What is Dugu?: A Definition
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Adugurahani or Dugu is a cultural religious identified with the Garifuna of Belize. It is the most symbolic and sacred ceremony in Garifuna spirituality.
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Public celebrations include Grand Masters (priests) presiding over religious rituals and ceremonies. All facets of the rituals must be flawlessly performed. Four assistants aid the Grand Master when invoking the ancestral spirits; they dance, play music, or read a text the Grand Master enacts. The ritual representation includes the soul ascending to join the ancestors or other deities.
Local priests serve as intermediaries between the natural and supernatural worlds. They function somewhat like spiritual mediums and shamans in that they use a variety of rituals and chants to get in touch with the spirit world and funnel powerful energies down to the human level. By doing so, they seek to help communities heal imbalances in the social Tao brought about by deaths or other calamities.
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Public celebrations include Grand Masters (priests) presiding over religious rituals and ceremonies. All facets of the rituals must be flawlessly performed. Four assistants aid the Grand Master when invoking the ancestral spirits; they dance, play music, or read a text the Grand Master enacts. The ritual representation includes the soul ascending to join the ancestors or other deities.
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Fig. 4: The Ise Grand Shrine (Ancient History Encyclopedia)Fig. 5: The Ise Grand Shrine (Wu’s Blog)
People honor the kami (spirits) at festivals: Some walk in parades, others impersonate deities, and most people observe the Japanese New Year’s festival. Also, Sumo (wrestling) is rooted in Shinto nationalistic tradition and kami worship.
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Worship of deities and ancestors varies from group to group and depends upon the region and historical familial community. A crucial truth in one group may not be the same in another group. So, even though you will encounter similarities between groups—for example, the Great Mother deity—not all of these groups wil.
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Shiva is one of the live primary form of God in Smarta tradition. Shakti is the form of divine feminine creative power is worshiped as the Supreme being.
Fisher, 2014 pp 84-90
In Jainism, Jains believe that they are the ones who are in control of their destiny. They believe in the power of life. They view demons as being subject to the same passions of humans. One may achieve complete liberation only in a human form.
Fisher, 2014 p.124
In Hinduism all the human beings are considered as the extension of the Brahma, the supreme being
In Jainism, the soul is not created and it has an infinite knowledge and power.
In Hinduism, the sanskirt word karma means “ actions” and refers to the fundamental Hindu principal that one’s morel actions have unavoidable and automatic effects on one’s fortunes in this lie and condition of rebirth. Fisher, 2014 p.77
Jainism teaches the two kind of karma; Ghati (Destructive)
And Aghati (Non-destructive). The soul is affected by the former and the body is affected by the latter.
In Hinduism, Salvation is the freedom from this cycle of birth and death.
Fisher, 2014 p.77
In Jainism, the main prayer, salutes the five special categories of souls that have consciousness or are on their way to achieving it to match.
In Hinduism, they believe in the rebirth and reincarnation of souls and souls are immortal.
Fisher, 2014 p.77
In Jainism, Death may be same as reborn in another physical appearance in the “earthly realm”, suffering the punishment in one of the eight hells or joining the other liberated souls in the heaven.
Fisher, 2014, p.125
In Hinduism, the central Hindu worship is Puja. Puja is a ritual to engage the senses of both devotee and the Gods. Darsham is the act of seeing and being seen by the deity to attain grace. Fisher, 2014 p.95
In Jainism, rituals are important to the Jain faith because beliefs and values are expressed through them.
In Hinduism,
Holi happens at the end of Winter and beginning fo spring.
Janmashrami is Krishna;s birthday. Ganesh is the removal of obstacles celebration
In Jainism, Divali Paryushan Mahaparva is the celebration with meditation, fasting and spiritual study.
Fisher, 2014 pp 108-111, 131-133.
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Taoists normally worship privately at home using altars. Household worship includes altars for ancestors, home gods (like the Kitchen God discussed earlier), or regional deities. Li represents the sacred rituals associated with ancestor worship; like in other religions, a family’s ancestors react positively and negatively to respect and disrespect.
Public celebrations include Grand Masters (priests) presiding over religious rituals and ceremonies. All facets of the rituals must be flawlessly performed. Four assistants aid the Grand Master when invoking the ancestral spirits; they dance, play music, or read a text the Grand Master enacts. The ritual representation includes the soul ascending to join the ancestors or other deities.
Local priests serve as intermediaries between the natural and supernatural worlds. They function somewhat like spiritual mediums and shamans in that they use a variety of rituals and chants to get in touch with the spirit world and funnel powerful energies down to the human level. By doing so, they seek to help communities heal imbalances in the social Tao brought about by deaths or other calamities.
