What Happens When Native People Lose Their Traditional Foods?
What Happens When Native People Lose Their Traditional Foods?
by Deborah Small
November 17, 2016
Purepecha public health worker Abe Sanchez
gathers chia seeds. | Photo: Deborah Small
“The revitalization of tradition is much more
complex than people can imagine. It really is a
process that reaches far into the silenced
knowing. Recovering from intergenerational
historical trauma is something that continues
to seep into the lives of California Indians
today. Growing, nurturing, harvesting, and
preparing native foods not only feed and renew the body—they feed the mind, the soul, the
dreamtime of the people. Most importantly, our practices contribute to the healing of our
common relative, our Mother Earth, and right now, she is sick and unable to attract all the
beauty of the universe to come to her. And if our Mother Earth is sick, so are we, simply
because we are part of her.” —Cindi Alvitre, Tongva educator, Chia Café Collective
The native people I have worked with in southern California for the past 16 years have a
profound spiritual connection to the land through their ancestors and their long history of living
on the land. They pay homage to plants and consider them as their teachers. They’re dedicated
to passing on what they know to others. All stress our interdependence with other species. All
have a fierce devotion to revitalizing their culture as part of the larger cultural revitalization
sweeping California.
Cahuilla/Apache elder Lorene Sisquoc describes a reciprocal relationship with the plants and the
land. “The plants are waiting for us to come take care of them so they can take care of us.
In Temalpakh, Katherine Saubel writes that the Cahuilla word for an oak grove, meki'i'wah,
means ‘the place that waits for me.’ It’s our responsibility to take care of the land, to get out
there and gather, to sing songs, tell stories, do ceremony, share our laughter and our language.
To preserve our oral traditions by passing our knowledge to our kids and grandkids. It’s
important that they start learning very young. Taking care of the plants helps make our families
healthy. We’re working hard to heal our communities by deepening our connection to the land.”
Sisquoc is a founding member of the Chia Café Collective, or CCC, a grassroots group of
southern California tribal members and their allies committed to the revitalization of native
foods, medicines, culture and community. Their work to revitalize native foods honors the vast
traditional knowledge and spiritual relationship to the land, and explores the nutritive and
medicinal bounty the land offers us.
Through workshops, classes, demonstrations, and native foods celebrations, the CCC focus on
ways to re-incorporate native food plants into their daily diets to take back responsibility for
their health and well-being. Their work helps others to reconnect with the land through
ga.
Technical expectations- 300 – 350 words one each- double sp.docxrudybinks
Technical expectations:
- 300 – 350 words one each
- double spaced
- in a 12 point non serif font (Arial, Tahoma, Calibri, Candara, Verdana are some examples)
Paper expectations:
This paper is not a formal essay or term paper. This paper is not a summary, an opinion or a simple response. The objective of this paper is to allow students to show they have an understanding of course concepts and can apply them to current social conditions. It will include the following conditions:
- After reading one of the articles on Blackboard, students will consider 2 concepts from this course that can be applied to the article. These concepts will be defined according to the definitions in this class. No dictionary, encyclopedia or other source definitions are acceptable.
- Papers will NOT have:
— introduction
— opinion
— citations
— references
- Each paper must include 3 quotes from the article.
Format of the paper:
- Paragraph 1: Identify and define the first of the two concepts you will be applying.
— note: The definitions MUST come from either our textbook or class notes. Papers using dictionary, Wikipedia, etc definitions will not be read.
- Paragraph 2: Identify and define the second of the two concepts you will be applying.
— note: The definitions MUST come from either our textbook or class notes. Papers using dictionary, Wikipedia, etc definitions will not be read.
- Paragraphs 3 and 4: Show how each of these concepts can be applied to the article you’ve read.
paper 1 reading: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/rampage/wp/2016/05/07/ivy-league-economist-interrogated-for-doing-math-on-american-airlines-flight/?utm_term=.d9c4e8c06b49
paper 2 reading:
https://www.redlandsdailyfacts.com/2018/06/01/75-years-ago-zoot-suit-riots-marked-a-dark-period-in-southern-california-history/
paper 3 reading:
https://www.sbsun.com/2018/02/15/neo-nazi-fliers-delivered-on-san-bernardino-doorsteps-have-residents-floored/
paper 4 reading:
What Happens When Native People Lose Their Traditional Foods? by Deborah Small November 17, 2016 Purepecha public health worker Abe Sanchez gathers chia seeds. | Photo: Deborah Small “The revitalization of tradition is much more complex than people can imagine. It really is a process that reaches far into the silenced knowing. Recovering from intergenerational historical trauma is something that continues to seep into the lives of California Indians today. Growing, nurturing, harvesting, and preparing native foods not only feed and renew the body—they feed the mind, the soul, the dreamtime of the people. Most importantly, our practices contribute to the healing of our common relative, our Mother Earth, and right now, she is sick and unable to attract all the beauty of the universe to come to her. And if our Mother Earth is sick, so are we, simply because we are part of her.” —Cindi Alvitre, Tongva educator, Chia Café Collective The native people I have worked with in southern California for the past 16 y ...
here I will introduce you to the rural lifestyle, delicious rural food and share my experiences about living in nature and different villages. If you want to know more about life in Iranian villages, local and traditional food ... this channel is the best choice for you.
Dignity and pride are not only two different feelings, but, in some ways, opposites. You can step on your pride to preserve your dignity. You can destroy your dignity because of your pride.
- Luigina Sgarro
When it comes to human dignity, we cannot make compromises.
- Angela Merkel
We must build a new world, a far better world one in which the eternal dignity of man is respected.
- Harry S. Truman
Technical expectations- 300 – 350 words one each- double sp.docxrudybinks
Technical expectations:
- 300 – 350 words one each
- double spaced
- in a 12 point non serif font (Arial, Tahoma, Calibri, Candara, Verdana are some examples)
Paper expectations:
This paper is not a formal essay or term paper. This paper is not a summary, an opinion or a simple response. The objective of this paper is to allow students to show they have an understanding of course concepts and can apply them to current social conditions. It will include the following conditions:
- After reading one of the articles on Blackboard, students will consider 2 concepts from this course that can be applied to the article. These concepts will be defined according to the definitions in this class. No dictionary, encyclopedia or other source definitions are acceptable.
- Papers will NOT have:
— introduction
— opinion
— citations
— references
- Each paper must include 3 quotes from the article.
Format of the paper:
- Paragraph 1: Identify and define the first of the two concepts you will be applying.
— note: The definitions MUST come from either our textbook or class notes. Papers using dictionary, Wikipedia, etc definitions will not be read.
- Paragraph 2: Identify and define the second of the two concepts you will be applying.
— note: The definitions MUST come from either our textbook or class notes. Papers using dictionary, Wikipedia, etc definitions will not be read.
- Paragraphs 3 and 4: Show how each of these concepts can be applied to the article you’ve read.
paper 1 reading: https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/rampage/wp/2016/05/07/ivy-league-economist-interrogated-for-doing-math-on-american-airlines-flight/?utm_term=.d9c4e8c06b49
paper 2 reading:
https://www.redlandsdailyfacts.com/2018/06/01/75-years-ago-zoot-suit-riots-marked-a-dark-period-in-southern-california-history/
paper 3 reading:
https://www.sbsun.com/2018/02/15/neo-nazi-fliers-delivered-on-san-bernardino-doorsteps-have-residents-floored/
paper 4 reading:
What Happens When Native People Lose Their Traditional Foods? by Deborah Small November 17, 2016 Purepecha public health worker Abe Sanchez gathers chia seeds. | Photo: Deborah Small “The revitalization of tradition is much more complex than people can imagine. It really is a process that reaches far into the silenced knowing. Recovering from intergenerational historical trauma is something that continues to seep into the lives of California Indians today. Growing, nurturing, harvesting, and preparing native foods not only feed and renew the body—they feed the mind, the soul, the dreamtime of the people. Most importantly, our practices contribute to the healing of our common relative, our Mother Earth, and right now, she is sick and unable to attract all the beauty of the universe to come to her. And if our Mother Earth is sick, so are we, simply because we are part of her.” —Cindi Alvitre, Tongva educator, Chia Café Collective The native people I have worked with in southern California for the past 16 y ...
here I will introduce you to the rural lifestyle, delicious rural food and share my experiences about living in nature and different villages. If you want to know more about life in Iranian villages, local and traditional food ... this channel is the best choice for you.
Dignity and pride are not only two different feelings, but, in some ways, opposites. You can step on your pride to preserve your dignity. You can destroy your dignity because of your pride.
- Luigina Sgarro
When it comes to human dignity, we cannot make compromises.
- Angela Merkel
We must build a new world, a far better world one in which the eternal dignity of man is respected.
- Harry S. Truman
In the midst of the toxic atmosphere of Watts, seeds are sprouting, organic gardens are thriving, young people are discovering a vocation, and healthy, whole foods are becoming part of everyday life.
This article takes on the question of how to be sustainable in Hawai’i when a majority of our food is brought here. For the purpose of answering their questions on this topic they even conducted interviews and surveys.
Seeds of Promise: Planting Gardens of Hope
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
The Come to the Table Guidebook is a 40-page downloadable publication that includes an overview of the theology and issues surrounding farming and food security in North Carolina, perspectives from faith leaders, easy tools for identifying the needs and resources in your community, example projects for congregations to relieve hunger and support local food production, and a resource list.
Slides from the Deschutes Land Trust's Nature Night presentation by Elizabeth Woody, Executive Director at The Museum at Warm Springs considering the connections between people and the land.
Chiapas for the CTA (California Teachers' AssociationPeter Brown
The autonomous indigenous schools of Chiapas (as well as the Zapatista communities which have created them) are profiled in colorful photos and a 30 minute oral presentation. This event was sponsored by the CTA Peace and Justice Caucus in Los Angeles, CA during a 2010 meeting of the state council of the California Teachers Association. Would you like a Chiapas presentation at your school, church, union, or communtiy center? Call 619-232-2841.
·NEWSStates Take Aim at Social Welfare Programs By Ti.docxphilipnelson29183
·
NEWS
States Take Aim at Social Welfare Programs
By
Tierney Sneed
April 9, 2015 | 5:00 a.m. EDT
Bans on steak and tattoos attract national attention, but other provisions raise concerns among advocates for the poor.
A New Jersey woman pays for food using a welfare card in January. Lawmakers in Kansas and Missouri are considering laws that would restrict what welfare recipients can buy using food stamps and other forms of public assistance.
