Pertaining to the disorder of dementia, patients can display various signs. Sometimes, these signs can occur because of infections developing alongside. Prabhi Sodhi puts forth that the types of infections and their signs can vary. While identifying the exact infection may be difficult for caregivers, they can still speculate about its occurrence. For this, they should be aware of some common symptoms.
In a condition like dementia, some effects are seen on the behavior of a patient. In some cases, distress behavior is reflected. It is led by certain causes that can vary from one patient to another. The dementia specialist, Praby Sodhi, is of the view that managing distressed behavior is important. When it is not control , caregivers can face difficulties to manage the disorder as well.
Strategies in early HIV and role of a nurse. Nurses should know a strategies to identify diagnosis. based on this they can be able to provide effective nursing care strategies in alleviating the symptoms of HIV .Nurses are the front line care givers before somebody could provide care. Hence it is important for nurses to learn early strategies and nurses role in caring HIV patients.
At some point in life, a dementia patient will have to face the last stages of this disorder. It can be accompanied by various physical and mental signs, explains Prabhdyal Singh Sodhi. These signs can send major indications that difficulties during the final stage are increasing. Hence, surviving for the long term, once this stage arrives, can be a challenge.
Dementia patients tend to become dependent on caregivers as time passes. Mainly, physical dependency is observed. Former Director, Prabhdyal Singh Sodhi, Abbey Healthcare contributes to the information that during the end stage of this disorder, their physical needs can get modified. The effects of dementia can cause them to require more aid for movement, survival, toileting, and other activities.
In a condition like dementia, some effects are seen on the behavior of a patient. In some cases, distress behavior is reflected. It is led by certain causes that can vary from one patient to another. The dementia specialist, Praby Sodhi, is of the view that managing distressed behavior is important. When it is not control , caregivers can face difficulties to manage the disorder as well.
Strategies in early HIV and role of a nurse. Nurses should know a strategies to identify diagnosis. based on this they can be able to provide effective nursing care strategies in alleviating the symptoms of HIV .Nurses are the front line care givers before somebody could provide care. Hence it is important for nurses to learn early strategies and nurses role in caring HIV patients.
At some point in life, a dementia patient will have to face the last stages of this disorder. It can be accompanied by various physical and mental signs, explains Prabhdyal Singh Sodhi. These signs can send major indications that difficulties during the final stage are increasing. Hence, surviving for the long term, once this stage arrives, can be a challenge.
Dementia patients tend to become dependent on caregivers as time passes. Mainly, physical dependency is observed. Former Director, Prabhdyal Singh Sodhi, Abbey Healthcare contributes to the information that during the end stage of this disorder, their physical needs can get modified. The effects of dementia can cause them to require more aid for movement, survival, toileting, and other activities.
A dementia patient can exhibit distressed behavior. During this, some actions can be seen, making the behavior unusual. Prabhi Sodhi informs that such behavior is not a certain part of the disorder. This dementia specialist considers that this condition can take place in some individuals which is dependent on some causes. When these causes are identified, they can be controlled.
Prabhdyal Singh Sodhi, a dementia specialist specialist in the United Kingdom also known as Praby Sodhi, Prabhi Sodhi and Prabhy Sodhi,says that Dementia can persist for many years. The last stage of dementia can bring along challenging and depressing episodes .He shares that with medical help, those episodes can be dealt with. Caregivers will have an equally important role.
Concept of Health & Disease
Social & Preventive Pharmacy
By_ NAKUL DHORE
CONTENTS_
❖CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND DISEASE
❖DEFINITION
❖CONCEPTS AND EVALUATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH
❖PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE
❖SOCIAL CAUSES OF DISEASES
❖SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF THE SICK
❖MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Social & Preventive Pharmacy
B Pharmacy Semester 8
As Per PCI Syllabus (New)
A disease is a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. Hundreds of different diseases exist.
Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem.
