What is cognition
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Cognition involves the processes of acquiring and understanding knowledge through our thoughts, experiences, and senses. There are several key cognitive processes involved in learning. First, attention is required to begin learning - we must pay attention to what we are experiencing. Next, the information must be stored in our memory, starting in our sensory register and moving to short-term and then long-term memory through rehearsal. Finally, the brain organizes and encodes this information so it can be retrieved later through various encoding techniques like mnemonics or the method of loci.
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7. the role of metacognitive knowledge in learning, teaching, and assessing ...
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- Metacognition, or reflecting on one's own thinking, allows students to take control of their own learning. Teachers should use strategies to help students process information and reflect on their learning.
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Constructivism is a theory of learning that states that people actively construct or make their own knowledge and that reality is determined by the experiences of the learner. According to constructivism, learning occurs through an interplay between an individual's experiences and ideas. Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky were influential theorists in constructivism. Piaget believed that children gain knowledge through experiences that are organized into mental schemas as they develop cognitively. Vygotsky emphasized that social interaction and collaborative learning are important for cognitive development and that learning is most effective when students are challenged just beyond their current abilities.
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7. the role of metacognitive knowledge in learning, teaching, and assessing ...
Metacognition refers to learners' awareness of their own cognition and ability to understand, control, and manipulate their own cognitive processes. There are four categories of knowledge: factual, conceptual, procedural, and metacognitive. Metacognitive knowledge involves awareness of one's own cognition and includes knowledge of general cognitive strategies. It has implications for learning, teaching, and assessing. Prior knowledge affects how learners perceive and organize new information, and how easily they can make connections. When designing instruction, it is important for teachers to consider students' prior knowledge, including knowledge of content as well as strategies.
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This document discusses several cognitive theories of learning:
1) Gestalt psychology which emphasizes the whole of human experience and informed cognitive theories.
2) Cognitive theories focus on internal mental processes like thinking, versus behaviorism which views learning as reaction to stimuli.
3) Key cognitive instruction theories include Piaget's stages of cognitive development, Bruner's discovery learning theory, and Ausubel's meaningful learning theory which stresses relating new knowledge to prior knowledge.
4) Theories can be applied to understand individuals at a coffee shop based on their view of learning and locus and purpose of education.
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What is cognition
- 1. What Is Cognition? We've all seena classroomof studentssittingandwatchingtheirteacherimpartuponthemthe ancient wisdomof theirelders(orteachingthemstate capitals;bothare important).Didyoueverwonderwhat was goingoninside theirheads?Justhow doesthe informationtheyare takinginbecome actual knowledge?Well,wondernomore,because todaywe're goingtowalkthroughthe processof how we learnthroughcognition. The firstthingwe needto do isdefine twokeywords:cognition andlearning.Cognitionisthe processof acquiringandunderstandingknowledge throughourthoughts,experiences,andsenses.Learning involvesacquiringknowledge throughexperience,study,orbeingtaught.If youthinkthatthese two conceptsare awfullysimilar,you're right.Bothare inexorablylinked - learningrequirescognitionand cognitioninvolveslearning.Wheneveryousee orhearsomethingnew,yougothrougha seriesof cognitive processes,whichare the processesthatresultinlearning. The DifferentCognitive Processes The firststepin the cognitive learningprocessisattention.Inordertobeginlearning,astudentmustbe payingattentiontowhattheyare experiencing.Asanyone whohasbeeninaclass full of children knows,attention isn'tunlimitedandcanbe quite fleeting.Educationalpsychologistshave come tothe conclusionthatthe average personcanholdapproximatelytwoorthree learnedtasksintheirattention at the same time.Thismeansthatif youare tryingto dust andvacuum simultaneouslyyoumaybe able to pull itoff,butthrow ineatinga sandwichandoddsare goodyou'll take a bite out of your dusterand smearlunchmeatonthe walls. We alsoknowthe average personcan onlyattendtoone complex taskat a time.Tryingto drive anddo longdivision?Notgoingtohappen.Talkonthe phone while waltzing?Unlikely.Incase you're wondering,thisisalsoacompellingreasontonottalkonthe phone anddrive - you justdon'thave enoughattentiontodoeach taskcompletely. Next,the informationthatyouare payingattentiontohasto be put intomemoryina processcalled storage.There are three levelsof memorythroughwhichinformationmusttravel tobe trulylearned. Let's saythat for the firsttime youhear that the capital of the state of OregonisSalem.Thisinformation isnow inyour sensoryregister,whichholdseverythingyouare exposedtoforjusta secondor two.By the endof thissentence,youmayhave alreadyforgottenthe capital of Oregon. If you pay attentionandrereadthe sentence,however,thatinformationwill move fromthe sensory registerintoshort-termmemory.Thisareaof your memorywill holdinformationanywhere from20 secondsupto a minute.If yourehearse the information,suchasrepeatingittoyourself,takingnotesor studyingit,ithas the chance to move to your long-termmemory.Thisareawill holdinformation indefinitelyandhasanunlimitedcapacity.The challenge,aswe shall see,canbe infindingthingsin there.
- 2. Nowthat you've paidattentionandmovedthe informationintomemory,it'simportantthatyourbrain organize thisinformationsoitcanbe retrievedlater.Encodingcanworkthrougha numberof processes, such as developingverbalmnemonicsorthe delightfullynamed methodof loci,butthe ultimategoal is to assigna specificmeaningtosomethingyouhave learned.The mnemonicforrememberingthe planet'sordercomesto mind:'My VeryEducatedMother JustServedUsNachos.' Rememberthisand youcan quicklyrecall the namesandorderof all the planets.Retrievalgoeshand-in-handwithencoding by simplyreversingthe processof encoding.If youwantto rememberwhichplanetisfourthfromthe sun,justrun throughyour mnemonicandyouhave youranswer.Since the fourthwordismother,the fourthplanetisMars