·
·
·
·
State lawmakers attracted national attention this week for seeking to ban the use of welfare funds on lingerie, fortune tellers or even cookies, proposals that reflect a renewed focus on scrutinizing the social safety net as the country rebounds from the Great Recession.
A Missouri bill introduced by Republican state Rep. Rick Brattin would outlaw the use of welfare funds to purchase chips, energy drinks, soft drinks, seafood and steak. Kansas legislation, which has passed both chambers and is on its way to Gov. Sam Brownback’s desk, is a more comprehensive overhaul of how the state administers its benefits.
OPINION
Food Stamps Work A Lot Better Than You Think
Critics say such measures stigmatize the poor and that Republicans, who are often behind the efforts, are simply playing politics in limiting assistance programs – especially since the money is provided by the federal government rather than the state. Proponents point out that states still share the administrative costs and have an interest in pursuing programs that are effective in getting people back to work, regardless of how they’re funded.
According to those who study welfare, recipients usually prioritize the money for essentials. So provisions like those in the Kansas bill – which outlaws spending welfare money at cruise ships, tattoo parlors, casino and strip clubs – are symbolic at best.
“It’s this old idea that the poor and welfare recipients are somehow different than the rest of us, that we need to put in place controls and regulations,” says Mark Rank, a Washington University professor and author of “Living on the Edge: The Realities of Welfare in America.”
“It is also feeding into this stereotype that people have a good life on welfare and are living it up and having lobster and steak,” he says, adding, “most people are struggling to get by and the job of being poor is a very hard job."
The very poor have access to public welfare through a number of federally funded programs administered by the states. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) provides short-term funds for families struggling to make ends meet through an Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) card that works like a debit card. Through Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), households bringing in under a certain level of income can receive monthly allotments for food, also administered on an EBT card.
“The interest for state lawmakers has been that, even as as the economy has improved, they continue to see a lot of individuals being ad.
·Analyze HRM legal regulations and learn proper procedures for.docxphilipnelson29183
·
Analyze HRM legal regulations and learn proper procedures for reducing an organization’s liability to HRM legal problems
·
Explain the substance of the relationship between the employer, employee and independent contractor
·
Identify the duties and right of the parties in an employment contract as well as the liabilities of each in the event of non-compliance
·
Discuss issues in discrimination in hiring, Affirmative Action and Civil Rights
·
Explain government regulations of the workplace
·
Analyze and apply various HRM legal requirements
·
Use effective communication techniques.
·
Use team and problem-solving skills to collaborate on a project.
.
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Similar to What Happens When Native People Lose Their Traditional Foods .docx
In the midst of the toxic atmosphere of Watts, seeds are sprouting, organic gardens are thriving, young people are discovering a vocation, and healthy, whole foods are becoming part of everyday life.
This article takes on the question of how to be sustainable in Hawai’i when a majority of our food is brought here. For the purpose of answering their questions on this topic they even conducted interviews and surveys.
Seeds of Promise: Planting Gardens of Hope
`
For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
The Come to the Table Guidebook is a 40-page downloadable publication that includes an overview of the theology and issues surrounding farming and food security in North Carolina, perspectives from faith leaders, easy tools for identifying the needs and resources in your community, example projects for congregations to relieve hunger and support local food production, and a resource list.
Slides from the Deschutes Land Trust's Nature Night presentation by Elizabeth Woody, Executive Director at The Museum at Warm Springs considering the connections between people and the land.
Chiapas for the CTA (California Teachers' AssociationPeter Brown
The autonomous indigenous schools of Chiapas (as well as the Zapatista communities which have created them) are profiled in colorful photos and a 30 minute oral presentation. This event was sponsored by the CTA Peace and Justice Caucus in Los Angeles, CA during a 2010 meeting of the state council of the California Teachers Association. Would you like a Chiapas presentation at your school, church, union, or communtiy center? Call 619-232-2841.
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·NEWSStates Take Aim at Social Welfare Programs By Ti.docxphilipnelson29183
·
NEWS
States Take Aim at Social Welfare Programs
By
Tierney Sneed
April 9, 2015 | 5:00 a.m. EDT
Bans on steak and tattoos attract national attention, but other provisions raise concerns among advocates for the poor.
A New Jersey woman pays for food using a welfare card in January. Lawmakers in Kansas and Missouri are considering laws that would restrict what welfare recipients can buy using food stamps and other forms of public assistance.
·
·
·
·
State lawmakers attracted national attention this week for seeking to ban the use of welfare funds on lingerie, fortune tellers or even cookies, proposals that reflect a renewed focus on scrutinizing the social safety net as the country rebounds from the Great Recession.
A Missouri bill introduced by Republican state Rep. Rick Brattin would outlaw the use of welfare funds to purchase chips, energy drinks, soft drinks, seafood and steak. Kansas legislation, which has passed both chambers and is on its way to Gov. Sam Brownback’s desk, is a more comprehensive overhaul of how the state administers its benefits.
OPINION
Food Stamps Work A Lot Better Than You Think
Critics say such measures stigmatize the poor and that Republicans, who are often behind the efforts, are simply playing politics in limiting assistance programs – especially since the money is provided by the federal government rather than the state. Proponents point out that states still share the administrative costs and have an interest in pursuing programs that are effective in getting people back to work, regardless of how they’re funded.
According to those who study welfare, recipients usually prioritize the money for essentials. So provisions like those in the Kansas bill – which outlaws spending welfare money at cruise ships, tattoo parlors, casino and strip clubs – are symbolic at best.
“It’s this old idea that the poor and welfare recipients are somehow different than the rest of us, that we need to put in place controls and regulations,” says Mark Rank, a Washington University professor and author of “Living on the Edge: The Realities of Welfare in America.”
“It is also feeding into this stereotype that people have a good life on welfare and are living it up and having lobster and steak,” he says, adding, “most people are struggling to get by and the job of being poor is a very hard job."
The very poor have access to public welfare through a number of federally funded programs administered by the states. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) provides short-term funds for families struggling to make ends meet through an Electronic Benefit Transfer (EBT) card that works like a debit card. Through Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), households bringing in under a certain level of income can receive monthly allotments for food, also administered on an EBT card.
“The interest for state lawmakers has been that, even as as the economy has improved, they continue to see a lot of individuals being ad.
·Analyze HRM legal regulations and learn proper procedures for.docxphilipnelson29183
·
Analyze HRM legal regulations and learn proper procedures for reducing an organization’s liability to HRM legal problems
·
Explain the substance of the relationship between the employer, employee and independent contractor
·
Identify the duties and right of the parties in an employment contract as well as the liabilities of each in the event of non-compliance
·
Discuss issues in discrimination in hiring, Affirmative Action and Civil Rights
·
Explain government regulations of the workplace
·
Analyze and apply various HRM legal requirements
·
Use effective communication techniques.
·
Use team and problem-solving skills to collaborate on a project.
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~GOODWRITER~You have now delivered the project to your customer..docxphilipnelson29183
~GOODWRITER~
You have now delivered the project to your customer. Now, it is time to reflect on what went well and what didn’t go so well. Based on feedback throughout the course, what would you have done differently in terms of scope, resources, and / or schedule, and why?
-ORIGINAL WORK - ONLY
-MUST Pass Originality Report
-MUST Pass SAFEASSIGN Plagiarism Check - 12% or LESS
-List ALL Referenced Material - NO Wikipedia Please
-B or Above Grade
.
__ captures a mother and child at the table in __ Paula Modersohn .docxphilipnelson29183
__ captures a mother and child at the table in __
Paula Modersohn Becker reflects on mothering in her __
Sonia Delaunary embraces cubism with her piece entitled _
Pregnant Maria is by _
_Created the earth Goddess
Essay Identify some of the post modern trends movement that womrn artist have participatewo
.
__ de Dolores son médicos.Dolores tiene un tío que es __.A la ab.docxphilipnelson29183
__ de Dolores son médicos.
Dolores tiene un tío que es __.
A la abuela de Dolores le gusta mucho __.
El padre de Dolores tiene __.
Las tías gemelas de Dolores __.
Vocabulario
10 pts.
Complete each sentence with the appropriate word.
El hermano de mi padre es mi : delgado
: joven
: inteligente
: simpático
: bueno
: rubio
: grande
: fácil
: feo
: alto
Adjetivos posesivos
10 pts.
Complete each sentence by choosing the appropriate possessive adjective.
Los padres de Pilar regresan hoy a __ (
her
) casa.
Joaquín y yo debemos terminar __ (
our
) tarea.
Yo tengo prisa para llegar a __ (
my
) clases.
Tú debes viajar más a __ (
your
) país.
Miguel comparte __ (
his
) libro de español.
Verbos
20 pts.
Fill in the blanks with the present tense forms of the verbs in parentheses.
Julio Está casado/a.
Tiene una hermana.
Desea tener hijos.
Es alto/a.
Es simpático/a.
[?]
a|A
á
Á
é
É
í
Í
ñ
Ñ
ó
Ó
ú
Ú
ü
Ü
¿
¿
¡
¡
[removed] [removed] [removed]
.
[removed]
World’s Biggest Public Companies
Start with the Excel workbook (spreadsheet) World’s Biggest Public Companies
– start.xlsx.
This
data
shows
information
produced
by Forbes
in terms
of the
World’s
Largest
Public
Companies.
In column
B, the
company’s
name
is displayed;
in column
C, the
country;
in
column
D, the
company’s
2013
sales;
in column
E, the
company’s
2013
profits;
in column
F,
the
company’s
2013
assets;
in column
G, the
company’s
2013
market
value.
In the
range
I1:M5,
you
will
see
the
first
matrix
that
you
will
need
to summarize,
where
the
goal
is to determine
the
median
value
of sales,
profits,
assets
and
market
value
respective
to the
corresponding
country.
However,
to date,
Excel
does
not
feature
a MEDIANIFS
function.
Thus,
you
will
have
to use
an array
formula
similar
to our
learning
activity.
Executing
this
statement
correctly
will
produce
a median
of the
desired
values
in the
dataset
for
the
given
country
of interest.
In the
range
I7:M11,
you
will
see
the
second
matrix
that
you
will
need
to sum
marize,
where
the
goal
is to determine
the
min
value
of sales,
profits,
assets
and
market
value
respective
to the
corresponding
country.
