The document summarizes evidence that ancient Mesoamericans may have been familiar with horses before the Spanish conquest. Excavations have uncovered horse bones dated to before this time period. It also mentions an artifact found in Bolivia that locals want help examining, as it may contain Semitic script characters, but its relevance to the Book of Mormon is unclear.
Evidence for the true faith in historical sources. englishHarunyahyaEnglish
The document discusses archaeological findings that provide evidence for historical events described in the Quran, including:
1) The discovery of the Ebla tablets from 2500 BC containing the names of prophets Abraham, David, and Ishmael, supporting the divine scriptures written thousands of years later.
2) Mount Nimrod in Turkey is believed to contain hidden texts from Prophet Abraham challenging King Nimrod's claims of divinity.
3) An Egyptian papyrus from the 13th century BC describes plagues in Egypt matching those in the Quran during the time of Prophet Moses, supporting the Quran's historical accuracy.
This document provides an analysis of the prophecy in Daniel 7 of the four beasts and the "little horn" power. It summarizes that the four beasts represent four successive world empires: the lion represents Babylon, the bear represents Medo-Persia, the leopard with four wings and heads represents the swift Greek empire of Alexander, and the terrible beast with iron teeth represents the Roman Empire. It then focuses on analyzing the "little horn" power, concluding that it represents the papacy based on evidence that it would rise after the ten divisions of Rome, be both a political and religious power that would oppress God's people for 1260 years, and try to change God's law, such as instituting Sunday worship in place
Primary Evidence - Ancient Egyptians came from Inner Africaafricaonline1
Ancient Text from Egypt reveals that the Ancient Egyptians sourced their Ancestors to inner Africa and that the Famine Stele is the oldest interaction between God and Man and was most likely the source of many Biblical Stories. The Hebrews by their own records source their entry into Egypt around the 12th Dynasty. They would not have been sheltered from the Famine Stele and its revelation that Khnum (The Potter Wheel God) had a dramatic interaction with Djoser/Neterkhet. Plates of inner Africa taken from Michael Tellinger's Book - Temples of the African Gods. Presented at 31st annual ASCAC Conference held at Essex County College, Newark New Jersey.
The document discusses competing views on the origin of ancient gods:
1) The New Age view claims gods originated from ancient encounters with extraterrestrial beings, who were considered gods and whose experiments and visits were recorded mythologically.
2) A Christian analysis questions whether biblical accounts like Genesis 6 actually describe reproductive experiments by aliens, or something more sinister.
3) Thousands of years ago, heavenly beings visited Earth and engaged in sexual experiments, producing giant offspring, until God judged them, though similar activity seems to have resumed in modern UFO encounters. The origins and intentions of these beings remains uncertain and disturbing.
This document is the introduction and table of contents to Martin Delany's 95-page treatise "The Origin of Races and Color". Delany wrote the treatise to counter scientific theories of his time that claimed white races were more evolved or superior to black races. The introduction provides background on Delany and the context of scientific racism in the late 19th century. It also summarizes that Delany's treatise will argue that the first civilizations were created by black Africans in Egypt and Ethiopia, and that the origin of human races stems from three basic skin colors, with the "Indian (red) or Adamic race" being the first. The table of contents then lists the 18 chapters that make up Del
PALLAVAS IMMIGRATION? (Father of “DARK RICE”)IJERD Editor
This scientific research focus that Ancient Pallavas race called by author as “FLYING
PALLAVAS” shall be considered as origin of ancient human race on the “Earth Planet” lived in KACHCHA
THEEVU (3,00,000 years ago) even before emission of 1st sun rays on the earth planet. The scientific research
focus that the Pallavas race shall be considered as ancient angel race migrated from DEVAS RACE of white
planet (also called as mother planet of universe). The Pallavas race shall also be considered as expert in stone
architect work, father of dark rice and inventor of “IDLI FORMULA”.
Evidence for the true faith in historical sources. englishHarunyahyaEnglish
The document discusses archaeological findings that provide evidence for historical events described in the Quran, including:
1) The discovery of the Ebla tablets from 2500 BC containing the names of prophets Abraham, David, and Ishmael, supporting the divine scriptures written thousands of years later.
2) Mount Nimrod in Turkey is believed to contain hidden texts from Prophet Abraham challenging King Nimrod's claims of divinity.
3) An Egyptian papyrus from the 13th century BC describes plagues in Egypt matching those in the Quran during the time of Prophet Moses, supporting the Quran's historical accuracy.
This document provides an analysis of the prophecy in Daniel 7 of the four beasts and the "little horn" power. It summarizes that the four beasts represent four successive world empires: the lion represents Babylon, the bear represents Medo-Persia, the leopard with four wings and heads represents the swift Greek empire of Alexander, and the terrible beast with iron teeth represents the Roman Empire. It then focuses on analyzing the "little horn" power, concluding that it represents the papacy based on evidence that it would rise after the ten divisions of Rome, be both a political and religious power that would oppress God's people for 1260 years, and try to change God's law, such as instituting Sunday worship in place
Primary Evidence - Ancient Egyptians came from Inner Africaafricaonline1
Ancient Text from Egypt reveals that the Ancient Egyptians sourced their Ancestors to inner Africa and that the Famine Stele is the oldest interaction between God and Man and was most likely the source of many Biblical Stories. The Hebrews by their own records source their entry into Egypt around the 12th Dynasty. They would not have been sheltered from the Famine Stele and its revelation that Khnum (The Potter Wheel God) had a dramatic interaction with Djoser/Neterkhet. Plates of inner Africa taken from Michael Tellinger's Book - Temples of the African Gods. Presented at 31st annual ASCAC Conference held at Essex County College, Newark New Jersey.
The document discusses competing views on the origin of ancient gods:
1) The New Age view claims gods originated from ancient encounters with extraterrestrial beings, who were considered gods and whose experiments and visits were recorded mythologically.
2) A Christian analysis questions whether biblical accounts like Genesis 6 actually describe reproductive experiments by aliens, or something more sinister.
3) Thousands of years ago, heavenly beings visited Earth and engaged in sexual experiments, producing giant offspring, until God judged them, though similar activity seems to have resumed in modern UFO encounters. The origins and intentions of these beings remains uncertain and disturbing.