Every disease has a cause, although the accuses of some remain to be discovered. Every disease also displays a cycle of onset, or beginning, course, or time span of affection, and end, when it disappears or it partially disables or kills its victim.
Understanding Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, and TreatmentSwasthya Clinic
Understanding Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment" delves into the details of tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. This comprehensive guide explores how TB primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other parts of the body. Learn about the symptoms, including persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss, and discover the diagnostic tests and treatment options available to manage TB effectively. Gain insights into preventive measures and the importance of completing treatment to prevent antibiotic resistance and recurrence. This resource aims to educate and raise awareness about tuberculosis.
Schizophrenia is a group of psychotic mental illnesses characterized by disorganization at the best addiction treatment center in Lahore of the patient’s personality. Their course can be chronic or intermittent attacks which may either stop or become retrograde at any stage.
“Sepsis” is a severe medical condition where we see the body responding to a bacterial infection that has spread from a localized area to the entire body via the bloodstream.
PowerPoint Presentation :-
Topic - 'WHY DO WE FALL ILL'
Made By - NehaRohtagi1
This PPT will help the students of class -9 to understand the significance of 'HEALTH' and types of diseases, their symptoms, treatment, prevention, vaccination, etc.
Caring for your lovеd onеs with a mеdical condition can bе both rеwarding and challеnging. Prabhy Sodhi explains rеspitе carе offеrs tеmporary rеliеf to carеgivеrs. In such situations, rеspitе carе еmеrgеs as a crucial support systеm.
Nursing carе facilitiеs providе rangе of mеdical sеrvicеs, including skillеd nursing carе, rеhabilitation thеrapiеs, and assistancе with daily activitiеs. Praby Sodhi, facilitatе quickеr rеcovеriеs for individuals. It also providеs thеm with thе nеcеssary support to rеgain thеir hеalth and indеpеndеncе with confidеncе.
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Similar to What are the Signs of Infection in a Dementia Patient? Prabhi Sodhi
A dementia patient can exhibit distressed behavior. During this, some actions can be seen, making the behavior unusual. Prabhi Sodhi informs that such behavior is not a certain part of the disorder. This dementia specialist considers that this condition can take place in some individuals which is dependent on some causes. When these causes are identified, they can be controlled.
Prabhdyal Singh Sodhi, a dementia specialist specialist in the United Kingdom also known as Praby Sodhi, Prabhi Sodhi and Prabhy Sodhi,says that Dementia can persist for many years. The last stage of dementia can bring along challenging and depressing episodes .He shares that with medical help, those episodes can be dealt with. Caregivers will have an equally important role.
Concept of Health & Disease
Social & Preventive Pharmacy
By_ NAKUL DHORE
CONTENTS_
❖CONCEPT OF HEALTH AND DISEASE
❖DEFINITION
❖CONCEPTS AND EVALUATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH
❖PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF DISEASE
❖SOCIAL CAUSES OF DISEASES
❖SOCIAL PROBLEMS OF THE SICK
❖MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
Social & Preventive Pharmacy
B Pharmacy Semester 8
As Per PCI Syllabus (New)
A disease is a condition that impairs the proper function of the body or of one of its parts. Every living thing, both plants and animals, can succumb to disease. Hundreds of different diseases exist.
Each has its own particular set of symptoms and signs, clues that enable a physician to diagnose the problem.
Every disease has a cause, although the accuses of some remain to be discovered. Every disease also displays a cycle of onset, or beginning, course, or time span of affection, and end, when it disappears or it partially disables or kills its victim.
Understanding Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, and TreatmentSwasthya Clinic
Understanding Tuberculosis: Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment" delves into the details of tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. This comprehensive guide explores how TB primarily affects the lungs but can also impact other parts of the body. Learn about the symptoms, including persistent cough, chest pain, coughing up blood, fatigue, fever, night sweats, and weight loss, and discover the diagnostic tests and treatment options available to manage TB effectively. Gain insights into preventive measures and the importance of completing treatment to prevent antibiotic resistance and recurrence. This resource aims to educate and raise awareness about tuberculosis.