However,
to date,
Excel
does
not
feature
a MINIFS
function.
Thus,
you
will
have
to use
an array
formula
similar
to our
learning
activity.
Executing
this
statement
correctly
will
produce
a min
of the
desired
values
in the
dataset
for
the
given
country
of interest.
In the
range
I13:M17,
you
will
see
the
third
matrix
that
you
will
need
to summarize,
where
the
goal
is to deter
mine
the
max
value
of sales,
profits,
assets
and
market
value
respective
to the
corresponding
country.
However,
to date,
Excel
does
not
feature
a MAXIFS
function.
Thus,
you
will
have
to use
an array
formula
similar
to our
learning
activity.
Executing
this
statement
correctly
will
produce
a max
of the
desired
values
in the
dataset
for
the
given
country
of interest.
In the
range
I19:M
23,
you
will
see
the
third
matrix
that
you
will
need
to summarize,
where
the
goal
is to determine
the
standard
deviation
value
of sales,
profits,
assets
and
market
value
respective
to the
corresponding
country.
However,
to date,
Excel
does
not
feature
a
STDEV.S.IFS
function.
Thus,
you
will
have
to use
an array
formula
similar
to our
learning
activity.
Executing
this
statement
correctly
will
produce
a max
of the
desired
values
in the
dataset
for
the
given
country
of interest.
Please
note
that
the
“dot
S” portion
of the
STDEV
function
indicates
that
we
are
taking
the
standard
deviation
of a sample.
This
is a sample
since
we
do not
have
information
from
all
companies
(i.e.
population).
Finally,
ensure
that
all
values
in your
summary
tables
are
formatted
with
an Accounting
style
with
two
decimals
showing
(i.e.
$52.21)
HINT:
Be
very
careful
about
what
cell
references
are
absolute
and
which
are
mixed
(the
row
or column
absolute
and
the
other
relative).
Also, remember that you must use a
Ctrl+Shift+Enter keystroke in order to implement an array form.
[removed]
1
Governmental and Not-for-Profit Accounting
Fall 2016
Project (100 points)
Obtain a copy of Comprehensive A
nnual Financial Report (CAFR) o
nline, either from Blackboard or
on the website of any municipality of your selection. Review t
he CAFR you select and answer the
following questions. Your answers
should be concise but to the
point.
This is an individual project
. You can collaborate with others
but you should submit project answers
individually. If you collaborat
e with your classmate(s), you s
hould indicate the name of persons you
collaborate with in the project.
A word about answering the questio
ns below: Don’t just answer “
yes” or “no”; try to elaborate by
combining the knowledge you learnt
from the class. This certai
nly will help you e
arn better grade
from this project.
You are required to type the ans
wers. Present your answers in
a nice and neat format; just think about
how you would make it easier to
read. A portion of your grade
will be based on the p
resentation of
project.
Part I Overview of report
1.
What are three main sections of the report?
2.
Review the introductory secti
on of the CAFR. What are key issu
es addressed in the letter of
transmittal?
3.
Review the financial section.
a.
Does the report provide a r
econciliation betw
een total governme
ntal net position per the
government-wide statement of net position and total governmenta
l fund balances per the
governmental funds balance sheet? If so, what are the main rec
onciling items?
b.
What are the major governmental
funds maintained by the entity?
c.
Does the report include “require
d supplementary information?”
If so, what are the main
areas addressed?
d.
Does the report include “combin
ing statements?” If so, what is
the nature of these
statements?
4.
Review the statistical section.
a.
What is the population of th
e entity being reported on?
b.
Who is the entity’s major employer?
c.
What is the amount of net debt per
capita? The city’s legal de
bt margin? The amount of
direct and overlapping debt?
5.
Component units
a.
Does the notes to the financial s
tatements indicate the compone
nt units that are included
within the reporting entity? D
o they indicate any units that a
re not included? Do they
explain why these units are
included or excluded?
b.
How are the component units presented in the government-wide fi
nancial statements? In
the fund statements?
2
Part II Budget
1.
In which section of the CAFR are
the budget-to-actual compariso
ns of the major funds?
a.
Which accounting basis did the City follow to prepare its annua
l operating budget?
b.
Are the actual amounts on a GAAP or a budgetary basis? Do the
statements include a
reconciliation of any difference
s between GAAP and budgetary am
ounts? If so, what are
the largest reconciled items?
c.
Are the reported variances base
d on the original budget or the
year-end amended budget?
2.
Does the CAFR include budget-to-
actual comparisons of nonmajor
funds? If so, in what sections?
3.
Do.
Zhibei Wang04172020Page 5Authoritarian or Authoritati.docxphilipnelson29183
Zhibei Wang
04/17/2020
Page: 5
Authoritarian or Authoritative Parenting Style: Which Is in Best Interest for Children
Tough Love has gone viral on internet. It is a fanfic musical production about the stepmothers of Disney princesses. It is quite a mockery for the self-pitying but in fact cruel upbringing of the young girls. It is fictional and the stepmothers don’t love their stepdaughters necessarily, but we have to reflect on it: when we are parents, what are the best method to be taken so that our children can be responsible and positive grownups. Authoritarian or authoritative? It is a hot topic that never grows old; every parent has their reason to act upon. Experiencing quite a mix of harsh and lenient ways in my childhood, I find authoritative one more favorable. In the following paragraphs, I will talk about the advantages and disadvantages of both parenting styles.
Positive authoritative are defined as parents to be instructive and highly responsive to the development of child growth (Baumrind, 1966); On the contrary, authoritarian is control over most aspects of children’s lives, to make sure they stay on track (Kuppens & Ceulemans, 2019). There are pros and cons to both sides.
As of authoritarian, the most important outcome is the high academic performances. Authoritarian parents put a lot of effort into student’s schoolwork and extracurricular activities, such as playing piano or violin. They closely follow children’s daily routine, make sure every minute will not go wasted. They want every investment to give harvests. They take their children to all kinds of competitions, and win loads of certificates to quantify how successful and extraordinary the child is. They see children as another form of themselves, impose their dreams on children. Indeed, children who have worked all day, with all kinds of championships and scholarships could end up in ivy league and possibly win a prestigious job when graduated. It seems they have lived a life everyone desires and so it satisfies the parents.
However, it is not the most favorable approach in academia, and there are a lot of downsides to it. First, it restrains the possibility of cultivating comprehensive personalities. Children become obedient to their parents, they cannot communicate well with their peers, their only profound relationship are with their parents throughout their lives, and it is no sign of a fully grown man. I personally have seen too much of a case. People who grow up under the shadow of their parents tend to be indecisive and too dependent on their parents. It is the consequence of psychological control of the authoritarian parenting. Whenever they speak of their mind, they got turned down or shouted back. Then they don’t speak much about themselves with self-centered parents, who think they are doing the best for kids. Under high pressures from parents and with no one can turn to, children are also bearing overwhelming stress and defeated feelings, which c.
Zinn Ch 14 - http://www.historyisaweapon.com/defcon1/zinnwarhea14.html
In what ways did the United States government sway public opinion to support the war effort? From your own perspective, was it appropriate for the government to employ such methods to build a consensus?
Upon passage of the Espionage and Sedition Acts, many people felt that their civil liberties were under attack as the government sought to stifle dissent. Do you think these measures were an appropriate domestic policy during a time of war? Explain. Do you think they were constitutional? Why or why not?
When Eugene Debs was in prison serving his term for violating the Espionage Act of 1917, he ran for president during the 1918 presidential election. While he was in prison, he won almost one million votes. Ho was that possible? What does this tell you about American society in 1918?
Explain how Americans used the language of freedom when discussing foreign policy. Look specifically at the foreign policies of Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson in your answer. Did the meaning of freedom change with each administration or stay constant?
Compare Roosevelt’s and Wilson’s attitudes toward blacks. How significant were the actions of the federal government in advancing freedoms for blacks during the early twentieth century?
Explain and analyze W. E. B. Du Bois’s political ideas. How did he attempt to expand civil rights for African-Americans?
Progressives continued to make strides during the war. Discuss the various Progressive accomplishments between 1916 and 1920. Comment on why the movement declined by 1920.
.
Zeno of Elea.Heres the assignment Write a double-spaced paper .docxphilipnelson29183
Zeno of Elea.
Here's the assignment: Write a double-spaced paper and submit it online.
In your paper, give a short biography of the philosopher and include his views on at least two of these subjects: REALITY, DIVINITY, HUMANITY, KNOWLEDGE or SOCIETY.
Please make this paper approximately 500 words long.
Make sure you spell and grammar check your papers.
And try using the Hemingwayapp!
I assume you will be doing some research, so cite your sources!
I do not care about the format of your citations.
Use whatever way is comfortable for you.
.
Yo los libros en la mochila.Ana y Salvador la ta.docxphilipnelson29183
Yo los libros en la mochila.
Ana y Salvador la tarea.
La profesora Álvarez matemáticas.
Celinda y yo a la cafetería.
Tú a la residencia estudiantil.
Usted el autobús.
Lisa y Ángel inglés en la biblioteca.
Esperanza un libro.
Yo un diccionario en la librería.
Nosotros salsa muy bien.
.
Youve now read Johnathan Swifts brilliant (it is, trust me) satiri.docxphilipnelson29183
You've now read Johnathan Swift's brilliant (it is, trust me) satirical essay, 'A Modest Proposal.' He was sort of the John Stewart or John Oliver of his day, so...
Write a 2-3 page dialogue between Swift and a comedian of your choice. You can certainly use John Stewart, Trevor Noah. or pick one you like - even the late great Richard Prior. You're going to discuss how comedy and society intersect, how they reflect and impact one other. So have at it and have fun.
.
Youre gonna respond to Are too many people going to college by Ch.docxphilipnelson29183
You're gonna respond to "Are too many people going to college" by Charles Murray?
Please disagree with the author with his 4 points:
1. Students don't have the ability to finish tough materials of college.
2. The opportunity cost of going to colleges is too high. People can use the same time to lean things that are helpful for living.
3. College doesn't guarantee good jobs.
4. Finishing colleges doesn't really give people self-satisfication.
Those are points I summarize from Murray's article. If you think they are not good, you can read the article and change them. Then provide evidences to oppose them.
There are 5 pages of the MLA essay. You need to bring all evidences from my posted 4 articles. The prompt and requirement are within the uploaded files. Please read it carefully.
The payment can be negotiated. Please do it nice and neatly. Thank you.