This document is the introduction and table of contents to Martin Delany's 95-page treatise "The Origin of Races and Color". Delany wrote the treatise to counter scientific theories of his time that claimed white races were more evolved or superior to black races. The introduction provides background on Delany and the context of scientific racism in the late 19th century. It also summarizes that Delany's treatise will argue that the first civilizations were created by black Africans in Egypt and Ethiopia, and that the origin of human races stems from three basic skin colors, with the "Indian (red) or Adamic race" being the first. The table of contents then lists the 18 chapters that make up Del
PALLAVAS IMMIGRATION? (Father of “DARK RICE”)IJERD Editor
This scientific research focus that Ancient Pallavas race called by author as “FLYING
PALLAVAS” shall be considered as origin of ancient human race on the “Earth Planet” lived in KACHCHA
THEEVU (3,00,000 years ago) even before emission of 1st sun rays on the earth planet. The scientific research
focus that the Pallavas race shall be considered as ancient angel race migrated from DEVAS RACE of white
planet (also called as mother planet of universe). The Pallavas race shall also be considered as expert in stone
architect work, father of dark rice and inventor of “IDLI FORMULA”.
Konzulárne dni v Chicagu 22.-23 augusta 2012konzulatNYC
Generálny konzulát Slovenskej republiky v New Yorku organizuje Konzulárne dni v Chicagu v stredu a štvrtok (22. - 23. augusta 2012) od 1pm do 8pm. Miesto konania: Reštaurácia KLAS/ KLAS Restaurant: 5734 W. Cermak Road, Cicero, IL 60804.
Emotional intelligence (EI) involves the ability to understand and manage one's own emotions and recognize emotions in others. There are three main models of EI: ability-based EI focuses on competencies and skills; mixed models incorporate both emotional abilities and emotional self-perceptions; trait EI refers to self-perceptions of emotional abilities. EI involves interpersonal skills like empathy as well as intrapersonal skills like self-awareness and stress management that can help one cope with environmental demands.
Some SEO Tips – That Can Work For You in 2013Atanu Das
Do you think SEO is dead? No it is still alive. But there will be some changes in SEO approaches. In this document I am going to describe some tips that might work in SEO in coming year 2013. For more details or any other SEO / Logo Designing Services please call - +919830528683
ADO.NET Entity Framework by Jose A. Blakeley and Michael PizzoHasnain Iqbal
This document provides an overview of the evolution of data access application programming interfaces (APIs) used in Microsoft technologies, including ADO.NET 1.0, LINQ, and the ADO.NET Entity Framework. It discusses the goals and features of each API, how they address challenges in working with data, and how they improved developer productivity. It also describes the architecture and components of the Entity Framework, how it maps object and relational models, and techniques for customizing data mappings.
Gamification is the use of game-like features in non-gaming contexts. Points, badges, and leaderboards are used to motivate participation and recognize skills and achievements. Feedback is important for learning as it allows students to assess their understanding and progress. Gamification techniques can be effective motivators if the rewards appeal to users and encourage behaviors that support learning.
Query Processing Problem, Layers of Query Processing Query Processing in Centralized Systems – Parsing & Translation, Optimization, Code generation, Example Query Processing in Distributed Systems – Mapping global query to local, Optimization,
The document discusses three texts - a music video website, music video, and digipak - created for rapper Heavy D. All three texts reflect Heavy D's bright, colorful image through their use of vivid colors and styles. In the music video, Heavy D wears different colorful outfits to showcase his cool rap persona. Bold purple and yellow fonts and imagery are used consistently across the three texts to match Heavy D's clothing and the vibrancy of the song. The music video features limited props but added special effects to enhance the fun, exciting feel. It was aimed at and received positive responses from young adults and teenagers attracted by its humor and bright colors with a nostalgic 90s influence.
Profesor Steven E. Jones and Ancient American EquusRuben LLumihucci
1) The document discusses evidence from radiocarbon dating of horse bones in North America that suggests horses were present before Columbus, challenging the prevailing view.
2) Several horse bones from sites in Texas, Colorado, Wyoming and Canada have been directly radiocarbon dated to periods between 6000 BC to 1481 AD, before Spanish arrival.
3) DNA analysis of ancient horse remains has potential to provide further evidence about whether these horses were domesticated species brought by Europeans or inhabited North America earlier.
The document discusses key aspects of the Android mobile platform. It notes that Android applications are written in Java and compiled to Dalvik bytecode, and that the Dalvik runtime is optimized for mobile applications. It also describes several important Android components like Activities, Services, Intents, and ContentProviders that applications use to perform tasks and share data.
This document provides information about a team project with 5 members and then discusses aspects of British culture, including television, radio, newspapers, internet, and freedom of speech. It notes some of the major TV channels and radio stations in Britain as well as influential newspapers like The Times, The Guardian, and Daily Telegraph. It also discusses the history of the internet originating in Britain and policies around freedom of expression. Throughout are embedded YouTube links providing visual examples.
A group of students from Ringwood School in the UK went on a fact finding tour of Delhi, India. Photographer David Levene accompanied the group and took photos to document their experiences. The photos were likely taken to share insights from the tour with others back at the school in the UK.
Polling the Wisdom of the Masses: Crowdsourcing & CrowdfundingTorrey Trust
This document discusses crowdsourcing and crowdfunding. It defines crowdsourcing as utilizing the wisdom of crowds to find answers, solutions, feedback, and resources. Examples are given such as medical diagnosis on social media and online challenges. Crowdsourcing is recommended for solutions, feedback, lessons, resources, advice, and fundraising. Tools for crowdsourcing include Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, and online groups. Crowdfunding examples include Kickstarter, IndieGoGo, and DonorsChoose. Tips are provided for effective crowdsourcing and crowdfunding including building networks, casting a wide net, and leveraging those networks.
This document discusses different types of audiovisual library materials including books, movies, slides, filmstrips, transparencies, and motion pictures. It provides details on each format such as size, how they are used, benefits like being educational and motivating, and limitations such as lacking sound or being hard to preserve. The overall message is that while some older formats like slides and filmstrips are less popular now, libraries still collect them for their valuable educational information.
This document discusses different approaches to teaching second languages:
1) Second language acquisition theory, which proposes hypotheses but needs experimental evidence.
2) Applied linguistic research, which tries to establish comparisons between approaches to determine the most adequate for students.
3) Intuitions from experience of language teachers and students, which does not require empirical support.
There is little interaction between these approaches and language teaching practice. Behavioristic and transformational grammar theories failed because they focused on products rather than the acquisition process. Modern methodology prioritizes comprehensible input, communication, and lowering student anxiety over grammatical correctness. The goal is an approach that considers both theory and intuition/experience.
The document discusses several ways that the Bible has been shown to be scientifically accurate through archaeological findings and modern scientific discoveries:
1) The Bible indicated centuries ago that the earth is round and hangs in space, not supported by pillars as many ancient civilizations believed.
2) References in the Bible from thousands of years ago accurately described ocean currents and the second law of thermodynamics showing the universe is running down, things modern science has only discovered recently.