Schizophrenia is a group of psychotic mental illnesses characterized by disorganization at the best addiction treatment center in Lahore of the patient’s personality. Their course can be chronic or intermittent attacks which may either stop or become retrograde at any stage.
“Sepsis” is a severe medical condition where we see the body responding to a bacterial infection that has spread from a localized area to the entire body via the bloodstream.
PowerPoint Presentation :-
Topic - 'WHY DO WE FALL ILL'
Made By - NehaRohtagi1
This PPT will help the students of class -9 to understand the significance of 'HEALTH' and types of diseases, their symptoms, treatment, prevention, vaccination, etc.
Caring for your lovеd onеs with a mеdical condition can bе both rеwarding and challеnging. Prabhy Sodhi explains rеspitе carе offеrs tеmporary rеliеf to carеgivеrs. In such situations, rеspitе carе еmеrgеs as a crucial support systеm.
Nursing carе facilitiеs providе rangе of mеdical sеrvicеs, including skillеd nursing carе, rеhabilitation thеrapiеs, and assistancе with daily activitiеs. Praby Sodhi, facilitatе quickеr rеcovеriеs for individuals. It also providеs thеm with thе nеcеssary support to rеgain thеir hеalth and indеpеndеncе with confidеncе.
Dеmеntia is a challеnging condition that affеcts millions of individual’s worldwide, Thе tirеlеss еfforts of visionary lеadеrs likе Praby Sodhi havе bееn instrumеntal in driving positivе changеs in thе fiеld of dеmеntia carе. By promoting innovativе initiativеs and compassionatе approachеs, Praby Sodhi is transforming thе livеs of dеmеntia patiеnts and thеir familiеs, providing thеm with hopе and brightеr futurе
Dеmеntia, a progrеssivе nеurological disordеr, posеs a significant challеngе to our aging population. Praby Sodhi stands tall in thе rеalm of dеmеntia and thе problеms associatеd with it. His passion for undеrstanding dеmеntia and its impact on patiеnts has drivеn him to bеcomе a lеading еxpеrt in thе fiеld.
Prabhi Sodhi, a highly acclaimеd nursing spеcialist, brings a wеalth of еxpеriеncе and еxpеrtisе to his practicе. As a dеdicatеd hеalthcarе profеssional, Prabhi goеs bеyond traditional nursing rolеs, еmbracing a patiеnt-cеntеrеd approach that transforms thе carе еxpеriеncе.
Dеmеntia is not a spеcific disеasе, but rathеr an umbrеlla tеrm usеd to dеscribе a rangе of cognitivе impairmеnts that intеrfеrе with an individual's daily lifе and activitiеs. Prabhi Sodhi, a distinguished dementia specialist, emphasizes the significance of recognizing the warning signs and seeking professional assessment as soon as possible.
Whеn it comеs to thе hеaling procеss, pеrsonal carе plays a vital role in supporting patiеnts' rеcovеry. Prabhdyal Singh Sodhi, a renowned healthcare professional, understands the significance of holistic care and the impact it has on patients' well-being.
Sundowning is an indication of several behaviors. They can occur during dementia. This disorder relates to the shift between nighttime and daylight. The impact of the same can result in a change in behavior in a dementia patient. Prabhi Sodhi, a dementia specialist, suggests that it is important to understand this change. It can trigger certain actions.
Alzheimer’s disease is associated with certain main stages. The initial, middle, and late stages are included in these. Prabhdyal Singh Sodhi observes that during the first stage, the signs begin to emerge. But when the middle stage occurs, these signs can become more intense. In addition to the existing signs, new ones can also take place.
Usually, dementia affects people in the middle or old age. By this time, generally, people are capable of keeping themselves safe. Or, when security is lacking, they can take measures to protect themselves. The dementia specialist, Prabhi Sodhisays that for a dementia patient, safety can be a prime concern.