.
Your team was invited to present to a high school IT class to explai.docxphilipnelson29183
Your team was invited to present to a high school IT class to explain how cryptography works. In order to explain the basics, you decide to show the class a tool called, CrypTool. This web-based tool allows people to visualize encryption and decryption using common cryptography techniques. In order for the students to follow along with your demonstration, you need to create a tutorial for them.
Together as a team,
access
CrypTool (
http://www.cryptool-online.org/
).
Click
on the CrypTool link, then click
Ciphers
.
Click
and
choose
a type of cipher you would like to use under
Classical Ciphers
.
Use
CrypTool to do the following:
Determine at least five pieces of data to encrypt and decrypt
Determine a key (or a set of keys) that is different from the samples provided in CrypTool.
Attempt to break the encrypted ciphertext data using the cryptanalysis tools provided by CrypTool.
Note:
It may not always be possible to break the ciphertext. Regardless of the attempt's outcome. Document the steps taken and relevant observation notes.
Create
a tutorial with text and images (screenshots) on how to use CrypTool.
Include
the following:
Steps needed to encypt data
Steps needed to decrypt data
Steps taken to attempt to break the encrypted data using the cryptanalysis tools provided by CryptTool
Submit
the tutorial to the Assignment Files tab above.
.
Your Paper (8 pages) should include the following areas1. Cover P.docxphilipnelson29183
Your Paper (8 pages) should include the following areas:
1. Cover Page 2. Introduction of the topic 3. Why your group selected the topic 4. Your stance on the topic 5. Groups that support/against the topic 6. Importance to college students 7. Conclusion 8. Reference Page with 5 different sources
NOTE: I have the paper but I'm missing #1 and #8
so you will add a little work but not the whole thing.
.
Your organization is expanding globally and you will no longer have .docxphilipnelson29183
Your organization is expanding globally and you will no longer have direct contact with members of your team. It is important to be able to communicate effectively so that the project can be executed effectively. The team is tasked with presenting their ideas for working effectively with global and virtual teams.
Create
an 2 - slide presentation regarding global and virtual teams. In the presentation include the following:
Analyze the effects of globalization of project teams on project execution.
.
Your outline should be a detailed overview of the Service Learning .docxphilipnelson29183
Your outline should be a detailed overview of the "Service Learning Research and Reflection Essay." Use complete sentences. The outline should be approx. 2 pages in length, not including the reference page.
Also, upload your properly formatted (ASA or APA) reference page.
I have attached
Service Learning Reflection and Research Paper Guidelines
.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Sectors of the Indian Economy - Class 10 Study Notes pdf
What Happens When Native People Lose Their Traditional Foods .docx
1. What Happens When Native People Lose Their Traditional
Foods?
What Happens When Native People Lose Their Traditional
Foods?
by Deborah Small
November 17, 2016
Purepecha public health worker Abe Sanchez
gathers chia seeds. | Photo: Deborah Small
“The revitalization of tradition is much more
complex than people can imagine. It really is a
process that reaches far into the silenced
knowing. Recovering from intergenerational
historical trauma is something that continues
to seep into the lives of California Indians
today. Growing, nurturing, harvesting, and
preparing native foods not only feed and renew the body—they
feed the mind, the soul, the
dreamtime of the people. Most importantly, our practices
contribute to the healing of our
common relative, our Mother Earth, and right now, she is sick
and unable to attract all the
beauty of the universe to come to her. And if our Mother Earth
is sick, so are we, simply
because we are part of her.” —Cindi Alvitre, Tongva
educator, Chia Café Collective
The native people I have worked with in southern California for
2. the past 16 years have a
profound spiritual connection to the land through their ancestors
and their long history of living
on the land. They pay homage to plants and consider them as
their teachers. They’re dedicated
to passing on what they know to others. All stress our
interdependence with other species. All
have a fierce devotion to revitalizing their culture as part of the
larger cultural revitalization
sweeping California.
Cahuilla/Apache elder Lorene Sisquoc describes a reciprocal
relationship with the plants and the
land. “The plants are waiting for us to come take care of them
so they can take care of us.
In Temalpakh, Katherine Saubel writes that the Cahuilla word
for an oak grove, meki'i'wah,
means ‘the place that waits for me.’ It’s our responsibility to
take care of the land, to get out
there and gather, to sing songs, tell stories, do ceremony, share
our laughter and our language.
To preserve our oral traditions by passing our knowledge to our
kids and grandkids. It’s
important that they start learning very young. Taking care of the
plants helps make our families
healthy. We’re working hard to heal our communities by
deepening our connection to the land.”
Sisquoc is a founding member of the Chia Café Collective, or
CCC, a grassroots group of
southern California tribal members and their allies committed to
the revitalization of native
foods, medicines, culture and community. Their work to
revitalize native foods honors the vast
traditional knowledge and spiritual relationship to the land, and
explores the nutritive and
3. medicinal bounty the land offers us.
Through workshops, classes, demonstrations, and native foods
celebrations, the CCC focus on
ways to re-incorporate native food plants into their daily diets
to take back responsibility for
their health and well-being. Their work helps others to
reconnect with the land through
gathering, gardening, and cooking native foods, and by
preparing medicinal plants as teas,
tinctures, salves, and soaps.
https://www.kcet.org/author/deborah-small
https://deborahsmall.wordpress.com/2016/06/02/chia-cafe-
collective-book/
The goal of the CCC’s classes and workshops is to inspire
healthy eating practices for individuals
and social justice for communities whose land management
practices and native food traditions
were disrupted when tribal land bases were taken away, native
children sent to boarding
schools, and traditional foods replaced by white flour, white
sugar, and other unhealthy
commodities and fast foods.
Sisquoc teaches at the Sherman Indian High School in
Riverside, a former boarding school
created to assimilate Indian children into the dominant culture.
Sisquoc relates that students
were instructed: “‘Forget about your traditional plants. Forget
about the acorns and pine nuts
and mesquite waiting to be gathered. You’ve got to get over
here and make a garden and milk
that cow. That’s what the boarding schools were about. It was
4. lactose-intolerant kids being fed
dairy products and introduced foods, and taught cooking and
home economics that were
different from theirs. They were taught that their ways were
wrong. Many of our gathering
practices and our culinary secrets and specialties were not
passed down because the boarding
school students weren’t home to learn them.”
Shimwich Chumash educator and CCC member Tima Lotah Link
echoes Sisquoc: “If you want to
wreck a culture, hit it in the kitchen. Boarding schools did that
in one generation. Take away
the kids, take away their plants, take away their knowledge of
the kitchen. Parents and children
no longer gathered their plants together. They no longer spoke
their language or shared
information.”
Tongva educator and CCC founding member Barbara Drake also
describes a shattered way of
life: “Our lives and our cultures were disrupted by colonization,
and we became disconnected.
The colonizers tried to eradicate us by severing our relationship
with the natural world, with our
plants and animals and the land. They took away the benefits of
our traditional foods. We were
no longer celebrating the seasons, caretaking our land, using
digging sticks to aerate the soil,
pruning plants, or thinning stands of trees. We were no longer
spreading seeds or saving them,
or helping plants to grow. We were letting them down. It was
disastrous, but all was not lost.
Today, we’re asking elders what they remember. We’re piecing
together our traditional
knowledge and sharing the benefits of eating our traditional
5. foods.”
The agave harvest | Photo: Deborah Small
Re-introducing native foods into people’s
diets has a remarkable effect, helping
individuals and communities take back a
large measure of responsibility for their
health and well being, and for reclaiming
their cultural identity. For the past 20 years,
the Malki Museum on the Morongo
Reservation has sponsored a yearly Agave
Harvest and Feast to celebrate what Lorene
Sisquoc calls “our most important staple every spring.” The
Cahuilla have been working for over
20 years with CCC member Daniel McCarthy, former Tribal
Liaison for the U.S. Forest Service, to
restore the nutrient-dense agave to its honored place at the table
of traditional foods. McCarthy
speaks of the historic importance of agave as a staple food by
noting that over 10,000 ancient
roasting pits have been found in agave gathering areas. “So
many foods like agave were almost
forgotten,” Sisquoc says, “but now we’re continuing to gather,
eat, and celebrate these native
foods.”
Agave hearts in a roasting pit | Photo: Deborah
Small
Those foods include cholla, whose buds pack a
nutrient punch with their highly absorbable calcium,
6. a boon for lactose-intolerant people. The slow-
release mesquite and acorn are two of the most
effective foods for controlling blood sugar levels
and diabetes. Chia seeds are high in protein, fiber,
and omega-3 fatty acids, and their mucilage is of great
assistance to the digestive system.
Prickly pear juice can alleviate musculo-skeletal inflammation,
sage provides a dose of
antioxidants, and rose hips and lemonade berries are a rich
source of vitamin C.
The Chia Café Collective promote an ethic of gathering and
cultivating native plants in a manner
that is sustainable, and they stress the importance of preserving
native plants, plant
communities, habitats, and the land for the future generations of
all species. When they teach
the protocol and etiquette of traditional gathering practices,
Barbara Drake reminds us to take
no more than we can use, and to share what we gather with
everyone. “Our ancestors were
doing that sharing all the time. We knew that if we didn’t do
that, it was endangering the life of
everyone.”
For Lorene Sisquoc, gathering native foods is a way to heal
both individuals and communities.
“A long time ago it was our families and our clans, but now we
go out as intertribal groups. We
pray before we gather. We’re teaching the young people and
teaching each other about
discipline, about respect for the land, about taking care of the
land and creating a healthy
environment. Gathering is about community.”
7. For Rose Ramirez, of Chumash descent, the healing dimension
of gathering native foods comes
from a very palpable connection to the ancestors. “When we
gather, we feel spiritually as if our
ancestors are right there alongside of us. Either they’re my
ancestors or my husband Joe’s
ancestors, because we’re in his territory [Luiseño]. They’re side
by side with us. By revitalizing
native foods, by bringing them back, we’re honoring our
ancestors. We’re cherishing not only
what they used to do and create, but also what they lost. I don’t
think our ancestors lost their
foods, their language, and their culture willingly. It’s a real
honor to try to recover as much as
we can. This is one of the best things we can do.”
For Tongva educator and CCC member Craig Torres, his
profound sense of responsibility and
compassion for other species extends to the oaks, pinyon pines,
yucca, mesquite, chia, sage,
and stinging nettle. For Torres, “Plants are not just ‘cultural
resources.’ Plants are our relatives.