3) Archaeological evidence has been found that supports biblical figures and events like King David and the Great Flood, while disproving other religious texts like the Book of Mormon. Skeptics who tried to disprove the Bible ended up converting after their own archaeological
Mesoamerica and the Book of Mormon - Is this the right place? You will be astonished with the amount of concrete scientific parallels between Mesoamerica and the Book of Mormon.
Konzulárne dni v Chicagu 22.-23 augusta 2012konzulatNYC
Generálny konzulát Slovenskej republiky v New Yorku organizuje Konzulárne dni v Chicagu v stredu a štvrtok (22. - 23. augusta 2012) od 1pm do 8pm. Miesto konania: Reštaurácia KLAS/ KLAS Restaurant: 5734 W. Cermak Road, Cicero, IL 60804.
Emotional intelligence (EI) involves the ability to understand and manage one's own emotions and recognize emotions in others. There are three main models of EI: ability-based EI focuses on competencies and skills; mixed models incorporate both emotional abilities and emotional self-perceptions; trait EI refers to self-perceptions of emotional abilities. EI involves interpersonal skills like empathy as well as intrapersonal skills like self-awareness and stress management that can help one cope with environmental demands.
Some SEO Tips – That Can Work For You in 2013Atanu Das
Do you think SEO is dead? No it is still alive. But there will be some changes in SEO approaches. In this document I am going to describe some tips that might work in SEO in coming year 2013. For more details or any other SEO / Logo Designing Services please call - +919830528683
ADO.NET Entity Framework by Jose A. Blakeley and Michael PizzoHasnain Iqbal
This document provides an overview of the evolution of data access application programming interfaces (APIs) used in Microsoft technologies, including ADO.NET 1.0, LINQ, and the ADO.NET Entity Framework. It discusses the goals and features of each API, how they address challenges in working with data, and how they improved developer productivity. It also describes the architecture and components of the Entity Framework, how it maps object and relational models, and techniques for customizing data mappings.
Gamification is the use of game-like features in non-gaming contexts. Points, badges, and leaderboards are used to motivate participation and recognize skills and achievements. Feedback is important for learning as it allows students to assess their understanding and progress. Gamification techniques can be effective motivators if the rewards appeal to users and encourage behaviors that support learning.
Query Processing Problem, Layers of Query Processing Query Processing in Centralized Systems – Parsing & Translation, Optimization, Code generation, Example Query Processing in Distributed Systems – Mapping global query to local, Optimization,
The document discusses three texts - a music video website, music video, and digipak - created for rapper Heavy D. All three texts reflect Heavy D's bright, colorful image through their use of vivid colors and styles. In the music video, Heavy D wears different colorful outfits to showcase his cool rap persona. Bold purple and yellow fonts and imagery are used consistently across the three texts to match Heavy D's clothing and the vibrancy of the song. The music video features limited props but added special effects to enhance the fun, exciting feel. It was aimed at and received positive responses from young adults and teenagers attracted by its humor and bright colors with a nostalgic 90s influence.
Profesor Steven E. Jones and Ancient American EquusRuben LLumihucci
1) The document discusses evidence from radiocarbon dating of horse bones in North America that suggests horses were present before Columbus, challenging the prevailing view.
2) Several horse bones from sites in Texas, Colorado, Wyoming and Canada have been directly radiocarbon dated to periods between 6000 BC to 1481 AD, before Spanish arrival.
3) DNA analysis of ancient horse remains has potential to provide further evidence about whether these horses were domesticated species brought by Europeans or inhabited North America earlier.
The document discusses key aspects of the Android mobile platform. It notes that Android applications are written in Java and compiled to Dalvik bytecode, and that the Dalvik runtime is optimized for mobile applications. It also describes several important Android components like Activities, Services, Intents, and ContentProviders that applications use to perform tasks and share data.
This document provides information about a team project with 5 members and then discusses aspects of British culture, including television, radio, newspapers, internet, and freedom of speech. It notes some of the major TV channels and radio stations in Britain as well as influential newspapers like The Times, The Guardian, and Daily Telegraph. It also discusses the history of the internet originating in Britain and policies around freedom of expression. Throughout are embedded YouTube links providing visual examples.
A group of students from Ringwood School in the UK went on a fact finding tour of Delhi, India. Photographer David Levene accompanied the group and took photos to document their experiences. The photos were likely taken to share insights from the tour with others back at the school in the UK.
Polling the Wisdom of the Masses: Crowdsourcing & CrowdfundingTorrey Trust
This document discusses crowdsourcing and crowdfunding. It defines crowdsourcing as utilizing the wisdom of crowds to find answers, solutions, feedback, and resources. Examples are given such as medical diagnosis on social media and online challenges. Crowdsourcing is recommended for solutions, feedback, lessons, resources, advice, and fundraising. Tools for crowdsourcing include Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook, and online groups. Crowdfunding examples include Kickstarter, IndieGoGo, and DonorsChoose. Tips are provided for effective crowdsourcing and crowdfunding including building networks, casting a wide net, and leveraging those networks.
This document discusses different types of audiovisual library materials including books, movies, slides, filmstrips, transparencies, and motion pictures. It provides details on each format such as size, how they are used, benefits like being educational and motivating, and limitations such as lacking sound or being hard to preserve. The overall message is that while some older formats like slides and filmstrips are less popular now, libraries still collect them for their valuable educational information.
This document discusses different approaches to teaching second languages:
1) Second language acquisition theory, which proposes hypotheses but needs experimental evidence.
2) Applied linguistic research, which tries to establish comparisons between approaches to determine the most adequate for students.
3) Intuitions from experience of language teachers and students, which does not require empirical support.
There is little interaction between these approaches and language teaching practice. Behavioristic and transformational grammar theories failed because they focused on products rather than the acquisition process. Modern methodology prioritizes comprehensible input, communication, and lowering student anxiety over grammatical correctness. The goal is an approach that considers both theory and intuition/experience.
The document discusses several ways that the Bible has been shown to be scientifically accurate through archaeological findings and modern scientific discoveries:
1) The Bible indicated centuries ago that the earth is round and hangs in space, not supported by pillars as many ancient civilizations believed.
2) References in the Bible from thousands of years ago accurately described ocean currents and the second law of thermodynamics showing the universe is running down, things modern science has only discovered recently.
3) Archaeological evidence has been found that supports biblical figures and events like King David and the Great Flood, while disproving other religious texts like the Book of Mormon. Skeptics who tried to disprove the Bible ended up converting after their own archaeological
Mesoamerica and the Book of Mormon - Is this the right place? You will be astonished with the amount of concrete scientific parallels between Mesoamerica and the Book of Mormon.
Mesoamerica and the Book of Mormon - Is this the right place? You will be astonished with the amount of concrete scientific parallels between Mesoamerica and the Book of Mormon.
