The document discusses structures in C programming. It defines a structure as a user-defined data type that groups different data types together. It provides an example structure for storing student details like roll number, name, etc. It also discusses declaring and initializing structure variables. Structures can contain other structures as members. Arrays of structures and structures within arrays are also covered. Advantages of structured programming like modularity, readability and ease of debugging are highlighted.

1. WELCOME TO OUR
PRESENTATION

2. • GROUP MEMBERS:
• 1.MINHAZUR RAHMAN .ID:161-15-7281.
• 2.MD.IMRAN HOSSAIN.ID:161-15-7358.
• 3.MD.HANIF SAGOR.ID:161-15-7162.
• 4. BITHI.ID:161-15-7116

3. TODAY OUR TOPIC IS
->ARRAY
->FUNCTION
->POINTER
->STRUCTURE

4. Introduction
One-dimensional array
Multidimensional array
Array

5. Introduction
• It holds multiple values of same type.
• Each block of array is stored consecutively in memory.
SYNTAX:
data-type name[size1][size2]………[sizen];
Example:
int a[6];

6. Advantage of Array
• Huge amount of data can be stored under single variable name.
• Searching of data item is faster.
• 2 dimension arrays are used to represent the matrices.
• It is helpful in implementing other data structure like linked list,
queue,stack.

7. One dimensional Array
SYNTAX:
data-type name[index];
EXAMPLE:
int num[10];

8. Initialization
• int num[6]={2,4,6,7,8,12};
• Individual elements can also be initialize as:
• num[0]=2;
• num[1]=4;
• num[2]=6;
• num[3]=7;
• num[4]=8;
• num[5]=12;

9. •
#include<stdio.h>
void main()
{ int n,i,arr[5];
printf("Enter the value of n:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
printf("input value:");
scanf("%d",&arr[i]);
}
printf("inputted values are :n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
printf("n%d",arr[i]);
}
}

10. Multi-dimensional Array
• In multi-dimensional we focus on the two dimensional array.
SYNTAX:
data-type name[row-size][column-size];
EXAMPLE:
int a[3][4];

11. Initialization
• int odd[3][2]={1,3,5,7,9,11};
• Individual element can also be assigned as:
• Odd[0][0]=1;
• Odd[0][1]=3;
• Odd[1][0]=5;
• Odd[1][1]=7;
• Odd[2][0]=9;
• Odd[2][1]=11;

12. • #include<stdio.h>
void main()
{
int n,i,j,arr[5][5];
printf("Enter the value of n:");
scanf("%d",&n);
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
scanf("%d",&arr[i][j]);
}
}
printf("inputted values are :n");
for(i=0; i<n; i++)
{
for(j=0;j<n;j++)
{
printf("n%d",arr[i][j]);
}
}
}

13. THANK YOU

23. Programming in C
Pointer Basics

24. What Are Pointers?
A pointer is a variable whose value is the address of another variable,
i.e., direct address of the memory location

25. How to use Pointers?
• There are few important operations, which we will do
with the help of pointers very frequently. (a) we
define a pointer variable (b) assign the address of a
variable to a pointer and (c) finally access the value at
the address available in the pointer variable.

26. 1/14/10
C Pointer Variables
To declare a pointer variable, we must do two things
– Use the “*” (star) character to indicate that the variable
being defined is a pointer type.
– Indicate the type of variable to which the pointer will
point (the pointee).
• General declaration of a pointer
type *nameOfPointer;

27. 1/14/10
Pointer Declaration
The declaration
int *intPtr;
defines the variable intPtr to be a pointer to a variable of type int.
Caution -- Be careful when defining multiple variables on the same line.
In this definition
int *intPtr, intPtr2;
intPtr is a pointer to an int, but intPtr2 is not!