They’re to be treated with reciprocal respect as relatives in the
web of nature, in the circle of
life. Plants enable us to survive and to maintain a sacred
balance on this particular place on
Mother Earth. In Tongva sacred oral narratives, it is we humans
who were the last created. We
were given the responsibility and obligation to maintain a
sacred balance for all life on Mother
Earth.”
Similar to the protectors of the waters fighting the Dakota
Access Pipeline at Standing Rock,
Torres tells us: “If we don’t fight to protect the plants and to
protect the land, they’re no longer
8. there for us. We’re trying to re-establish those relationships
with the native plants, because
they’re so important to us. The connection to who we are as a
people has everything to do with
the plants.”
One significant way to re-establish those relationships with
native plants and foods is to put in
some labor-intensive hours to insure the sustainability and
survival of the plants. As part of the
Parry Pinyon Pines Project, the CCC worked alongside Daniel
McCarthy and southern California
tribes and to resurrect traditional environmental practices. They
removed the lower limbs of
pinyon pines, cleared vegetation beneath the trees, and pruned
the surrounding shrubs to
eliminate potential fuel ladders to make the groves less
vulnerable to the ferocious wildfires that
can sweep through unmanaged forests.
Roasting pinyon pine cones | Photo: Deborah Small
Another way to revitalize a relationship with native
foods is to reject to the industrialized food chain and
all that it represents—the multinational corporate
control of seeds, production of genetically modified
foods, and the promotion of unsustainable agricultural
practices damaging to all species and to the earth that
sustains us. For public health worker and CCC member
Abe Sanchez, it’s a daily practice to cultivate consciousness
about the foods he eats to maintain
optimum health. “Native foods sustained indigenous cultures for
9. thousands of years. Native
foods are our future. But we have to make choices. We have to
be disciplined. We have to be
aware of what we’re putting in our bodies to prevent chronic
illness, diabetes, obesity, high
blood pressure. And native foods will help us prevent that.”
When diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, anthropologist and CCC
member Leslie Mouriquand had
an epiphany: “I needed to actually eat the traditional foods that
I had been researching, not
just for the sake of cultural preservation, but to save my life! I
am now passionately immersed
in gathering, growing, and eating chia, mesquite, prickly pear,
cholla, and other native foods.
By changing my diet and sedentary lifestyle, I succeeded in
reversing my diabetes. This is a
lifetime commitment for me.” Mouriquand is lucky that she
caught her diabetes early and knew
exactly what she needed to do.
In Recovering the Sacred, Anishinaabeg environmental activist
Winona LaDuke writes that “the
recovery of the people is tied to the recovery of food, since food
itself is medicine: not only for
the body, but for the soul, for the spiritual connection to
history, ancestors, and the land.”
People speak of the necessity for a major shift to a sustainable
society from our unsustainable
and ultimately destructive way of life. Like Leslie Mouriquand,
we have the opportunity to learn
from people whose ancestors were here for thousands of years,
who knew how to protect and
honor the earth. Their work offers hope, inspiration, and healing
for all of us.
10. Banner photo: Deborah Small
Co-produced by KCETLink and the Autry Museum of the
American West, the Tending the
Wild series is presented in association with the Autry's
groundbreaking California
Continued exhibition.
https://www.kcet.org/shows/tending-the-wild
https://www.kcet.org/shows/tending-the-wild
http://www.theautry.org/CAcontinued
http://www.theautry.org/CAcontinued
What Happens When Native People Lose Their Traditional
Foods?
What Happens When Native People Lose Their Traditional
Foods?
by Deborah Small
November 17, 2016
Purepecha public health worker Abe Sanchez
gathers chia seeds. | Photo: Deborah Small
“The revitalization of tradition is much more
complex than people can imagine. It really is a
process that reaches far into the silenced
knowing. Recovering from intergenerational
historical trauma is something that continues
to seep into the lives of California Indians
today. Growing, nurturing, harvesting, and
preparing native foods not only feed and renew the body—they
11. feed the mind, the soul, the
dreamtime of the people. Most importantly, our practices
contribute to the healing of our
common relative, our Mother Earth, and right now, she is sick
and unable to attract all the
beauty of the universe to come to her. And if our Mother Earth
is sick, so are we, simply
because we are part of her.” —Cindi Alvitre, Tongva
educator, Chia Café Collective
The native people I have worked with in southern California for
the past 16 years have a
profound spiritual connection to the land through their ancestors
and their long history of living
on the land. They pay homage to plants and consider them as
their teachers. They’re dedicated
to passing on what they know to others. All stress our
interdependence with other species. All
have a fierce devotion to revitalizing their culture as part of the
larger cultural revitalization
sweeping California.
Cahuilla/Apache elder Lorene Sisquoc describes a reciprocal
relationship with the plants and the
land. “The plants are waiting for us to come take care of them
so they can take care of us.
In Temalpakh, Katherine Saubel writes that the Cahuilla word
for an oak grove, meki'i'wah,
means ‘the place that waits for me.’ It’s our responsibility to
take care of the land, to get out
there and gather, to sing songs, tell stories, do ceremony, share
our laughter and our language.
To preserve our oral traditions by passing our knowledge to our
kids and grandkids. It’s
important that they start learning very young. Taking care of the
plants helps make our families
12. healthy. We’re working hard to heal our communities by
deepening our connection to the land.”
Sisquoc is a founding member of the Chia Café Collective, or
CCC, a grassroots group of
southern California tribal members and their allies committed to
the revitalization of native
foods, medicines, culture and community. Their work to
revitalize native foods honors the vast
traditional knowledge and spiritual relationship to the land, and
explores the nutritive and
medicinal bounty the land offers us.
Through workshops, classes, demonstrations, and native foods
celebrations, the CCC focus on
ways to re-incorporate native food plants into their daily diets
to take back responsibility for
their health and well-being. Their work helps others to
reconnect with the land through
gathering, gardening, and cooking native foods, and by
preparing medicinal plants as teas,
tinctures, salves, and soaps.
https://www.kcet.org/author/deborah-small
https://deborahsmall.wordpress.com/2016/06/02/chia-cafe-
collective-book/
The goal of the CCC’s classes and workshops is to inspire
healthy eating practices for individuals
and social justice for communities whose land management
practices and native food traditions
were disrupted when tribal land bases were taken away, native
children sent to boarding
schools, and traditional foods replaced by white flour, white
sugar, and other unhealthy
13. commodities and fast foods.
Sisquoc teaches at the Sherman Indian High School in
Riverside, a former boarding school
created to assimilate Indian children into the dominant culture.
Sisquoc relates that students
were instructed: “‘Forget about your traditional plants. Forget
about the acorns and pine nuts
and mesquite waiting to be gathered. You’ve got to get over
here and make a garden and milk
that cow. That’s what the boarding schools were about. It was
lactose-intolerant kids being fed
dairy products and introduced foods, and taught cooking and
home economics that were
different from theirs. They were taught that their ways were
wrong. Many of our gathering
practices and our culinary secrets and specialties were not
passed down because the boarding
school students weren’t home to learn them.”
Shimwich Chumash educator and CCC member Tima Lotah Link
echoes Sisquoc: “If you want to
wreck a culture, hit it in the kitchen. Boarding schools did that
in one generation. Take away
the kids, take away their plants, take away their knowledge of
the kitchen. Parents and children
no longer gathered their plants together. They no longer spoke
their language or shared
information.”
Tongva educator and CCC founding member Barbara Drake also
describes a shattered way of
life: “Our lives and our cultures were disrupted by colonization,
and we became disconnected.
The colonizers tried to eradicate us by severing our relationship
with the natural world, with our
14. plants and animals and the land. They took away the benefits of
our traditional foods. We were
no longer celebrating the seasons, caretaking our land, using
digging sticks to aerate the soil,
pruning plants, or thinning stands of trees. We were no longer
spreading seeds or saving them,
or helping plants to grow. We were letting them down. It was
disastrous, but all was not lost.
Today, we’re asking elders what they remember. We’re piecing
together our traditional
knowledge and sharing the benefits of eating our traditional
foods.”
The agave harvest | Photo: Deborah Small
Re-introducing native foods into people’s
diets has a remarkable effect, helping
individuals and communities take back a
large measure of responsibility for their
health and well being, and for reclaiming
their cultural identity. For the past 20 years,
the Malki Museum on the Morongo
Reservation has sponsored a yearly Agave
Harvest and Feast to celebrate what Lorene
Sisquoc calls “our most important staple every spring.” The
Cahuilla have been working for over
20 years with CCC member Daniel McCarthy, former Tribal
Liaison for the U.S. Forest Service, to
restore the nutrient-dense agave to its honored place at the table
of traditional foods. McCarthy
speaks of the historic importance of agave as a staple food by
noting that over 10,000 ancient
roasting pits have been found in agave gathering areas. “So
many foods like agave were almost
forgotten,” Sisquoc says, “but now we’re continuing to gather,
15. eat, and celebrate these native
foods.”
Agave hearts in a roasting pit | Photo: Deborah
Small
Those foods include cholla, whose buds pack a
nutrient punch with their highly absorbable calcium,
a boon for lactose-intolerant people. The slow-
release mesquite and acorn are two of the most
effective foods for controlling blood sugar levels
and diabetes. Chia seeds are high in protein, fiber,
and omega-3 fatty acids, and their mucilage is of great
assistance to the digestive system.
Prickly pear juice can alleviate musculo-skeletal inflammation,
sage provides a dose of
antioxidants, and rose hips and lemonade berries are a rich
source of vitamin C.
The Chia Café Collective promote an ethic of gathering and
cultivating native plants in a manner
that is sustainable, and they stress the importance of preserving
native plants, plant
communities, habitats, and the land for the future generations of
all species. When they teach
the protocol and etiquette of traditional gathering practices,
Barbara Drake reminds us to take
no more than we can use, and to share what we gather with
everyone. “Our ancestors were
doing that sharing all the time. We knew that if we didn’t do
that, it was endangering the life of
everyone.”
16. For Lorene Sisquoc, gathering native foods is a way to heal
both individuals and communities.
“A long time ago it was our families and our clans, but now we
go out as intertribal groups. We
pray before we gather. We’re teaching the young people and
teaching each other about
discipline, about respect for the land, about taking care of the
land and creating a healthy
environment. Gathering is about community.”
