amharic version of a brief article in English with the same title. It attempts to provide a brief overview of the concept, prevalence and magnitude of trafficking in persons in Ethiopia.
Osisko Development - Investor Presentation - June 24
What is trafficking in persons (english1)
1. What is Trafficking in Persons?
Introduction
The issue of trafficking in persons from and within Ethiopia has become a critical issue of concern for
the country. The level of concern is clearly reflected in the increased media coverage of the situation
of victims of trafficking as well as the measures taken by the government to address the problem
through legislative, policy and programmatic mechanisms. While the current attention to the issue is
to be commended, there also appears to be some level of confusion as to what trafficking in persons
is. The current brief article is an attempt to help clarify the problem.
Definition
The UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Person, Especially Women and
Children that supplements the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000), known
as the Palermo Protocol, defines trafficking in human beings as: ‘the recruitment, transportation,
transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of
coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of position of vulnerability or
of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control
over another person, for the purpose of exploitation’. Where children are concerned, the Protocol
stipulates that ‘recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of a child for the purpose
of exploitation shall be considered ‘trafficking in persons’ even if this does not involve any of the
means set forth in the definition.’ Trafficking in persons consists of three essential components: 1st
)
Recruitment – by force or deception; 2nd
) Transportation – within a country or across borders, legally
or illegally; and, 3rd
) Exploitation – traffickers financially benefit through the use or sale of the victim.
The complex phenomenon of trafficking is often confused with other forms of people movement,
such as irregular migration and smuggling. As a result, people who have been trafficked are treated
as criminals rather than victims. Migration is the movement of people from one place to another
within a country, or from one country to another prompted by the need for work, a better life, the
fear of persecution, work, the horrors of war or disaster, or just because they want to live
somewhere else.
A study conducted by IOM and other institutions indicated that 76.7% of all Ethiopian migrant
workers living in the Middle Eastern countries engaged in different sectors of employment are
victims of trafficking. Other studies have indicated that 7.5% of all Ethiopian migrants who have left
their country for employment and other purposes were between the ages of 13 – 17 years at the time
of their migration. The Study also showed that 87.1% of these migrants were trafficked. The Ethiopian
Embassy in South Africa estimated that approximately 45,000 to 50,000 Ethiopians live in South
Africa. It is estimated that 95% or more of these Ethiopian arrivals enter South Africa through
irregular means.
Although it is difficult to find detailed and comprehensive information, the situation within the
country is similar. One indicator is the fact that in Addis Ababa alone there are more than 1000 illegal
brokers, while in the regions there are between 8 to 25 and even more illegal brokers.
2. Causes of Trafficking in Persons
Generally poverty and economic desperation compounded by evidence of neighbours and friends
with family members who are prospering abroad has created a strong interest and dedication to
migrate from Ethiopia. Fifty-two per cent of the Ethiopian respondents in the IOM study claimed they
left their homeland because of unemployment and lack of opportunity, while 36% claimed they were
driven to seek greener pastures due to poverty. Another push factor is the traditional expectation
for sons to provide for their families and the opportunities that the outside world can afford them.
Women and girls are also pushed to migration and made vulnerable to illegal brokers due to gender
based violence as well as economic reasons.
Consequences of Trafficking in Persons
Traffickers use a range of coercive techniques to control their victims throughout the process of
trafficking. Given the fact that the main purpose of trafficking in persons is to profit from the
exploitation of victims, traffickers make sure that their victims remain submissive and not try to
escape in order to protect their interests. These include debt bondage; isolation, through the
removal of identity and travel documents; isolation through the prevention of communicating with
their families, friends and people coming from the same area or country; use of violence and fear;
and use and threat of reprisals against victims’ families. From the first phase of trafficking process,
which is recruitment, onward, the victim may suffer serious violation of her/his human rights, as
recruitment mostly occurs in a situation where the victim is forced, deceived and misguided. During
transportation and upon arrival at the destination, the victim may repetitively be physically, sexually
and psychologically abused. Where the victim is rendered ‘undocumented’, the victim is trapped in a
condition where he/she cannot even seek help or assistance from authorities if ever s/he knows
where to go for assistance. If ever, victims manage to escape, they may be re-victimized by
authorities for breaking immigration laws. The existence of trafficking is also a threat to the
economic development of a community. If the problem is not adequately addressed, and protection
is not available to potential and actual victims, corruption might thrive and the Government might
loose public confidence and trust.
Techniques Used by Traffickers
People enter the process of trafficking through recruitment by people. Most are lured into the
process by a false promise of an opportunity, deceived by misinformation or lies, or pushed by need
or desperation. In some cases, victims are aware that they are to be employed in a given activity but
do not know the conditions in which they will be working. In other situations, victims may be forced
or coerced, and in extreme cases abducted. The recruitment may be made by family relatives,
friends, neighbours, brokers, recruitment agencies, etc.
Once the victims are recruited, they are transported from one place to another town, area, or
country. This may involve someone or a group of people to facilitate and arrange the movement,
provide for false travel documents, and provide for shelter along the way. There are instances,
where corrupt border guards, immigration or law enforcement personnel and officials are also
involved. Transport providers may or may not know the nature of their cargo.