The archaeological report summarizes an expedition to sites in northern Mesopotamia and eastern Turkey relevant to biblical figures like Abraham. The expedition aimed to reconstruct history from 10,000 BC to the 13th century AD based on newly discovered archaeological evidence. A key finding was Gobekli Tepe, the world's oldest temple dated to 12,000 BC, which suggests religion preceded civilization. The report also examines evidence that Abraham originated from Ur in ancient Haran, Turkey rather than Sumerian Ur in Iraq, based on locations mentioned in Genesis.
The document discusses the theory that the first Americans migrated to North and South America across a land bridge between Siberia and Alaska during the last Ice Age. While this "Land-Bridge Theory" was widely accepted, newer evidence has challenged this view. Archaeological sites in South America and the Pacific Northwest have been dated to over 14,500 years old, earlier than presumed migration occurred. Additionally, some skeletal and artifact findings suggest the possibility of ancient migrations by boat from Europe or across the Pacific. Overall, the evidence continues to accumulate and revise scientific understanding of how and when the first people settled in the Americas.
The document discusses several possible early visitors to the Americas before Columbus, including the Vikings, Japanese, and Irish monk St. Brendan. Evidence suggests that Vikings such as Lief Erickson may have visited an area called Vinland around 1000 CE. Pottery fragments in Ecuador dating to 3000 BCE resemble Japanese pottery, suggesting possible early Japanese contact. A voyage by St. Brendan in the 6th century was recreated in the 1970s, proving Irish boats could have reached North America. Ultimately, Native Americans were the earliest inhabitants, migrating over 10,000 years ago, but Columbus initiated sustained contact between the Old and New Worlds.
The document discusses several possible early visitors to the Americas before Columbus, including the Vikings, Japanese, and Irish monk St. Brendan. Evidence suggests that Vikings such as Lief Erickson may have visited an area called Vinland around 1000 CE. Pottery fragments in Ecuador dating to 3000 BCE resemble Japanese pottery, suggesting possible early Japanese contact. A voyage by St. Brendan in the 6th century was recreated in the 1970s, proving Irish boats could have reached North America. Ultimately, Native Americans were the earliest inhabitants, migrating over 10,000 years ago, but Columbus initiated sustained contact between the Old and New Worlds.
Genesis, ch 6, #2, 6;9 22, critics of Noah’s flood, what became of the ark, a...Valley Bible Fellowship
The document discusses evidence for the biblical account of Noah's Ark and the global flood. It summarizes arguments that have been made against the feasibility of Noah's Ark carrying all animal kinds on board. It then summarizes the findings of a book that systematically addresses all criticisms of the Ark's feasibility through calculations of space and food requirements. The document also discusses other biblical and historical references supporting the Ark account.
The document summarizes the discovery and translation of ancient tablets from India and Mexico that describe the lost continent of Mu. The tablets were discovered over 50 years ago in India and provide details of Mu's civilization that was over 50,000 years old and more advanced than current societies. The author spent decades researching and comparing the tablets to other ancient civilizations and geological evidence, finding they all derived aspects of their culture from Mu. The tablets contain the original story of creation, which the author traces through other faiths to the biblical account. They indicate humans first emerged on the now submerged continent of Mu in the Pacific Ocean.
While Christopher Columbus is often credited as the discoverer of America, there is evidence that others reached the Americas before him, including the Vikings, Japanese, and Irish monk Saint Brendan. The Vikings may have established a settlement in present-day Newfoundland or Nova Scotia as early as 1000 AD. Some pottery fragments found in Ecuador date to 5000 years ago and suggest the Japanese may have sailed across the Pacific. An Irish text describes a voyage by Saint Brendan in the 6th century that may have reached Newfoundland. Ultimately, the Native Americans who crossed the Bering Strait over 10,000 years ago were likely the first to discover America.
Understanding The Bible Part Four Chapters 1 11 GenesisEdward Hahnenberg
Part Four examines some of the stories and consequent theology of the first eleven chapters of Genesis from the viewpoint of the historical-critical scholar.
1) The document discusses theories that ancient civilizations recorded encounters with ultraterrestrial beings referred to as "gods" or "Watchers" who descended from openings in the sky, earth, and sea.
2) It provides accounts from Apollo 11 astronauts and NASA officials of strange lights and spacecraft seen on the moon, though these encounters were covered up.
3) The document explores the idea that similarities between creation stories in ancient mythologies could stem from a single, original divine revelation to humanity that became distorted over time.
Lecture 1 introduction to biblical archaeologydallife
Archaeology is the systematic study of past human civilizations through the recovery and examination of physical remains and artifacts. Biblical archaeology specifically studies the archaeological evidence for people, places, and time periods mentioned in the Bible, including artifacts relating to biblical figures like Pontius Pilate and archaeological sites mentioned in the Bible like Hezekiah's tunnel. Uncovering and analyzing archaeological evidence helps provide historical context for understanding the Bible and early civilizations it describes.
- The first humans in North America were Black or Negroid peoples, not Mongoloid peoples as commonly believed. Evidence from early archaeological sites and the physical characteristics of the earliest remains show they looked similar to modern Africans, Australians, and Polynesians.
- Only a very small percentage of today's Black Americans can trace their ancestry to the approximately 308,000 African slaves brought to North America. The harsh conditions slaves faced led to declining populations.
- The Lewis and Clark Expedition from 1804-1806 was the first American expedition to cross the western United States after the Louisiana Purchase. They encountered and documented many Native American tribes along their journey.
The FIRST HUMAN Being in Ethiopia, "When God Was Called Lucy"RBG Communiversity
“Thus it can be stated confidently that the "Lucy" specimen is ca. 3 m.y. old, while some of the other, stratigraphically lower Hadar hominids are at least 3.3 and possibly as much as 3.6 m.y. old. “
[Source: Ian Tattersall, et al. eds, Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory (Chicago: St James Press, 1988), pp. 239-241]
From: http://www.selamta.net/Lucy.htm
Cahokia, located in present-day Illinois, was the largest pre-Columbian settlement north of Mexico. It was occupied from around 800-1400 AD and had a peak population of 10,000-20,000 people. The site includes Monks Mound, the largest prehistoric earthwork in North America, and over 120 smaller mounds. The document discusses theories that Cahokia's leaders considered it the capital of North America and saw symbolic connections to locations in Europe and Asia based on latitude. Many features of the site, including the four terraces of Monks Mound and numbers of artifacts, are analyzed as referring to the ancient Egyptian discovery and colonization of the Americas beginning around 2500 BC.
This document discusses several topics related to biblical knowledge and ancient history:
1) It examines evidence for a young earth, including scientific dating methods that suggest the earth is thousands rather than billions of years old.
2) It analyzes fossil evidence commonly cited for human evolution and finds that many such examples have been debunked as hoaxes or misidentified remains.