For Rose Ramirez, of Chumash descent, the healing dimension
of gathering native foods comes
from a very palpable connection to the ancestors. “When we
gather, we feel spiritually as if our
ancestors are right there alongside of us. Either they’re my
ancestors or my husband Joe’s
ancestors, because we’re in his territory [Luiseño]. They’re side
by side with us. By revitalizing
native foods, by bringing them back, we’re honoring our
ancestors. We’re cherishing not only
what they used to do and create, but also what they lost. I don’t
think our ancestors lost their
foods, their language, and their culture willingly. It’s a real
honor to try to recover as much as
we can. This is one of the best things we can do.”
For Tongva educator and CCC member Craig Torres, his
profound sense of responsibility and
compassion for other species extends to the oaks, pinyon pines,
yucca, mesquite, chia, sage,
and stinging nettle. For Torres, “Plants are not just ‘cultural
resources.’ Plants are our relatives.
They’re to be treated with reciprocal respect as relatives in the
web of nature, in the circle of
life. Plants enable us to survive and to maintain a sacred
17. balance on this particular place on
Mother Earth. In Tongva sacred oral narratives, it is we humans
who were the last created. We
were given the responsibility and obligation to maintain a
sacred balance for all life on Mother
Earth.”
Similar to the protectors of the waters fighting the Dakota
Access Pipeline at Standing Rock,
Torres tells us: “If we don’t fight to protect the plants and to
protect the land, they’re no longer
there for us. We’re trying to re-establish those relationships
with the native plants, because
they’re so important to us. The connection to who we are as a
people has everything to do with
the plants.”
One significant way to re-establish those relationships with
native plants and foods is to put in
some labor-intensive hours to insure the sustainability and
survival of the plants. As part of the
Parry Pinyon Pines Project, the CCC worked alongside Daniel
McCarthy and southern California
tribes and to resurrect traditional environmental practices. They
removed the lower limbs of
pinyon pines, cleared vegetation beneath the trees, and pruned
the surrounding shrubs to
eliminate potential fuel ladders to make the groves less
vulnerable to the ferocious wildfires that
can sweep through unmanaged forests.
Roasting pinyon pine cones | Photo: Deborah Small
18. Another way to revitalize a relationship with native
foods is to reject to the industrialized food chain and
all that it represents—the multinational corporate
control of seeds, production of genetically modified
foods, and the promotion of unsustainable agricultural
practices damaging to all species and to the earth that
sustains us. For public health worker and CCC member
Abe Sanchez, it’s a daily practice to cultivate consciousness
about the foods he eats to maintain
optimum health. “Native foods sustained indigenous cultures for
thousands of years. Native
foods are our future. But we have to make choices. We have to
be disciplined. We have to be
aware of what we’re putting in our bodies to prevent chronic
illness, diabetes, obesity, high
blood pressure. And native foods will help us prevent that.”
When diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, anthropologist and CCC
member Leslie Mouriquand had
an epiphany: “I needed to actually eat the traditional foods that
I had been researching, not
just for the sake of cultural preservation, but to save my life! I
am now passionately immersed
in gathering, growing, and eating chia, mesquite, prickly pear,
cholla, and other native foods.
By changing my diet and sedentary lifestyle, I succeeded in
reversing my diabetes. This is a
lifetime commitment for me.” Mouriquand is lucky that she
caught her diabetes early and knew
exactly what she needed to do.
In Recovering the Sacred, Anishinaabeg environmental activist
Winona LaDuke writes that “the
recovery of the people is tied to the recovery of food, since food
itself is medicine: not only for
19. the body, but for the soul, for the spiritual connection to
history, ancestors, and the land.”
People speak of the necessity for a major shift to a sustainable
society from our unsustainable
and ultimately destructive way of life. Like Leslie Mouriquand,
we have the opportunity to learn
from people whose ancestors were here for thousands of years,
who knew how to protect and
honor the earth. Their work offers hope, inspiration, and healing
for all of us.
Banner photo: Deborah Small
Co-produced by KCETLink and the Autry Museum of the
American West, the Tending the
Wild series is presented in association with the Autry's
groundbreaking California
Continued exhibition.
https://www.kcet.org/shows/tending-the-wild
https://www.kcet.org/shows/tending-the-wild
http://www.theautry.org/CAcontinued
http://www.theautry.org/CAcontinued
http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-wrongful-
convictions-race-20170307-story.html
Opinion
When wrongful convictions affect blacks more than whites, can
we call it a justice system?
Scott Martelle
Racial disparities have long been evident in the U.S. criminal
20. justice system, but a new report
drilling into statistics on wrongful convictions points up exactly
how nefarious the problem is.
African Americans are much more likely to be wrongfully
convicted of a murder, sexual assault
or drug offense than whites.
The report, by the National Registry of Exonerations, found that
“innocent black people are
about seven times more likely to be convicted of murder than
innocent white people,” and thus
also account for a disproportionate share of the growing number
of exonerations. African
Americans who were convicted and then exonerated of murder
charges also spent four years
longer on death row than wrongfully convicted whites (and
three years longer for those
sentenced to prison).
According to the report, African Americans convicted of murder
“are about 50% more likely to be
innocent than other convicted murderers,” and that such
wrongful convictions, even when later
corrected, expands the impact of violence on African American
communities.
21. “A major cause of the high number of black murder
exonerations is the high homicide rate in the
black community — a tragedy that kills many African
Americans and sends many others to
prison,” says the report, written by Samuel R. Gross, a
University of Michigan law professor,
and registry researchers Maurice Possley and Klara Stephens.
“Innocent defendants who are
falsely convicted and exonerated do not contribute to this high
homicide rate. They — like the
families of victims who are killed — are deeply harmed by
murders committed by others.”
Bias in the system becomes clear when looking at the races of
the arrested suspects as well as
the victims. Blacks are more likely to be wrongfully convicted
of murder when the victim is white:
“Only about 15% of murders by African Americans have white
victims, but 31% of innocent
African American murder exonerees were convicted of killing
white people.”
http://www.latimes.com/opinion/opinion-la/la-ol-wrongful-
convictions-race-20170307-story.html
http://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Documents/Race
_and_Wrongful_Convictions.pdf
http://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Pages/about.aspx
22. Chillingly, black prisoners later exonerated of the crimes for
which they were convicted were
22% more likely to have been targeted by police misconduct, a
function of everything from
malevolent individual racism by law enforcement and
prosecutors to institutional discrimination.
Although African Americans convicted of sexual assault are
more than three times likely to be
innocent than white convicts, the major cause isn’t official
misconduct but “the high danger of
mistaken eyewitness identification by white victims in violent
crimes with black assailants.”
In a sense, the study affirms what most people already know:
Failings of the criminal justice
system disproportionately affect African Americans. The
solutions, though, aren’t so clear.
Programs aimed at helping law enforcement and court officials
recognize their own implicit bias
are a step, and giving less credence to eyewitness testimony
(whose veracity is shakier than
most people think) at trial would help.
More judicious use of police patrols would also help. Although
blacks and whites use illegal
23. drugs at about the same rate, black users are five times more
likely to go to prison for it than
whites “and judging from exonerations, innocent black people
are about 12 times more likely to
be convicted of drug crimes than innocent white people.”
Why? Police enforce drug laws far more vigorously in
predominately black neighborhoods than
in white, which means black people are more likely to be
stopped and searched, increasing both
the overall arrest rate and the wrongful conviction rate.
When people are wrongfully convicted of murder, a real
murderer goes free, and the pain of the
crime invests in yet another family.
If there’s any good news in the registry’s findings, it comes in a
second report also released
today noting that exonerations reached a record 166 cases last
year. So the truth is being
rooted out more often, but only for a fraction of the wrongful
convictions that have occurred.
Which makes you wonder where exactly the justice is to be
found in the criminal justice system.
There’s more at stake here than the already bad-enough theft of
years of freedom from the
wrongfully convicted. A study published three years ago in
24. Proceedings of the National
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/do-the-eyes-have-it/
https://www.innocenceproject.org/causes/eyewitness-
misidentification/
http://www.law.umich.edu/special/exoneration/Documents/Exon
erations_in_2016.pdf
http://www.pnas.org/content/111/20/7230.abstract
Academy of Science found that, conservatively, about 4% of
people on death rows were likely
wrongfully convicted.
There currently are about 2,900 people on death rows around
the country, of whom; under that
formula, about 120 are likely to have been wrongfully
convicted. In California, about 30 of the
749 current death row inmates, using that formula, were likely
wrongfully convicted.
This isn’t to deflect or ignore the pain and suffering of the
victims of crimes, and their families.
But when people are wrongfully convicted of murder, a real
murderer goes free, and the pain of
the crime invests in yet another family — that of the person
falsely convicted.
So how does this happen? The Death Penalty Information
Center analyzed both its own
25. exoneration count and the one maintained by the registry and
agreed with the registry
conclusion that that official misconduct was the primary cause
for people being sentenced to
death for murders they did not commit.
“Our data shows that police or prosecutorial misconduct has
been the primary cause of 16 of
the last 18 death-row exonerations (88.9%),” said Death Penalty
Information Center Executive
Director Robert Dunham. “We also found that in 18 of the last
25 misconduct-related death-row
exonerations (72.0%), the wrongly capitally prosecuted
defendant was black.”
What we can’t know is how many innocent people have been put
to death in the name of
justice.
http://www.cdcr.ca.gov/Capital_Punishment/
http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/
http://deathpenaltyinfo.org/documents/DPICStatementOnNation
alRegistryReports.pdf
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/01/30/northwest-coal-
exports_n_4611021.html
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26. exports_n_4611021.html?view=print&comm_ref=false
Lynne Peeples [email protected]
Coal-Hungry World Brings Tough Choices For Native
Americans
Posted: 01/30/2014 11:44 am EST Updated: 02/06/2014 9:59 am
EST
Jewell Praying Wolf James addresses a crowd
gathered in September in Olympia, Wash., to
protest coal exports. (Lynne Peeples)
Inside a ceremonial longhouse in northern Oregon
last September, the sun's rays spilling between the
high-peaked beams, Davis Yellowash Washines was
seated in full ceremonial dress -- yellow headband, red sash,
beaded shoes. A rawhide drum
rested in his hand, and to his left sat four teenage boys, each
with his own drum and mallet.