28. 1/14/10
Pointer Operators
The two primary operators used with pointers are
* (star) and & (ampersand)
– The * operator is used to define pointer variables and
to deference a pointer.
– The & operator gives the address of a variable.
Recall the use of & in scanf( )

29. • #include<stdio.h>
void main(){
int a;
a=100;
int *p;
p=&a;
printf("The value of a :%d",a);
printf("The value of a :%d",*p);
printf("The address of a :%p",&a);
printf("The address of a :%p",p);
printf("The address of p :%p",&p);
}

31. STRUCTURE IN C

32. WHAT IS STRUCTURE
• Structure is a user define data type.
• It is group of different types of data variables.
• Structure constitute a sort of super data type.
• The C keyword structure declares a c structure.
• Tag is an optional name of a structure type.

33. STRUCTURE EXAMPLE
#include <stdio.h>
struct student {
int roll;
char name [20];
}stu1={101,”Rahman”};
void main(){
struct student stu2;
printf(“Roll no:%d”,stu1.roll);
printf(“student name:%s”,stu1.name);
printf(“Enter roll no for 2nd student:”);
scanf(“%d”, & stu2.roll);
printf(“Enter name for 2nd student:”);
scanf(“%s”,, & stu2.name);
printf(“roll no2 : %d”, stu2.roll);
printf(“Name 2: %s”, stu2.name);
}

34. STRUCTURE DECLARATION
• struct tag_name
{
data type member1;
data type member2;
…
…
;
• Example:
Struct lib_books
{
Char title[20];
Char author[15];
Int pages;
Float price;
};

35. STRUCTURE DECLARATION (CONT.)
• The keyword structure declares a structure to holds the details of four fields namely
- title
- author
- Pages and
- Price.
• These are members of the structures.
• Each member may belong to different or same data type.
• The structure we just declared is not a variable by itself but a template for the structure.

36. STRUCTURE DECLARATION (CONT.)
• We can declare structure variables using the tag name any where any where in the program. For example
the statement,
struct lib_books book1,book2,book3;
• The complete structure declaration might look like this
struct lib_books
{
char title[20];
char author[15];
int pages;
float price;
};
struct lib_books book1,book2,book3;

37. STRUCTURE WITHIN STRUCTURE
#include<stdio.h>
struct date{
int day;
int month;
Int year;
};
struct student {
int id;
struct date birthday;
char name[20];
}
#include<stdio.h>
struct date{
int day;
int month;
Int year;
};
struct date{
int day;
int month;
int year;
}birthday;
char name[20];
}

38. STRUCTURE OVER ARRAY
• Array’s disadvantage is that all the elements stored in an array are to be of the same data type.
• If we need to use a collection of different data type items it is not possible using an array.
• We require using a collection of different data items of differnent data types we can use a structure.

39. ARRAY WITHIN STRUCTURE
• We often use array of structure
Example:
include<stdio.h>
struct student{
int roll;
int marks[5];
char name[10];
};
void main(){
struct student stu;
int i, sum=0;
printf(“Enter roll no:”);
scanf (“/n%d”, & stu.roll);
printf(“Enter name:/n”);
scanf(“%s”, & stu.name);
for(i=0; i<5; i++){
printf(“Enter marks %d”,i+1);
scanf(“%d”, & stu.mark[i]);
sum+=stu.mark[i];
}
printf(“student details:/n”);
printf(“name:%s”,stu.name);
printf(“/nroll:%d”,stu.roll);
printf(“/n total marks :%d”,sum);
}

40. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF STRUCTURED PROGRAMMING
• The advantages of adopting a structured approach to programming are numerous.
• These include the following:
• The sequence of operations is simple to trace, thus facilitating debugging.
• There are a finite number of structures with standardized terminology.
• Structures lend themselves easily to building subroutines.
• The set of structures is complete; that is, a]1 programs can be written using three structures.
• Structures are self-documenting and, therefore, easy to read.
• Structures are easy to describe in flowcharts, syntax diagrams, pseudo code, and so on.
• Structured programming results in increased programmer productivity-programs can be written faster.