3) It explores what ancient humans may have really been like based on biblical accounts, finding evidence that contrary to popular views, people of the ancient past were intelligent and advanced.
4) Finally, it discusses theories about dinosaurs' origin and extinction, noting their possible existence contemporaneously with humans as described in legends of dragons and their demise
Significance of Ahmanson Ranch Archaeological SitesMichael Merrill
This document provides background on the history of archaeological study of Early period sites in the Los Angeles, Ventura and eastern Santa Barbara areas. It describes early excavations and studies conducted in the 1900s and mid-20th century that helped establish chronologies and define characteristics of Early period occupation. The author then discusses their own experience excavating a number of key Early period sites in the 1960s and ongoing research that has expanded understanding of the period.
The document provides background information on early migrations to North America. It discusses evidence that some of the earliest migrations came from Europe, including 9,000 year old Caucasoid skeletons found in the Americas. It then summarizes some of the major pre-Columbian Native American cultures, including the Anasazi, Hopewell, Mississippian, and Northwest Coast peoples. The document also provides context on migrations across the Bering Strait and the various theories about how and when the Americas were initially populated.
Similar to Were Ancient Americans Familiar with Real Horses? - JOURNAL OF BOOK OF MORMON STUDIES (20)
2009 REVISTA MEXICANA DE CIENCIAS GEOLÓGICAS - La dieta y el hábitat del mamu...Ruben LLumihucci
La dieta y el hábitat de Mammuthus columbi y de tres especies de Equus procedentes de El Cedral (San Luis Potosí, México) son inferidos a partir del análisis de isótopos estables de δ13C y δ18O en el apatito del esmalte dental. En el mamut, los valores de δ13C re ejan una dieta mixta C3/C4, mientras que los équidos tienen un intervalo que va desde individuos con una dieta mixta C3/C4 a aquéllos que sólo se alimentan de plantas C4. Las comparaciones realizadas entre los valores obtenidos de las muestras mexicanas con las publicadas para los mismos grupos de Florida, Nuevo México y Texas, señala que las preferencias alimentarias en ambos grupos eran parecidas. Asimismo, la comparación efectuada de los valores de δ13C junto con los de δ18O, para las especies de El Cedral con los valores de jabalíes, mastodontes, tapires y venados cola blanca del Pleistoceno tardío de Florida, revela que los caballos y el mamut de El Cedral habitaban en una zona abierta, como pastizales o sabanas, lo que concuerda con el estudio palinológico de la localidad.
Palabras clave: dieta, hábitat, isótopos estables, δ13C, δ18O, Mammuthus columbi, Equus, Pleistoceno tardío, San Luis Potosí, México.
2016 REVISTA MEXICANA DE CIENCIAS GEOLÓGICAS - Feeding ecology and habitat of...Ruben LLumihucci
This study analyzed carbon and oxygen stable isotopes in three Late Pleistocene horse species (Equus mexicanus, E. conversidens, and E. cedralensis) from two sites in Mexico to evaluate their diets and habitats. The results show:
1) At La Cinta-Portalitos, there were two feeding groups - E. mexicanus had a mixed C3/C4 plant diet, while E. conversidens and E. cedralensis consumed more C4 plants, indicating some resource partitioning.
2) At La Piedad-Santa Ana, only one feeding group was present where all three horse species mainly ate C4 plants, suggesting a
2014 REVISTA MEXICANA DE CIENCIAS GEOLÓGICAS - Study of Cedral Horses and the...Ruben LLumihucci
Se realizó un estudio detallado de un depósito único de huesos de caballo en Cedral, San Luis Potosí, centro de México. Se usaron caracteres morfológicos y morfométricos, así como análisis estadísticos bivariantes y multivariantes de los restos del cráneo y del esqueleto postcraneal y se compararon con restos de otras localidades del Pleistoceno mexicano. Se suministran las medidas del material estudiado así como la estimación de la masa corporal de cada una de las especies. Tres especies de caba- llo están representadas en varios depósitos del Pleistoceno superior de México, correspondientes a la edad de mamíferos Rancholabreana, los cuales pueden haber sido contemporáneos: un caballo de gran tamaño Equus mexicanus Hibbard, 1955 conocido desde la porción occidental de Estados Unidos de América hasta México y América Central; un caballo de tamaño mediano ampliamente distribuido Equus conversidens Owen, 1869 que se encuentra en la mayor parte de América del Norte y Central; y un nuevo caballo de pequeño tamaño Equus cedralensis sp. nov., conocido hasta ahora sólo en localidades mexicanas. El conocimiento de la presencia conjunta de estas tres especies en el Pleistoceno tardío de México (género Equus sp.) es importante para entender los modelos de diversidad y extinción en los primeros tiempos de la presencia humana en el continente. Adicionalmente, se proponen algunas inferencias ambientales, pero se requerirá de más estudios para ponerlas a prueba.
Palabras clave: taxonomía; Equus; especie nueva; Pleistoceno Tardío; México; Cedral.
Indian Horses Before Columbus Evidences in AmericaRuben LLumihucci
According to most leading scholars in history, anthropology and geography, none of the Native Tribes had horses until after Columbus. “On the contrary,” say elders of the Plains Indian Tribes, “our ancestors always had horses.”
Indeed, the oldest surviving travel account of an overseas explorer in the American Southwest comes from the Afghani Buddhist Monk, Hui Shen. He sailed to the West Coast of Fu Sang during the
5th century AD. According to the monk, the Native People of Fu Sang (or ancient Mexico) had both
horses and wagons. If we jump over to the East Coast, we find a similar account dating to the 13th century. According to Bjorn of Iceland, he fell overboard while landing his dory in the Atlantic surf. He was rescued by a party of Celtic Natives, or Welsh Colonists, “riding on horseback.”
Everywhere that explorers traveled along the Eastern Seaboard of North America during the 16th,
17th, and 18th centuries, they reported seeing Indians (or Welsh settlers) riding horses. When John Cabot landed along the East Coast in 1497, he reported seeing “the dung of draft animals” (such as horses and cattle). The Natives presumably kept their livestock “out of sight” due to quite reasonable fears that alien visitors who landed along their shores might take cattle for a festive evening meal. When Jacques Cartier explored the region of Quebec in 1535, his Native host informed him that there was a tribe in the Far West where the Indians rode on horses.