One wore a black Chevrolet T-shirt. They thumped their
instruments and called out native
songs as an organized smattering of young children bounced
rhythmically counter-clockwise
around the dirt floor. Two dozen fellow members of the tribal
community, seated in folded
27. metal chairs, looked on.
"This longhouse is used for lots of occasions," Washines said
between songs. "But this one is
significant."
This ceremony aimed to ward off coal.
Celilo Indian Village, Ore., separated from the Columbia River
by only a highway and some
railroad tracks, is one of many tribal communities that sit in the
path of what could soon
become America's coal-export superhighway. If government
agencies grant approval to three
export terminals proposed for Oregon and Washington, up to
100 million metric tons of coal
per year could soon be shuttled in open rail cars from mines in
the Powder River Basin of
Wyoming and Montana, along the shores of the Columbia River
and the Puget Sound, and
through ranches and reservations like this one. The coal would
then be loaded onto ships
destined for Asia's proliferating fleet of coal-fired power plants.
Many activists currently fighting the plan see the impacts of
28. burning coal on the global climate
as their primary motivation. But for the Yakama, Lummi and
other tribes, as well as
communities in the path of these shipments, it's the local effects
that worry them most. There
are the potential traffic delays and disturbances to cultural sites.
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exports_n_4611021.html
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exports_n_4611021.html?view=print&comm_ref=false
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mailto:[email protected]
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northwest-energy-pollution-climate-change_n_1109289.html
http://seattletimes.com/html/localnews/2021037388_apornorthw
estcoalports1stldwritethru.html
Then there's the very real prospect of toxic coal dust wafting off
the passing trains, fouling the
air, poisoning local waterways and even contaminating key food
resources -- such as the
29. salmon on which many local tribes, including those living in the
tiny Celilo Indian Village,
depend.
While the U.S. has seen a steady decline in coal use in recent
years thanks to tighter federal
regulations and the expanded viability of natural gas and
renewable energy, the rise of
burgeoning, coal-hungry economies in China, India and other
fast-developing nations means
the Celilo tribes -- like many communities across the Pacific
Northwest -- now find themselves
wedged squarely between a domestic abundance of the
combustible rock and its most
promising international market.
The potential expansion of coal exports elicits differing
opinions among tribes and communities
here. What may be an environmental or public health imposition
for one is seen as a
desperately needed opportunity for another. The coal industry,
for example, argues that
exports could inject welcome economic activity into struggling
Northwest towns and
reservations. By itself, the Gateway Pacific Terminal proposed
at Cherry Point on the Puget
30. Sound would add approximately 1,250 permanent jobs,
including induced jobs such as
restaurant and healthcare workers, as well as 4,400 temporary
construction jobs, according to
an analysis by an industry consultant. Annual local and state tax
revenues would amount to
about $11 million.
The dispute over the coal trains is playing out in television
advertisements, on the streets and
inside boardrooms, town halls and courthouses from
Washington, D.C., to Seattle. A series of
hearings and protests over the last few months have attracted
thousands of people -- some
donning makeshift respirators, others wearing "Beyond Coal" T-
shirts, and some even
rappelling from a bridge over the Columbia River as a symbolic
blockade to the shipments.
Still, nowhere are the tensions so acute as on the hardscrabble
reservations that either sit atop
valuable coal -- an estimated 30 percent of U.S. coal reserves
west of the Mississippi are
located on native lands -- or lie in the path of the trains that
would haul it to port.
31. Just outside the walls of the longhouse where Washines and his
fellow drummers were singing
out in opposition to the coal shipments, a 22-foot totem pole lay
on the bed of a white truck.
The carving, which depicted five salmon, two kneeling men and
a hungry child, was touring
towns, churches and reservations across the Pacific Northwest
as part of an effort to
consolidate tribal opposition to the proposed coal shipments.
(The totem's last stop, in late
September, would be across the border in the Tsleil-Waututh
Nation of British Columbia,
where it now stands erected as a display of solidarity with that
tribe's parallel struggle over a
tar sands oil pipeline.)
"Mother Earth doesn't have a voice," said Karen Jim Whitford, a
tribal elder, as she stepped
shoeless into the center of the longhouse floor. A couple of her
tears disappeared into the dirt.
"So we must speak for her."
http://gatewaypacificterminal.com/wp-
content/uploads/2012/06/Economic-Analysis-Summary-for-
10.27.11.pdf
32. http://www.coaltrainfacts.org/docs/MartinAssocEcomonicImpac
tsReport2011.pdf
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/11/coal-exports-
pacific-northwest-asia-public-health_n_1510000.html
http://www.fs.fed.us/people/tribal/tribexd.pdf
"I vote we stand up," exclaimed another elder, Lorintha
Umtuch, referring to the totem's
symbolic call for Native Americans to get off their knees and
"Warrior Up!" for future
generations. "Indian people need to stop this, or else
corporations will trample us."
Not all tribes stand on the same side of the coal-export battle
line. CJ Stewart, a senator of the
Crow Nation, said in a phone interview in October that his tribe
desperately needs to develop
its coal reserves to improve its economic fortunes and lift its
people out of poverty. In
November, the Crow Nation signed a joint resolution with the
Navajo Nation in support of each
other's coal development. "We rely on coal just as they rely on
salmon," Stewart said,
referring to the Yakama and other tribes represented in Celilo.
"All tribes share one common
enemy, and that enemy is poverty."
33. Many tribes along the rail corridor, however, feel it's not just
livelihoods at stake -- it's lives.
Jewell Praying Wolf James, the carver of the well-traveled
totem and member of the Lummi
Nation, expressed sympathy with the coal-dependent tribes
during a later stop on the totem's
journey in Olympia, Wash. "We feel bad for the Crow Nation,
the Navajo, the Hopi. That's all
they got," he said. "But we want clean air, clean water. We want
salmon restored and our
children healthy."
Davis Yellowash Washines presses his hand
against one of the brightly painted salmon
encircling the bottom of the totem. "The salmon
gave its life for you, just like the tree gave its life
for this purpose," he said. (Paul Anderson)
Dig into Native American history and you will
strike coal. As far back as the 1300s, Hopi Indians
in what is now the U.S. Southwest used the fossil
fuel for cooking, heating and baking clay pottery.
In the 1800s, Native Americans made up much of the early
mining workforce that would help
ignite coal's long reign as the go-to fuel source for the country's
34. necessities and luxuries --
from transporting goods and running factories to heating homes
and powering Playstations.
But King Coal's grip is slipping. The rise of hydro-fracturing
technology in recent years has
unleashed torrents of natural gas, a cheaper and cleaner
alternative, and left coal-rich states
and undiversified coal companies with a serious revenue
problem. Many have responded by
looking to Asia, where mining local coal, in addition to building
wind farms and solar panels,
has not created nearly enough energy for the rapidly growing
economies there.
Asia's ready market and America's still plentiful coal could
make a convenient marriage.
Proving particularly attractive to Asian buyers is Powder River
Basin coal, which is cheap to
extract and relatively low in polluting sulfur. Yet plenty of
obstacles remain in the U.S. and
abroad before coal interests can successfully drive their product
to northwestern ports for
export. There are the vocal environmental advocates, the newly
elected local leaders who've
35. http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2013/11/05/bad-news-
for-big-coal-in-whatcom-county/
made clear their opposition to the plans, the big-money
investors who've withdrawn support
for port builders and, of course, the tribes.
In a July letter to the Army Corps of Engineers, the federal
agency tasked with evaluating the
two Washington State coal port projects, the Lummi Nation
wrote of its "unconditional and
unequivocal opposition" to the terminal planned for Cherry
Point, near its reservation.
The tribe cited among other concerns "significant and
unavoidable impacts and damage" to
treaty rights reserved in the 19th century to fish at its "usual
and accustomed" areas.
Patricia Graesser, a spokeswoman with the Corps,
acknowledged the Lummi letter and said
her agency was in government-to-government discussions with
the tribe. "We have a
responsibility to uphold the nation's treaty with Native
American tribes," she said.
The Chinese government, meanwhile, is responding to a major
36. air pollution crisis sparked
largely by rapid development centered on coal-fired power. In
December, Shanghai's air
quality fell to a record low and the country's smog could be
seen from space. But even with
leaders in China vowing to slow down the growth of coal use,
experts predict global coal
consumption will jump up another 25 percent by the end of the
decade.
Decisions on the Northwest export terminals could significantly
influence the future of coal in
Asia. "Opening up this main line of cheap American coal is a
pretty important signal if you are
a Chinese official thinking about how much to invest in what
kind of energy infrastructure,"
said KC Golden, senior policy adviser for the non-profit
Climate
Solution
s, which has advocated
against the proposed ports.
37. The effects would span the globe. According to estimates by the
Sightline Institute, a nonprofit
think tank based in Seattle, Pacific Northwest coal exports
could create greater national and
worldwide environmental impacts, including on climate change,
than a Canadian company's
controversial proposal to ferry Albertan tar sands to the U.S.
Gulf Coast via the Keystone XL
pipeline.
As Jewell Praying Wolf James put it: "Once the coal gets to
China, it's pollution for all of us."
For more than 11,000 years, Celilo Falls served as the center of
trade and commerce for
Native Americans of the West. The upwards of 15 million
salmon that passed through the
38. mile-long span of rocky chutes in the Columbia River every
year functioned as a sort of
http://blog.seattlepi.com/seattlepolitics/2014/01/08/goldman-
sachs-bails-out-on-coal-port-builder/
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sachs-bails-out-on-coal-port-builder/
http://www.bellinghamherald.com/2013/08/02/3126454/read-
lummi-nations-formal-letter.html
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lummi-nations-formal-letter.html
http://www.eenews.net/stories/1059991738
http://www.eenews.net/stories/1059991738
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2522963/So-bad-
SPACE-China-smog-grounded-planes-left-millions-risk-
pollution-remains-crisis-point.html
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/14/coal-demand-
idUSL3N0I40SN20131014
http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/14/coal-demand-
idUSL3N0I40SN20131014
http://daily.sightline.org/2011/11/16/coal-exports-are-bigger-
threat-than-tar-sands-pipeline/
http://daily.sightline.org/2011/11/16/coal-exports-are-bigger-
threat-than-tar-sands-pipeline/
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/04/05/keystone-xl-
40. Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish
Commission, was only 5 years old when the Dalles Dam opened
and drowned Celilo Falls. "I
can still feel its mist. I can still hear its thunder," he said over
dinner the night before the
September longhouse ceremony.