Priests can marry and have children, and they pass their knowledge on to their eldest sons. They usually work for a fee and are sometimes traveling itinerants.Shinto
Shinto priests or elders manage the community-financed shrines around Japan. The Ise Grand Shrine (Figures 4 and 5) is the most sacred to the culture for its dedication to Amaterasu (the female supreme sun goddess) and Toyouke, the harvest goddess. This most sacred of shrines is rebuilt for preservation purposes every 20 years.
Fig. 4: The Ise Grand Shrine (Ancient History Encyclopedia)Fig. 5: The Ise Grand Shrine (Wu’s Blog)
People honor the kami (spirits) at festivals: Some walk in parades, others impersonate deities, and most people observe the Japanese New Year’s festival. Also, Sumo (wrestling) is rooted in Shinto nationalistic tradition and kami worship.
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The formation of religion begins with experience. Indigenous religions, also known as traditional or primal religions, are rooted in a supernatural experience with deities, spirits, ancestors, and nature. Although many tribal peoples worship numerous spirits, deities, and ancestors, there exists a distinct, supreme spirit above all others. This Great Spirit (known by various names) can be male, female, or genderless. The Great Mother, for example, represents the giver of all life; for this reason, many tribal communities remain matriarchal as opposed to patriarchal. The Mother spirit can represent birth, goddess, and/or earth.
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Public celebrations include Grand Masters (priests) presiding over religious rituals and ceremonies. All facets of the rituals must be flawlessly performed. Four assistants aid the Grand Master when invoking the ancestral spirits; they dance, play music, or read a text the Grand Master enacts. The ritual representation includes the soul ascending to join the ancestors or other deities.
Local priests serve as intermediaries between the natural and supernatural worlds. They function somewhat like spiritual mediums and shamans in that they use a variety of rituals and chants to get in touch with the spirit world and funnel powerful energies down to the human level. By doing so, they seek to help communities heal imbalances in the social Tao brought about by deaths or other calamities.
Priests can marry and have children, and they pass their knowledge on to their eldest sons. They usually work for a fee and are sometimes traveling itinerants.Shinto
Shinto priests or elders manage the community-financed shrines around Japan. The Ise Grand Shrine (Figures 4 and 5) is the most sacred to the culture for its dedication to Amaterasu (the female supreme sun goddess) and Toyouke, the harvest goddess. This most sacred of shrines is rebuilt for preservation purposes every 20 years.
Fig. 4: The Ise Grand Shrine (Ancient History Encyclopedia)Fig. 5: The Ise Grand Shrine (Wu’s Blog)
People honor the kami (spirits) at festivals: Some walk in parades, others impersonate deities, and most people observe the Japanese New Year’s festival. Also, Sumo (wrestling) is rooted in Shinto nationalistic tradition and kami worship.
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[Type text][Type text][Type text]Halil Ibrahim GozumReligi.docx
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Halil Ibrahim Gozum
Religion 212
Week 10
Religion
Cosmogony - Origin of the Universe
Nature of God
View of Human Nature
View of Good and Evil
View of “Salvation”
View of After Life
Practices and Rituals
Celebrations and Festivals
Week 2
Hinduism and Jainism
Hinduism does not have a single founder.
Fisher, 2014, p 95
In Jainism, Rishabba, who is the first of the tirthankara is the founder.
Fisher, 2014 pp. 121, 124
In Hinduism, their Gods include Vishnu, the supreme God in Hindu;s Vaishnavite tradition. Krishna, either one of the Supreme Being and/or and avatar of Vishnu. Brahma is the Hindu creation God.
Shiva is one of the live primary form of God in Smarta tradition. Shakti is the form of divine feminine creative power is worshiped as the Supreme being.
Fisher, 2014 pp 84-90
In Jainism, Jains believe that they are the ones who are in control of their destiny. They believe in the power of life. They view demons as being subject to the same passions of humans. One may achieve complete liberation only in a human form.
Fisher, 2014 p.124
In Hinduism all the human beings are considered as the extension of the Brahma, the supreme being
In Jainism, the soul is not created and it has an infinite knowledge and power.
In Hinduism, the sanskirt word karma means “ actions” and refers to the fundamental Hindu principal that one’s morel actions have unavoidable and automatic effects on one’s fortunes in this lie and condition of rebirth. Fisher, 2014 p.77
Jainism teaches the two kind of karma; Ghati (Destructive)
And Aghati (Non-destructive). The soul is affected by the former and the body is affected by the latter.