Results of DNA Horses before Columbus research by geneticist Alessandro AchilliRuben LLumihucci
The entire horse mtDNA was amplified in 11 overlapping PCR fragments, using a set of oligonucleotides with matching annealing temperatures (Table S10). Oligonucleotides were checked (through GenBank BLAST) in order to avoid amplification of nuclear insertions of mitochondrial sequences (numts) (1). After PCR, the fragments were purified using the ExoSAP-IT® enzymatic system (Exonuclease I and Shrimp Alkaline Phosphatase, GE Healthcare) and standard dideoxysequencing was performed by using a set of 33 nested primers (Table S11) specifically designed for this protocol. An ABI 3730 sequencer with 96 capillaries was employed for separation of the sequencing ladders. Complete sequences were aligned, assembled, and compared using the program Sequencher 4.9 (Gene Codes). Traces were generally of excellent quality and there was extensive overlap between reads with most observed mutations determined by at least two independent sequencing reactions. At least two independent operators read each sequence and any potentially ambiguous base call was tested by additional and independent PCR and sequencing reactions.
North American BioFortean Review - Yuri KuchinskyRuben LLumihucci
This document contains summaries of several articles from the North American BioFortean Review newsletter from December 2000. The editors announce they will be expanding the scope of the newsletter to include cryptozoological reports from around the world. They also announce a merger with another cryptozoology newsletter. Several articles then summarize reports of mystery animals in North America, including black panthers in Indiana and descriptions of venomous snakes.
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This slide is special for master students (MIBS & MIFB) in UUM. Also useful for readers who are interested in the topic of contemporary Islamic banking.
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How to Add Chatter in the odoo 17 ERP ModuleCeline George
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A review of the growth of the Israel Genealogy Research Association Database Collection for the last 12 months. Our collection is now passed the 3 million mark and still growing. See which archives have contributed the most. See the different types of records we have, and which years have had records added. You can also see what we have for the future.
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A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
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Were Ancient Americans Familiar with Real Horses? - JOURNAL OF BOOK OF MORMON STUDIES
1. Out of the Dust
Journal of Book of Mormon Studies 10/1 (2001): 76–77, 80.
1065-9366 (print), 2168-3158 (online)
Evidence suggests that ancient Mesoamericans may
have had horses. Excavations have produced horse
bones that archaeologists believe date to before the
Spanish Conquest.
The article also mentions an artifact found in Bolivia
that may have characters in a Semitic script. Locals
have asked for assistance in examining the piece, but
it is not yet clear whether it is relevant to the Book of
Mormon.
Title
Author(s)
Reference
ISSN
Abstract
2. 76 VOLUME 10, NUMBER 1, 2001
OUT OF THE DUST
Were Ancient Americans
Familiar with Real Horses?
The FARMS newsletter pub-
lished an Update in June 1984
on the question of horses in pre-
Columbian America during the
period when human beings were
here. That piece was republished
in Reexploring the Book of Mor
mon under the title “Once More:
The Horse.”1 Since then, previ-
ously unrecognized research has
shed new light on the question.
The most striking informa-
tion comes from excavations that
confirm the possibility that a spe
cies of native American horse
survived the Pleistocene (Ice Age)
in Mesoamerica down to an age
when humans were familiar with
this animal.
Publications from the late
1950s reported results from exca-
vations by scientists working on
the Yucatán Peninsula. Excavations
at the site of Mayapan, which dates
to a few centuries before the Span
iards arrived, yielded horse bones
in four spots. (Two of the lots
were from the surface, however,
and might represent Spanish
horses.) From another site, the
Cenote (water hole) Ch’en Mul,
came other traces, this time from
a firm archaeological context. In
the bottom stratum in a sequence
of levels of unconsolidated earth
almost two meters in thickness,
two horse teeth were found. They
were partially mineralized, indica
ting that they were definitely an-
cient and could not have come
from any Spanish animal. The in-
teresting thing is that Maya pot-
tery was also found in the stratified
soil where the teeth were located.2
Subsequent digging has ex-
panded the evidence for an asso-
ciation of humans with horses.
But the full story actually goes
back to 1895, when American
paleontologist Henry C. Mercer
went to Yucatán hoping to find
remains of Ice Age man. He vis-
ited 29 caves in the hill area—the
Puuc—of the peninsula and tried
stratigraphic excavation in 10 of
them. But the results were con-
fused, and he came away disillu-
sioned. He did find horse bones
in three caves (Actún Sayab, Actún
Lara, and Chektalen). In terms of
their visible characteristics, those
bones should have been classified
as from the Pleistocene American
horse species, then called Equus
occidentalis L. However, Mercer
decided that since the remains
were near the surface, they must
actually be from the modern
horse, Equus equus, that the Span
iards had brought with them to
the New World, and so he re-
ported them as such.3 In 1947
Robert T. Hatt repeated Mercer’s
activities. He found within Actún
Lara and one other cave more re-
mains of the American horse (in
his day it was called Equus con-
versidens), along with bones of
other extinct animals. Hatt rec-
ommended that any future work
concentrate on Loltún Cave,
where abundant animal and cul-
tural remains could be seen.4
It took until 1977 before that
recommendation bore fruit. Two
Mexican archaeologists carried
out a project that included a
complete survey of the complex
system of subterranean cavities
(made by underground water that
had dissolved the subsurface
limestone). They also did strati-
graphic excavation in areas in the
Loltún complex not previously
visited. The pits they excavated
revealed a sequence of 16 layers,
which they numbered from the
surface downward. Bones of ex-
tinct animals (including mam-
moth) appear in the lowest layers.
Pottery and other cultural
materials were found in levels VII
and above. But in some of those
artifact-bearing strata there were
horse bones, even in level II. A
radiocarbon date for the begin-
ning of VII turned out to be
around 1800 b.c. The pottery frag
ments above that would place
some portions in the range of at
least 900–400 b.c. and possibly
later. The report on this work
3. concludes with the observation
that “something went on here
that is still difficult to explain.”
Some archaeologists have sug-
gested that the horse bones were
stirred upward from lower to
higher levels by the action of tun-
neling rodents, but they admit
that this explanation is not easy
to accept. The statement has also
been made that paleontologists
will not be pleased at the idea
that horses survived to such a late
date as to be involved with civi-
lized or near-civilized people
whose remains are seen in the
ceramic-using levels.5 Surprisingly,
the Mexican researchers show no
awareness of the horse teeth dis-
covered in 1957 by Carnegie
Institution scientists Pollock and
Ray. (Some uncomfortable scien-
tific facts seem to need rediscov-
ering time and time again.)
Meanwhile, Dr. Steven E.
Jones of the BYU physics depart-
ment has for several years been
tracking down horse bones in
North America considered to
predate the European conquest.
Professor Jones’s purpose for this
search is to submit the bones to
tests by the radiocarbon method
(some of that work has taken
advantage of assistance from
FARMS). So far, one or more
finds appear to be possibly of
pre–Spanish Conquest date, al-
though definitive results will take
more work. Further work is being
done by Yuri Kuchinsky, a re-
searcher in Canada who has been
pursuing a variety of other evi-
dence, based mainly on Native
American lore, about possible
pre-Conquest horses in North
America.