Warren Spencer, a Yakama elder, was serving in the military in
Germany that year, but he
recalled the time-lapse photos of the inundation he received by
mail from his mother back
home in Celilo Falls. "I sat there on my bunk and cried," he
said.
Now, Spencer is deeply concerned about how this new energy
project might affect the futures
of his four children, 17 grandchildren and eight great-
grandchildren. The coal push, he said,
41. represents the continued encroachment of the federal
government and "white man's money"
on Native American tribes. "It's turning brother against
brother," he said.
Members of the Lummi Nation bask in the natural
light of the Celilo longhouse before the totem
pole ceremony in September. (Paul Anderson)
Many of the current and former residents of Celilo
belong to the Yakama Nation. Like the Lummi,
the tribe put its opposition to the exports on
paper. In a November letter to the Army Corps of
Engineers and a state official, Yakama chairman Harry Smiskin
referenced a "long history of
Treaty violations from energy development in the region that
permanently and irreparably
42. have harmed my People." The new energy projects, he said,
would add "direct adverse
impacts" to the tribe's treaty rights to fish, hunt and gather
food, and do more damage to the
already fragile environment, culture and health of his nation.
Dr. Frank James, of the University of Washington School of
Public Health, underscored the
"disproportionate impacts" of the coal projects facing native
people of the Northwest. Much of
this vulnerability results, he said, from their traditional
dependence on the salmon of the
region's rivers and coastal waters -- fish that are now widely
listed as threatened or
endangered under federal law and could be further spoiled by
air and water pollution from
43. mining and transporting the coal, and its burning overseas.
http://www.millenniumbulkeiswa.gov/comments/MBTL-EIS-
0002293-58943.pdf
http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-
news/index.ssf/2014/01/new_columbia_river_plan_for_pr.html
http://www.oregonlive.com/pacific-northwest-
news/index.ssf/2014/01/new_columbia_river_plan_for_pr.html
The tribes' reliance on salmon goes beyond a staple food and a
means to make a living. "It is
their total way of life," said James. "Salmon is part of their
religion, their culture, their
language. To further impact that is an assault on their very
existence."
In a back corner of the Celilo longhouse kitchen, Gloria Jim sat
in a folding chair, on a brief
break from cooking the ceremony's Columbia River salmon
lunch with other Celilo women. She
44. lamented that they hadn’t had enough salmon to serve for
breakfast, too.
"That's how it used to be here," said Jim, who wore a white shirt
printed with a picture of her
deceased son, pink stretch pants and running shoes. She recalled
the Forest Gump-like menu
of her childhood: Salmon, fried or dried, stuffed or baked, or
simply salted.
"My mom didn't believe in food stamps. We lived on what we
caught," she said. "Now we have
no choice. We have to go to the grocery store."
Her people have been warned, she added, that the salmon they
do catch and eat may be
dangerously polluted. An estimated 17 percent of pregnant
Native American women already
have mercury levels high enough to disrupt the healthy
development of their babies -- much
45. higher than other racial groups.
Deposits of the neurotoxic heavy metal, along with arsenic and
other contaminants from coal-
fired power plants, can accumulate up the food chain and into
salmon. Research further
suggests that around 25 percent of the mercury in Northwest
American waterways and up to
10 percent of the ozone in the region's skies is carried by wind
currents across the Pacific --
from power plants in Asia.
Coal exports could pollute the region in other ways. Perhaps
most talked about are the risks of
heavy metal-laden coal dust and diesel exhaust blown and
belched from trains, terminals and
46. ocean-going tankers. Derailments, such as the one that sent
seven cars spilling coal into a
British Columbia creek last week, raise further fears, as does
the possibility of bunker fuel
spillsonce tankers set out to sea through narrow, rough
passages.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16451850
http://discovermagazine.com/2011/apr/18-made-in-china-our-
toxic-imported-air-pollution#.UtVqBZTtgxU
http://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2014/01/11/burnaby-train-
derailment_n_4582000.html?just_reloaded=1
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/25/oil-spill-risk-
exports-asia_n_1453091.html
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/04/25/oil-spill-risk-
exports-asia_n_1453091.html
In November, Dan Jaffe, an environmental scientist at the
University of Washington-Bothell,
47. released preliminary results of a study on the environmental
insults of existing coal train
traffic. His team monitored 450 passing trains -- some carrying
coal, some not -- from two
representative sites. They sampled for about 10 days at a spot
on the Columbia River Gorge
and for about a month near a Seattle home that butts up against
railroad tracks currently used
by trains en route to Canadian coal ports. Jaffe said he
confirmed elevated levels of diesel
exhaust there "on par with the dirtiest air in the Seattle area," as
well as a slight increase in
large airborne particles -- likely coal dust, he said -- when coal
trains passed by.
The three proposed terminals would dramatically increase rail
traffic, bringing some 35
additional mile-plus-long trains in and out of the region every
48. day. Currently, fewer than 10
coal trains come and go.
Jaffe's crowdfunded research has yet to be peer-reviewed, a
point emphasized by Courtney
Wallace, a spokeswoman with Burlington Northern Santa Fe
Railway, whose lines would host
much of the westbound coal. Wallace added that BNSF has
spent more than $1 billion on rail
cars and locomotives that "achieve the highest EPA standards
available," and result in 69
percent fewer diesel emissions compared to older locomotives.
BNSF has testified that up to 645 pounds of coal dust can
escape from each rail car during a
400-mile journey, but Wallace also pointed to findings by the
railway that this fugitive dust
49. diminishes as railcars travel farther from the Powder River
Basin and toward export terminals.
Several environmental organizations, including the Sierra Club,
filed a lawsuit in July against
BNSF over coal contamination of U.S. waterways. Wallace
called the action a "publicity stunt,"
but a U.S. District judge denied a motion to dismiss the case
this month.
Blown coal dust and other hazards could be particularly dire
around Celilo and the rest of the
Columbia River Gorge, where train tracks are sometimes just
feet from tribal residences, said
Hudson, of the Columbia River Inter-Tribal Fish Commission.
"The winds are reliable and
strong -- 40, 50, 70 miles per hour," he said. "There's a reason
it's the wind-surfing capital of
50. the world."
Located in rural Montana, the Crow Nation can't boast a
lucrative seafood or wind-surfing
tourism market. What they do have is a whole lot of coal.
Approximately 9 billion tons of the
fossil fuel lie beneath their land, comprising one of the largest
coal reserves in the United
States.
http://www.scribd.com/doc/129350651/Surface-TransMinutes-9-
10-09-1
http://www.bellinghamherald.com/2014/01/03/3403101/environ
mentalists-win-a-round.html
"Coal is the way we've been taking care of our people," said CJ
Stewart, the Crow senator. Yet
his people continue to struggle with poverty and an
51. unemployment rate he suggested is
upwards of 50 percent. "And the U.S. cries over its 8 percent,"
he said.
In June, the U.S. government approved a deal between the Crow
and Cloud Peak Energy, a
Wyoming company that's moving to increase its coal exports to
Asian markets. The tribe now
has the green light to lease its rights to an estimated 1.4 billion
tons of coal, more than the
U.S. consumes annually. The deal could be worth at least $10
million for the Crow over the
first five years. Cloud Peak has also pledged to give preference
in hiring, training and
promotion to qualified Native Americans, as well as annual
scholarships to local native
students. A spokesman for Cloud Peak, Rick Curtsinger, said
the company is continuing to
52. work through an agreement with the tribe.
Crow Nation chairman Darrin Old Coyote testified in July
before the U.S. House Committee on
Natural Resources that the deal is largely dependent on the fate
of coal exports through the
Northwest. Such significant coal development, he said, has
"unlimited potential to improve the
ongoing substandard socioeconomic conditions of the Crow
people and the surrounding
communities in southeastern Montana."
"Given our vast mineral resources, the Crow Nation can, and
should, be self-sufficient," he
said.
Also in the heart of the Powder River Basin, and also saddled
53. with high unemployment, are the
Northern Cheyenne. The tribe has a long history of resisting
coal development due to
perceived environmental health risks. But like the Crow, the
Northern Cheyenne are also
recognizing an increasingly tough economic reality.
"We've got a lot of coal underneath our land," said Tom
Mexican Cheyenne, director of the
Northern Cheyenne's community health department, who made
clear that he did not speak for
the tribe. "There's a split -- some on the tribal council are for
coal mining and some are
against it."
The Northern Cheyenne's decision on whether or not to harvest
their coal may, too, come
down to pending verdicts on the Pacific Northwest ports. No
54. train tracks currently run to their
reservation's coal reserves, though rail lines could be expanded
with enough demand.
Mexican Cheyenne believes the council is leaning towards
development of the coal. "I see a
real desperation to help the economy any way they can," he
said.
Wind energy has also been on the table here for years. But
impoverished tribes such as the
Northern Cheyenne and the Crow often lack the funds necessary
for capital investments and
opportunities for outside help, such as tax credits.
Debra Lekanoff, a leader with the Swinomish Tribe of
Washington, said the tribes need federal
support to find alternative ways to benefit from their resources.
"We urge the federal
56. some of its coal to liquid fuels such as diesel and gasoline for
domestic use. The tribe's plan,
which Stewart said illustrates that the Crow are not entirely
reliant on coal exports, also gained
support from the National Congress of American Indians this
fall. It still awaits federal
approval.
The official document from the Northwest Indians, however,
notes that their blessing does not
"supersede, replace, or rescind" a resolution made by the group
in May that opposed all
proposals to increase transportation through the region of
"fossil energy," including both coal
and unrefined crude oil.
About a week after the resolution's adoption, Jewell Praying
57. Wolf James's totem pole pulled up
in front of the Washington state capitol building in Olympia for
another event opposing coal
exports. Much like the other stops on the totem's journey, this
ceremony's songs and speeches
pointed to both the despair and hopes of Native Americans and
the deeply complex tensions at
hand.
A crowd of some 50 people, many representatives of local
tribes, stood in the alternating rain
and sun in front of the flatbed truck. Flanking the truck was a
yard sign that read, "No coal
exports. We can do better."
Creating alternatives, experts agree, is prerequisite to
combating climate change and
sustaining resources for future generations -- and even to
58. passing judgment on any group that
chooses to develop its coal, or buy and burn it.
"At the end of the day, we're not going to stop fossil-fuel
dependency if we don't have an
answer for how to create energy and create better lives," said
KC Golden, the Climate