3. The main purpose of recruiting and transporting a victim in this case, is to exploit his/her by engaging
him/her for instance into prostitution, domestic servitude, forced labour, and in some instances for
body organs removal. The main purpose is thus to profit from the exploitation of the victims.
Someone or a group of people may at the destination point, organize the reception process, and
seize any documentation, including passport, and thus rendering the victim ‘undocumented’ and an
easy target of law enforcement officials for violating immigration regulations. However, it should be
noted that although some victims are brought into the destination countries illegally, others may
enter using legal travel documents or valid work visas. Traffickers usually put their victims in prison-
like confinement, to prevent them from returning or escaping or moving on. They also use force and
threats to force them to perform work that is exploitative,
Profile of Traffickers
Studies conducted in Ethiopia have identified five categories of traffickers distinguishable in terms of
their identity, modes of operation and their role in the trafficking process.
In the first category belong local/community level traffickers who are often members of the same
communities they target. These traffickers create a conducive context for trafficking through
misinformation or other means and start the trafficking process by recruiting potential migrants.
Usually, local brokers work with other traffickers who would take up the task of recruiting and
transporting the victims through regular and irregular channels.
The second category consists of smugglers responsible for the transportation, harbouring and
smuggling of migrants in an irregular migration. This type of traffickers receive the victims from local
brokers, usually in groups, and are likely to transfer them to another trafficker in the same category
somewhere along the route before they reach the destination country.
The third set consists of brokers in cities who operate as agents in the facilitation of migration and
employment in destination countries in the regular way. Again, the victims are transferred by the
local brokers to this category of brokers for delivery to traffickers at the destination. These groups
operate as agencies without licenses.
The fourth group consists of returnees and family members of returnees from destination countries,
who are facilitating employment of migrants on an individual basis. These are migrants who have
turned into the business of trafficking as recruiters and facilitators of persons for exploitative
purposes using deception and the vulnerability of their potential victims.
The last category, destination point traffickers, consists of those who facilitate regular and irregular
migration in destination countries. Destination point traffickers have a varied profile including local
brokers at destination points, employment agencies or even migrants and victims having become
traffickers themselves. These are the persons who put the victim in situations of abuse and
exploitation using fraud, abuse of vulnerability and coercion. In at least some cases these traffickers
are more directly involved in the exploitation of the victim, benefit from the exploitation, or are the
perpetrators of the exploitation.
4. Challenges and Problems Faced by Trafficking Victims
The consequences of trafficking on the victims are manifold and devastating. The perilous journey
through irregular migration and smuggling routes to the destination, hazardous working conditions
and abuse and exploitation in the hands of traffickers throughout the process of trafficking have
significant and long lasting impact on the lives of victims. There are even cases where they lose their
lives due to the actions of traffickers or accidents.
At the personal level, victims of trafficking spend their youth in adverse circumstances far from their
communities. As such, their time for personal development, intellectual advancement and spiritual
growth is lost to the traffickers. Aggravated by exploitation, abuse and vulnerability they become
susceptible to extreme personality disorders involving loss of sense of self, fairness and justice. This
may also be both a cause and effect of engagement of victims in illicit activities.
From the social perspective, traffickers take the victim out of her normal social context one of
limited and distorted social relationships, enhanced vulnerability far from any social safety-net. To
make matters worse, victims are put into circumstances where their basic beliefs are challenged (e.g.
being forced to participate in the religious practices of employers). Such social isolation and psycho-
social pressure will have life-long impact on the victim. As a result, many victims face challenges to fit
back into their own communities upon return.
Even the economic and financial aspirations of the victim will be negatively impacted upon through
the experience of trafficking and exploitation. At the outset, the high fees required by traffickers are
likely to put the family in debt. Often times the victim, whose salary is not likely to be paid regularly
or in full, has little to show for her suffering by the time she is able or forced to go home. The long
term economic prospects of the victim are also compromised since she would have spent her young
years for the enrichment of the traffickers.
By far the most evident consequences of trafficking for the victims relate to their health and safety.
Various studies have shown that mental health problems, physical injuries and even death of victims
is not uncommon. There are reported cases where the victim returned with serious physical injuries
such as a broken leg and having received the body of a victim without explanation. In the majority of
cases the victims suffer from mental and other health problems such as broken limbs, burns on their
skins, malnourishment and the physical effects of sexual abuse. There are also cases where victims
have lost memory of their last days at the place of work and report finding themselves in a police
station, hospital or even in the Addis Ababa International Airport.
How to identify Victims
Although trafficking is a clandestine affair, its results often hidden away behind the closed doors of
exploitative workplaces or brothels, there are times when it comes more prominently into public
view. The most visible moments in trafficking are during recruitment, when a border is crossed, and
sometimes at the end when children are being exploited. Recruitment is by nature a relatively open
process since it often works by word-of-mouth and by person-to-person connections being made.
Border crossings are relatively open to scrutiny. Transport hubs are also places where traffickers and
children may be recognized – for example bus and railway stations, ferry terminals or airports. Also,
exploitation by unscrupulous employers in a range of different sectors and types of work is
sometimes visible to the public.