Hebrew Writing in Bolivia?
In a private communication
to John Sorenson, an archaeolo-
gist in the Midwest reports that a
group of people in Bolivia who
are interested in antiquities of the
area have asked U.S. archaeolo-
gists for help in evaluating the
authenticity of an artifact found
in that South American country.
The large ceramic basin is mod-
eled to show stylized fauna on its
sides. That much can be seen on
an indistinct photograph submit-
ted by e-mail, but there are also
supposed to be “characters” on it,
not perceptible in the photograph,
that the people concerned feel
might be in a Semitic script. A
relevant expert (not LDS) will be
traveling to Bolivia to examine
the piece firsthand. Even if char-
acters are apparent, it will still
probably be impossible to learn
the context from which the loose
artifact was obtained and thus
what it might signify. !
JOURNAL OF BOOK OF MORMON STUDIES 77
4. building of temples to reveal the ordi-
nances of the temple for both the liv-
ing and the dead (see Teachings of the
Prophet Joseph Smith, 224, 307–8, 323).
12. To have “power” to get the full account
implies having the power of the Lord.
Joseph Smith was given “power from on
high, by the means which were before
prepared, to translate the Book of Mor
mon” (D&C 20:8; see D&C 113:3–4).
Since the 24 plates are in an unknown
language, the translator must have the
power of God to get the full account.
Another implication, although un-
stated, is that the translator will be led
to find the plates. Moroni definitely led
Joseph Smith to “find” the Book of
Mormon plates (Joseph Smith—History
1:42–54). Limhi’s people found the
gold plates of the Jaredites (see Ether
1:2; Mosiah 21:27; 28:11) that Ether
had hidden in a manner that they might
be found (see Ether 15:33). Wasn’t the
Lord involved in their finding those
plates? We can expect that the Lord, in
his own due time, will lead someone of
his choosing to find the 24 plates.
13. While Joseph the Prophet was translat-
ing the Bible, the information on
Enoch was revealed to him (Novem
ber–December 1830). Several years
later, he recorded more information
about Adam’s blessing his posterity
three years before his death (see Teach
ings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, 38–40).
In March of 1835 Joseph included this
information in the Doctrine and
Covenants revelation now known as
section 107.
14. How all of these things can be included
upon just 24 plates is a question that is
not answered in the Book of Mormon.
While many theories have been ad-
vanced, they are all speculative, and so
the question will remain unanswered
in this paper, other than to note that
there may be other Jaredite records
among the “wagon loads” seen by
Joseph and Oliver.
15. The Lord revealed to Oliver Cowdery
that there were “engravings of old
records which are ancient” that he
could be privileged to translate (see
D&C 8:1, 11; 9:2). While the Book of
Abraham was received as a part of those
ancient records, the revelations given
to Oliver refer to more than one rec
ord. Furthermore, the Book of Abra
ham was only partially translated.
Oliver said concerning this record:
“When the translation of these valu-
able documents will be completed, I
am unable to say; neither can I give you
a probable idea how large volumes they
will make; but judging from their size,
and the comprehensiveness of the lan-
guage, one might reasonably expect to
see a sufficient [sic] to develop much
upon the mighty acts of the ancient
men of God” (Messenger and Advocate,
Dec. 1835, 236). The Lord may have
also been referring to the ancient
records of the Nephites and Jaredites in
his promise to Oliver.
Many records have been kept and pre-
served throughout the world for the
dispensation of the fulness of times,
when all things in Christ will be gath-
ered together (see Ephesians 1:9–10).
This article acknowledges these many
other records but has focused only on
those mentioned in the Book of
Mormon.
Lehi’s Altar and Sacrifice in the Wilderness
David Rolph Seely
1. Unfortunately there is very little infor-
mation about the Nephite temples in
the Book of Mormon. The most com-
plete study of the Nephite temples to
date is John W. Welch, “The Temple in
the Book of Mormon: The Temples at
the Cities of Nephi, Zarahemla, and
Bountiful,” in Temples of the Ancient
World: Ritual and Symbolism, ed.
Donald W. Parry (Salt Lake City: Deseret
Book and FARMS, 1994).
2. For a brief discussion of some of the
issues relating to the sacrifice of Lehi
and the Nephites beyond the injunc-
tions in Deuternomy 12, see Journal of
Book of Mormon Studies 8/1 (1999): 71.
3. Sidney B. Sperry, Book of Mormon
Compendium (Salt Lake City:
Bookcraft, 1968), 99.
4. Hugh W. Nibley, An Approach to the
Book of Mormon (Salt Lake City:
Deseret Book and FARMS, 1988),
245–46.
5. Welch, “The Temple in the Book of
Mormon,” 320.
6. “As a prophet, Lehi held the Melchi
zedek Priesthood and by that authority
offered sacrifice (Teachings, p. 181). . . .
The Book of Mormon writers made no
attempt to elaborate upon the nature
or types of their offerings. The Aaronic
Priesthood was the province of the
tribe of Levi, and thus was not taken
by the Nephites to America. It would
appear, therefore, that the sacrifices
performed by the Lehite colony were
carried out under the direction of the
higher priesthood, which comprehends
all the duties and authorities of the
lesser” (Joseph Fielding McConkie and
Robert L. Millet, Doctrinal Commen
tary on the Book of Mormon [Salt Lake
City: Bookcraft, 1987], 1:31).
7. McConkie and Millet further explain:
“A covenant-centered religion required
a covenant sanctuary. The fact that the
Nephites constructed a temple sug-
gested that all remnants of Israel,
wherever they had been scattered, if
they possessed the priesthood would
have done likewise” (ibid., 1:223).
8. For a recent review of biblical scholar-
ship on Deuteronomy 12, see Bernard
M. Levinson, “The Innovation of Cultic
Centralization in Deuteronomy 12,” in
Deuteronomy and the Hermeneutics of
Legal Innovation (Oxford: Oxford Uni
versity Press, 1997), 23–52. An excel-
lent discussion of the issue of the re-
striction of sacrifice to a single sanctuary
can be found in Jeffrey H. Tigay, Deu
teronomy: The Traditional Hebrew Text
with the New JPS Translation (Philadel
phia: Jewish Publication Society, 1996),
459–64.
9. The interpretation of Leviticus in terms
of the so-called secular slaughter is
much debated. See Tigay, Deuteronomy,
366 n. 43; and Baruch A. Levine, Leviti
cus: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the
New JPS Translation (Philadelphia: Jew
ish Publication Society, 1989), 112–13.