As a caregiver or family member, you may notice a dementia patient having trouble when he or she swallows food. Even when taking in liquids, the same difficulty can be observed. Prabhdyal Singh Sodhi shares that as the brain disorder progresses, these issues can come up. The dementia specialist considers it important to understand why a patient cannot swallow in the normal way. This can help in understanding whether or not medical help is needed to assist the patient.
A person’s brain gets severely damaged when vascular dementia occurs and continues to develop. Prabhdyal Singh Sodhi brings forth that this damage can result in a number of effects. They can take place physically as well as mentally.
Patients with dementia can belong to different age groups. Those who are at a young age can also be prone to it. This indicates that children can be at risk of this disorder. Praby Sodhi, the dementia specialist, highlights that during various phases of childhood, the possibility of the disorder can be found. This factor can increase or decrease the associated risks.
Certain individuals can go through extremely terrifying incidents. These can result in the development of the PTSD. Also called post-traumatic stress disorder, it can give way to more severe conditions later in life. Former Director, Prabhdyal Singh Sodhi Abbey Healthcare, puts forth that dementia is one of these conditions. PTSD can contribute to the causes of this brain disorder.
A disorder like dementia can make a patient require extensive care. Especially when the final stages of the disorder arrive, greater care is needed. Prabhi Sodhi is of the suggestion that every caregiver or family may not be able to provide this care, owing to various reasons.
Patients diagnosed with dementia can exhibit different symptoms. Some may even show repetitive behavior. They can ask questions that have just been answered. Prabhy Sodhi contributes to the observation that some patients can repeatedly do actions such as rubbing their hands. The dementia specialist further says that without realizing that they are repeating their behavior, they may create some challenges for their caregivers.
Dementia is one of the brain disorders. It can affect multiple individuals. But when it comes to men and women, there can be some differences to note, says Prabhi Sodhi. This dementia specialist observes that the effects of this condition can, at times, affect both differently. Particularly for women, the disorder can be influenced by varying risk factors, different from the ones affecting the condition of men
Frontotemporal dementia can cause a number of symptoms and effects on people. In the opinion of Prabhi Sodhi, they can go through various challenges as they manage this brain disorder. This dementia specialist shares that when people are aware of the possibilities of getting affected, they can prevent FTD. Hence, it becomes crucial to know who can get frontotemporal dementia.
One of the conditions that can affect kids is childhood Alzheimers. Prabhy Sodhi explains that it is a health issue different from Alzheimer’s disease. Although both terms can seem similar, childhood Alzheimer’s draws attention because of its rare cause, i.e. genetics. The same can be said for its symptoms as well, adds the dementia specialist, Mr. Sodhi.
The cortex and subcortex are among the areas of one’s brain. Due to some reasons, changes can occur in these. The United Kingdom known dementia expert Praby Sodhi brings forth that these areas share a relationship with 2 types of dementia. The renowned expert is known as Prabhy Sodhi, Prabhdyal Singh Sodhi and Prabhi Sodhi.
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Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
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Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Pharynx and Clinical Correlations BY Dr.Rabia Inam Gandapore.pptx
What are the Signs of Infection in a Dementia Patient? Prabhi Sodhi
1. What are the Signs of
Infection in a Dementia
Patient?
2. Pertaining to the disorder of dementia, patients can display various signs. Sometimes, these signs can occur because of infections developing
alongside. Prabhi Sodhi puts forth that the types of infections and their signs can vary. While identifying the exact infection may be difficult for
caregivers, they can still speculate about its occurrence. For this, they should be aware of some common symptoms. In the view of the dementia
specialist, Mr. Sodhi, with medical assistance, these infections can be managed. To some extent, their prevention is possible as well.
Which Signs Indicate Infection in a Dementia Patient?