In Hinduism, Salvation is the freedom from this cycle of birth and death.
Fisher, 2014 p.77
In Jainism, the main prayer, salutes the five special categories of souls that have consciousness or are on their way to achieving it to match.
In Hinduism, they believe in the rebirth and reincarnation of souls and souls are immortal.
Fisher, 2014 p.77
In Jainism, Death may be same as reborn in another physical appearance in the “earthly realm”, suffering the punishment in one of the eight hells or joining the other liberated souls in the heaven.
Fisher, 2014, p.125
In Hinduism, the central Hindu worship is Puja. Puja is a ritual to engage the senses of both devotee and the Gods. Darsham is the act of seeing and being seen by the deity to attain grace. Fisher, 2014 p.95
In Jainism, rituals are important to the Jain faith because beliefs and values are expressed through them.
In Hinduism,
Holi happens at the end of Winter and beginning fo spring.
Janmashrami is Krishna;s birthday. Ganesh is the removal of obstacles celebration
In Jainism, Divali Paryushan Mahaparva is the celebration with meditation, fasting and spiritual study.
Fisher, 2014 pp 108-111, 131-133.
Week 3
Buddhism
Alternative to the ritual oriented Brahmanism if India
There is no personal god.
Buddha was not pessimist or.
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However, this was changed by the first amendment to the Belize Constitution in 1988. Section 90 (1) (a) now states that, "Each electoral division shall have AS NEARLY AS MAY BE, an equal number of persons eligible to vote".
ELECTORAL BOUNDARY REDISTRICTING BELIZE--A Historical Overview As At Septembe...
The last boundary redistricting exercise in 2004/2005 was the first endeavour at narrowing the gap in electoral population between divisions. The wide gap was decreased substantially from a ratio of 4.4: 1 to 1.7: 1, nationally. In the Belize District, the gap was narrowed from a ratio of 3.1: 1 to 1.3: 1. This was accomplished by setting guiding principles to keep adjustments to a minimum and setting a tolerance limit.
BELIZE BOUNDARY REDISTRICTING--What Is.docx
BELIZE Boundary redistricting has been conducted from very early on in our post adult suffrage electoral history. The increase in the number of electoral divisions overtime resulted in adjustments to the boundaries of constituencies. In 1954 the number of electoral divisions increased from six to nine. While the number of constituencies has been conducted multiple times in Belize, it was not until 2004/2005 that any attempt was made to decrease substantial differences in the population sizes between constituencies.
A BELIZEAN PHILANTHROPIST: Giving Back
In his own way, Cornelius Patrick Cacho is a philanthropist. On May 12th 2022 at the young age of 95, he was awarded an honorary doctorate degree from the Florida Gulf Coast University. Along with his wife of 57 years, the late Laura Noguera Cacho, they have contributed time and money to educational institutions in their home community in Florida. Since establishing the scholarship fund at the Florida Gulf Coast University, some 44 students have been assisted and 23 have graduated.
Garinagu Are Indigenous Peoples
There are two indigenous peoples in Belize namely the Garifuna and the Maya, However, only the Maya are widely promoted as such. The Garifuna people are biologically and culturally indigenous to the Circum-Caribbean sub-region, where Belize is located. Their biological and cultural origins come from the Arawak and Carib peoples, and an intermixture with Africans which took place in the Eastern Caribbean island of St. Vincent.
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Legalizing Political financing and Political Parties--Whereforth Belize?
In Belize, Political parties are necessary organizations to source leaders for the ballot paper. However, to date, there are no laws to govern political parties that are tasked with such important pursuits as leadership of governance in a country of people. Political parties are not perceived as NGOs or businesses or partnerships, but they exist. Election financing to maintain a political party between elections, to contest elections and successfully bring a political party into power has become extremely exorbitant. However, a political party cannot finance itself through membership subscriptions, so where does the financing come from?
Garifuna Journey: Acknowledging contributions of Teachers
The paper brings attention to the past sacrifices of teachers as leaders in highlighting a poem written by Mr. Alfonso Cayetano entitled “A Tribute to Garifuna Teachers”. The following are excerpts from the poem. “Wherever a Union Jack Flag was erected in British Honduras, Garifuna teachers went like brave soldiers to establish schools. Garifuna teachers and pioneers enlightened and tilled the fertile minds of our Belizean children. You left your comfortable homes to serve the rural areas of Belize. You and your families lived in substandard housing. You waded in belly deep swamps to get to your teaching post. You were cut off from regular Belizean life to teach in labyrinth areas of Belize. Your family was deprived of medical attention because of the Remote areas of Belize. Your family members were bitten by mosquitoes, horse flies, scorpions, rats, bats and poisonous snakes. Your wives and children became sick and mentally ill..."
