Encryption is used to securely transmit sensitive personal information when ordering items or creating accounts online. Firmware refers to read-only memory chips that store instructions to boot up devices. TCP/IP is the basic communication language of the Internet and intranets that allows all connected devices to send and receive information using the same protocol. A VPN (virtual private network) creates a secure connection over the Internet to transmit information privately.

1. How Encryption for
Strong Security Works
・Encryption
・firmware
・TCP/IP
・VPN

2. Encryption
When we use the Internet, we're not always just
clicking around and passively taking in information,
such as reading news articles or blog posts -- a great
deal of our time online involves sending others our
own information. Ordering something over the
Internet, whether it's a book, a CD or anything else
from an online vendor, or signing up for an online
account, requires entering in a good deal of sensitive
personal information. A typical transaction might
include not only our names, e-mail addresses and
physical address and phone number, but also
passwords and personal identification numbers
(PINs).

3. firmware
Firmware refers to read-only memory (ROM) chips
that store permanent instructions. Firmware boots
up computerized or digital devices, as ROM chips
are non-volatile, meaning they do not require a
power source to hold their contents. This
differentiates firmware from random access
memory (RAM), for example, which loses stored
data at shutdown. Perhaps the most familiar
firmware is the basic input output system (BIOS)
chip. The BIOS chip on a computer motherboard
holds instructions that, upon powering up, initialize
the hardware, ensure components are working,
and finally roll out the operating system to take
over.

4. TPC/IP
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol) is the basic communication language or
protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a
communications protocol in a private network
(either an intranet or an extranet). When you are
set up with direct access to the Internet, your
computer is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP
program just as every other computer that you may
send messages to or get information from also has
a copy of TCP/IP.

5. VPN
TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol) is the basic communication language or
protocol of the Internet. It can also be used as a
communications protocol in a private network
(either an intranet or an extranet). When you are set
up with direct access to the Internet, your computer
is provided with a copy of the TCP/IP program just
as every other computer that you may send
messages to or get information from also has a
copy of TCP/IP.

6. Reference
・How stuff works
http://www.howstuffworks.com/encryption.htm/printable
・wisegeek
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-firmware.htm
・Search network.com
http://searchnetworking.techtarget.com/definition/TCP-IP
・About.com
http://compnetworking.about.com/od/vpn/a/what_is_a_vpn.htm