10. Menachem Haran, Temples and Temple
Service in Ancient Israel (Oxford: Clar
endon, 1978), 459–64. This commen-
tary is highly recommended as a model
presentation of biblical scholarship to
an educated lay audience.
11. Ibid., 26–42.
12. This is the prevailing view among
modern scholars. In the classic docu-
mentary hypothesis, the literary strand
D—chiefly the book of Deuteronomy—
is dated to the middle of the seventh
century b.c. While most scholars who
hold this view agree that there is older
material in Deuteronomy, they believe
that the book in its present form was
edited in the seventh century and its
laws were first applied in their entirety
by King Josiah. For a balanced and
readable presentation of this view, see
Tigay, Deuteronomy, xix–xxvi; and
Moshe Weinfeld, “Deuteronomy, Book
of,” Interpreters Dictionary of the Bible
(Nashville: Abingdon, 1962), 2:168–83.
13. See, for example, Alexander Rofé, “The
Strata of Law about the Centralization
of Worship in Deuteronomy and the His
tory of the Deuteronomic Movement,”
in Congress Volume: Uppsala 1971
(Leiden: Brill, 1972), 221–26; Baruch
Halpern,“The Centralization Formula
in Deuteronomy,” Vetus Testamentum
31 (1981): 20–38; and Levinson, “Inno
vation of Cultic Centralization,” 24–25.
14. A. C. Welch, “The Problem of Deutero
nomy,” Journal of Biblical Literature 48
(1929): 291–306.
15. See Moshe Weinfeld, Deuteronomy
1–11: A New Translation with Intro
duction and Commentary (New York:
Doubleday, 1991), 65–84.
16. See Ellis Rasmussen, “Deuteronomy,”
Encyclopedia of Mormonism, ed. Daniel
H. Ludlow (New York: Macmillan,
1992), 1:378–79.
17. Lehi was a descendant of Manasseh
(see Alma 10:3).
18. The priesthood that Alma2 held is de-
scribed as “the high priesthood of the
holy order of God” (Alma 4:20; com-
pare 13:1–12, which describes the
priesthood of the Nephites as the
Melchizedek Priesthood). Responding
to the question of whether the Melchi
zedek Priesthood was taken away when
Moses died, the Prophet Joseph Smith
taught: “All Priesthood is Melchizedek,
but there are different portions or de-
grees of it. That portion which brought
Moses to speak with God face to face
was taken away; but that which brought
the ministry of angels remained. All
the prophets had the Melchizedek
Priesthood and were ordained by God
himself” (Teachings of the Prophet
Joseph Smith, comp. Joseph Fielding
Smith [Salt Lake City: Deseret Book,
1976], 180). He also taught: “What was
the power of Melchizedek? ’Twas not
the Priesthood of Aaron which admin-
isters in outward ordinances, and the
offering of sacrifices. Those holding the
fulness of the Melchizedek Priesthood
are kings and priests of the Most High
God, holding the keys of power and
blessings. In fact, that Priesthood is a
perfect law of theocracy, and stands as
God to give laws to the people, admin-
istering endless lives to the sons and
daughters of Adam” (ibid., 322).
19. Translations of the Temple Scroll from
Yigael Yadin, The Temple Scroll (Jeru
salem: Israel Exploration Society, 1983).
20. Yadin, Temple Scroll 1.315–20,
2.233–39; Lawrence H. Schiffman, “The
Deuteronomic Paraphrase of the Temple
Scroll,” Revue de Qumran 15 (1992):
558–61; and “Sacral and Non-Sacral
Slaughter,” in Time to Prepare the Way
in the Wilderness, ed. Devorah Dimant
and Lawrence H. Schiffman (Leiden:
Brill, 1995), 69–84.
21. Aharon Shemesh, “‘Three-Days’
Journey from the Temple’: The Use of
this Expression in the Temple Scroll,”
Dead Sea Discoveries 6/2 (1999): 126–38;
and idem, “A New Reading of Temple
Scroll 52:13–16. Does this Scroll Permit
Sacrifices Outside the Land of Israel?”
Proceedings of the International Con
gress, Fifty Years of the Discovery of the
Dead Sea Scrolls, ed. Lawrence H.
Schiffman, Emanuel Tov, and James C.
Vanderkam (Jerusalem: Israel Explora
tion Society, 2000), 400–410.
22. Shemesh,“‘Three-Days’Journey,’”126–27;
emphasis added.
23. Ibid., 130; emphasis added.
24. Ibid., 130–32. This may help to explain
the fact that the Jews built temples in
Egypt in Elephantine (destroyed in 410
b.c.) and Leontopolis (shut down in
a.d. 73) where sacrifice was offered. See
Haran, Temples, 46–47. Shemesh cites
Mishnah Mena˙ot 13:10 and Babylon
ian Talmud Mena˙ot 109a.
What’s in a Word?
Cynthia L. Hallen
1. Noah Webster, American Dictionary of
the English Language (San Francisco,
Calif.: Foundation for American
Christian Education, 1928).
2. Calvert Watkins, ed., appendix to The
American Heritage Dictionary, 3rd ed.
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1992).
3. Oxford English Dictionary Online, s.v.
“quick” (www. oed.com).
4. All Hebrew transliterations are adapted
from the WordCruncher scripture con-
cordance program (Provo, Utah: Brig
ham Young University, 2001).
5. El Libro de Mormón (Salt Lake City:
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day
Saints, 1993).
6. American Heritage Dictionary.
New Light
1. For example, see the April 2001 issue of
Insights, the FARMS newsletter, for ob-
servations about the limits of radiocar-
bon dating even at its best.
Out of the Dust
1. John W. Welch, ed., Reexploring the Book
of Mormon (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book
and FARMS, 1992), 98–100.
2. See Harry E. D. Pollock and Clayton E.
Ray, “Notes on Vertebrate Animal Re
mains from Mayapan,” Current Reports
41 (August 1957): 638; this publication
is from the Department of Archaeology
at the Carnegie Institution of Washing
ton. See also Clayton E. Ray, “Pre-
Columbian Horses from Yucatan,”
Journal of Mammalogy 38 (1957): 278.
3. Henry C. Mercer, The Hill-Caves of
Yucatán: A Search for Evidence of Man’s
Antiquity in the Caverns of Central
America (Philadelphia: Lippincott,
1896), 172.
4. Robert T. Hatt, “Faunal and Archaeo
logical Researches in Yucatán Caves,”
Cranbrook Institute of Science, Bulle
tin 33, 1953. See Peter J. Schmidt, “La
entrada del hombre a la peninsula de
Yucatán,” in Origines del Hombre Ameri
cano, comp. Alba González Jácome
(Mexico: Secretaria de Educación
Pública, 1988), 250.
5. Schmidt, “La entrada,” 254.
80 VOLUME 10, NUMBER 1, 2001