International Election Observer Mission Effect--Belize 2008 Parliamentary Ele...
As the 2008 parliamentary election day drew closer, Belize was undergoing something of a crisis, whereby anything goes in the Media. It resembled more a feeding frenzy, and prompted one to question the role elections play in the consolidation of democracy. In the midst of all this the Government of Belize undertook the bold step to invite International Election
Observers to the 2008 Election. International election observation has become an important mechanism for ensuring election integrity and enhancing the credibility and legitimacy of elections (ACE, September 2006). While it enjoys almost universal acceptance, international election observation is conducted during an exceedingly sensitive period in the existence of that country and its people, and due to limitations only a snapshot of the political culture is observed (Brahm, Sept. 2004). This was the first election observer mission to Belize and the Commonwealth Secretariat was the Observer
Group so invited. The Commonwealth Team consisting of five persons including two staff persons were deployed on a short term mission, arriving approximately four days prior to Election Day.
Buyei john Mariano--A Tribute To Our Buyei
Baba John Mariano was a man of many persons:
Baba le Buyei believed that his gift of healing and spirituality is exactly that, a gift bestowed upon him by the Ahari, lidagiyen Juan Buyei le lebu. It became a responsibility which he accepted with much honour and humility.
Baba le Wanaragua was the Abuti as the Keeper of the Wanaragua flame---passed down from Max Garcia, then John Wild, then Baba John as the Banquater. Baba John was passionate about maintaining discipline and dress code---long sleeves and stockings to hide the skin, the mask to remain on the face when outside, no drinking, offensive language, and “vulgar” dancing.
As an educator of the Garifuna culture, Baba John volunteered at several schools to lecture on various aspects of the Garifuna culture, particularity the spirituality. Since his retirement to Dangriga, he was charged with the annual Yurumei for the children of Christ the King Anglican School.
The Wanaragua Dance--The Johncunu Dance
The term Joncunu comes in many other forms, such as, Junkanoo, Jonkonnnu, Jonkanu, Jankunu. The dance is West African in origin deriving from African slaves and is a traditional festival form still practiced in what was the British West Indies—in The Bahamas, Jamaica, St. Kitts & Nevis etc. It is a satirical dance where dancers by the attire including the mask, mock and ridicule the colonial slave masters dancing to a fast tempo. In the Garifuna language the dance is called Wanaragua.
Early History of Methodism in Stann Creek, Belize
The Methodist Church first started in Stann Cree Town, Belize in Early 1800s. Garifuna leaders played a major role in the development of the Church as teachers and preachers. Several of the ministers in the Methodist Church in the Caribbean and the Americas are form Stann Creek Town now called Dangriga.
Garifuna Technology: Johncunu Mask Making Workshop 2018
Johncanoe--Wanaragua technology workshop...How to make masks for the wanaragua or johncanoe dance
Belize City Council Election Results 1962 to 2003, By I.Myrtle Palacio
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Redefining Ethnicity in Post-independent Belize: the case of the Garifuna an...
Ethnic definitions and identity based on the colonial school of thought remain the main component for identification in post-independent Belize, notwithstanding the prevalence of interethnic marriages resulting in offsprings, partly due to increased geographical mobility.
This study singled out two elements in ethnic re-definition, the Garifuna and Creole, in Belize City. As two black peoples their offsprings share the same basic phenotypes. As a result, physical differences are not distinctly visible relative to other groups, to objectively define ethnic identity. This paper examines the self-identity and ethnic affiliations of these offsprings, which do not fit into the existing antiquated ethnic definitions.
This study utilized the qualitative research method to allow for extensive face-to-face assessment using open-ended inquiry. It also applied the social constructivist/interpretivist theory in narrative analysis to elicit from respondents the stories of their lives as they perceived them. Identifying as both Garifuna and Creole, I applied the Feminist Standpoint theory and the theory of Indigenous Anthropology. Both theories support the need to research your own, as the “situated knower” or the insider. This emic perspective as embraced by the study, may be a novel undertaking in the literature on ethnicity in Belize.
Preliminary Statement of OAS on Belize's 2012 Election
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Address by PUP Party Leader Hon Francis Fonseca at the PUP Endorsement Conven...
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Eighth Amendment Bill to the Belize Constitution: Formerly the Ninth Amendm...
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