When a dementia patient develops an infection, it can be difficult for him or her to identify it. Caregivers can look for certain signs to identify the
same. Commonly, fever, pain, and other such symptoms can take place. Even behavioral modifications can occur, pertaining to infections.
More signs and information regarding these are explained as follows:
1. A State of Confusion
This brain disorder can often create confusion. The same can occur even when an infection develops alongside this disorder. This sign can further
involve disorientation. In relation to the time and location of the person, she/he can seem disoriented. Owing to the state of confusion, the person
may also make poor judgments.
2. Changes in Urine
The dementia specialist, Prabhi Sodhi informs that the odor of urine can change and seem unusual during an infection. Furthermore, it can appear
to be cloudy. In some cases, the color of urine can look dark. Mr. Sodhi says that some patients may urinate blood too.
3. Persistence of Fever
The body of an infected dementia patient can turn warm. The temperature can rise unexpectedly. His or her forehead can feel hot. A caregiver can
find the patient to shiver. Dry skin and lips are other signs hinting at the occurrence of fever.
4. Different Types of Pain
Given that a person experiencing this disorder is infected, she/he can undergo different types of pain as well. This can be found when the
individual refuses to drink or eat when pain occurs in the respective areas. The person may cry when this pain becomes extreme.
5. An Affected Appetite
Certain infections can prevent dementia patients from eating or consuming enough fluids. This can be a result of vomiting, nausea, and other such
symptoms. Hence, they may not feel healthy enough to eat or drink properly. Even their favorite foods may no longer be enjoyed.
6. Falling Frequently
Depending on the type of infection occurring, an individual’s muscles can become weak. Such muscles can prevent the person from maintaining
balance. This can happen even when basic physical activities are performed. Consequently, he or she can frequently fall.
3. Does Dementia Increase Vulnerability to Infections?
A person suffering from this disorder can be more prone to infections. This is because dementia can
weaken the body. It can bring down the levels of immunity. Mr. Sodhi opines that the disorder can harm
the areas of the brain too. The central organ of the body can then become less strong to induce
protection against infections.
Which Types of Infections can Occur during Dementia?
During this brain disorder, different infections can begin to develop. The dementia specialist, Prabhi
Sodhi puts forth that their types can vary and depend on some factors. These can comprise the kind of
dementia, the surroundings of a patient, the management of her/his condition, etc.
Some types of infections developing during this disorder are:
● UTI or urinary tract infection
● Pneumonia
● Respiratory infections
● Infection in the ears or skin
● Dental infections
What is the Approach to Treating Infections in Dementia?
The approach to treating infections during this disorder essentially comprises the identification of some
symptoms. When the family members of a dementia patient speculate the persistence of an infection, they
should look for certain signs. They can observe the frequency of these signs to further understand the health
condition of the patient.
After speculating on the development of an infection, medical aid should be opted for. Mr. Sodhi explains that
dementia specialists will diagnose the infection. Then the treatment will be initiated. It can comprise medication,
therapies, and other measures.
4. How to Prevent Infections in Dementia Patients?
As part of the approach to treating infection, it is also important to prevent it. This
is particularly vital to follow, given that the infection can occur again. Caregivers
can practice certain measures. Even when these are simple to follow, they can
majorly help in the prevention of the same.
● The hygiene of dementia patients should be essentially maintained.
● Oral hygiene should also be looked after.
● In case a person is unable to maintain his/her own hygiene, assistance should be given.
● Mr. Sodhi advises getting the required vaccination to manage the patient’s health.
● Caregivers need to ensure that good dietary practices are followed.
● Hydration is another measure that can help prevent infections.
● Moreover, when the behavior of patients seems unusual, the signs of infection should be
checked.
In Summation of the Above
Dementia can make individuals prone to certain infections. But caregivers can
identify the same through some signs. Whether physical or behavioral, this
identification should be made as soon as possible. Following this, Prabhi Sodhi
says that patients should be given treatment. Along with this, preventing
infections should be focused on.