This document proposes implementing school-based HPV vaccination programs to increase vaccination rates. It analyzes barriers to vaccination completion across socioecological levels and identifies interventions. The proposed intervention would educate students and parents about HPV and offer free vaccination series through schools. Applying interventions across all socioecological levels could help address multiple barriers and contribute to positive health outcomes by increasing HPV vaccination completion rates.
This document discusses sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among adolescents in Snowflake, Arizona. It notes that STI rates have been rising nationwide and in Navajo County specifically. Snowflake has a small, conservative, and religious population that provides little sexual education. The author conducted a clinical project to provide STI education and resources to patients at a clinic in Snowflake. The project aimed to raise awareness of the rising local STI rates and provide prevention information to address the lack of existing education. Barriers to the project included personal and religious discomfort discussing sexuality, but the author implemented the project by offering handouts and discussing local STI data and prevention strategies depending on patient receptiveness.
This fact sheet shows the strength of the existing evidence that demonstrates the impact health communication has on other HIV prevention strategies like partner reduction and discouraging cross-generational sex.
The document discusses how lack of access to contraception and family planning options exacerbates the cycle of poverty for women. Unintended early pregnancies often force women to abandon their education and career goals, limiting their employment opportunities and potential earnings. This perpetuates an intergenerational cycle of poverty, as teenage mothers and their children have lower educational attainment and income levels. The document argues that increasing access to contraception could help more women choose when to start families and pursue education or jobs first, empowering them to break out of poverty.
Fourteen years ago I was asked to prepare the following document. After it was completed, the contractor asked me to re-do it because they had made a mistake in the age they wanted covered. [They seemed to believe the information was too sensitive politically] and buried the report. I'm submitting it here now to learn what the LinkedIn audience thinks. Is it time to update it?
The adolescent stage is a period of turmoil marked with enormous vibrancy, discovery, innovation and hope and also the time when many of them initiate sexual relationships and involvement. This can be a challenging time for young people who are becoming aware of their sexual and reproductive rights and needs, and who rely on their families, peers, schools, media and health service providers for affirmation, advice, information and the skills to navigate is sometimes a difficult transition to adulthood. The subject on sex has been surrounded by mystery and beclouded by dark silence as neither parents nor teachers are ready to discuss it with teenagers despite unplanned pregnancies, dropping out of school by students, Sexually Transmitted Infections among teenagers. The study investigated influence of teen contraceptive use) on academic achievement among public secondary school students in Bungoma South Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory postulated in 1986. A descriptive research design was used with target population of 3774 Form 3 students. A sample of 400 students was selected using, Miller, L.R. & Brewer, J.D. (2003) mathematical formula and stratified randomly from 52 schools and conveniently selected equally between boys and girls. Data was collected using structured interview schedule and questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. Results highlights most students were aware about contraceptive use with females slightly more than males and media was the major source of information on contraceptive use while parents/guardians had no significant contribution since teenagers rarely receive their first information on sexual matters from their parents. More than half of the sexually active students used contraceptives though it still interfered with their academic performance. This paper points at sex education curriculum in schools, setting up reproductive health institutions for the youth and distribution of contraceptives among teenagers which has a bearing on students’ performance.
A survey of more than 2,200 adults over the age of 50 finds that more than 20% of them had experienced an emergency — a weather event or power outage — in the past year, but many were not necessarily prepared. Here’s more:
•Medical supplies: Among those who take medications, some 18% didn’t have a week’s supply of essential drugs handy. Among those who relied on electricity for medical equipment, a quarter said they had alternate ways of generating power.
•Shelter and mobility: The majority said they’d have transportation to leave their home in case of an emergency, but a quarter said they’d have trouble finding another place to stay.
•Other supplies: A little over half said they have a seven-day supply of food and water. Fewer than a third have a fully stocked emergency kit.
Planned Parenthood Hudson Peconic (PPHP) implemented the "Be Proud! Be Responsible!" intervention program in several high schools in the White Plains area. The six-hour program was led by PPHP health educators and incorporated evidence-based sexual health education. It aimed to provide adolescents with knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention and increase condom use and negotiation skills through activities like games, role-playing, and discussion. Data was collected before and after through anonymous surveys to evaluate changes in students' attitudes toward sex, birth control, and condom use. The program was based on social cognitive theory and aimed to minimize health risks for at-risk youth.
Presentation by Mandy Govender, Health Promotion BoardShazlina Sahlan
1) A study found that targeted and inclusive sex education starting at a young age, as well as peer/mentor interventions and technology-based prevention strategies, could help reduce new HIV infections among young men who have sex with men.
2) A study in South Africa found that both men and women balance discussing HIV risks with maintaining their relationships. They sometimes openly discussed HIV status, cautiously brought it up due to fear, or avoided the topic when necessary.
3) As people with HIV live longer due to treatment, there is an interaction between aging and HIV. Programs need to be tailored for an aging population with HIV, and aging support systems need preparation for this group.
This document discusses sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among adolescents in Snowflake, Arizona. It notes that STI rates have been rising nationwide and in Navajo County specifically. Snowflake has a small, conservative, and religious population that provides little sexual education. The author conducted a clinical project to provide STI education and resources to patients at a clinic in Snowflake. The project aimed to raise awareness of the rising local STI rates and provide prevention information to address the lack of existing education. Barriers to the project included personal and religious discomfort discussing sexuality, but the author implemented the project by offering handouts and discussing local STI data and prevention strategies depending on patient receptiveness.
This fact sheet shows the strength of the existing evidence that demonstrates the impact health communication has on other HIV prevention strategies like partner reduction and discouraging cross-generational sex.
The document discusses how lack of access to contraception and family planning options exacerbates the cycle of poverty for women. Unintended early pregnancies often force women to abandon their education and career goals, limiting their employment opportunities and potential earnings. This perpetuates an intergenerational cycle of poverty, as teenage mothers and their children have lower educational attainment and income levels. The document argues that increasing access to contraception could help more women choose when to start families and pursue education or jobs first, empowering them to break out of poverty.
Fourteen years ago I was asked to prepare the following document. After it was completed, the contractor asked me to re-do it because they had made a mistake in the age they wanted covered. [They seemed to believe the information was too sensitive politically] and buried the report. I'm submitting it here now to learn what the LinkedIn audience thinks. Is it time to update it?
The adolescent stage is a period of turmoil marked with enormous vibrancy, discovery, innovation and hope and also the time when many of them initiate sexual relationships and involvement. This can be a challenging time for young people who are becoming aware of their sexual and reproductive rights and needs, and who rely on their families, peers, schools, media and health service providers for affirmation, advice, information and the skills to navigate is sometimes a difficult transition to adulthood. The subject on sex has been surrounded by mystery and beclouded by dark silence as neither parents nor teachers are ready to discuss it with teenagers despite unplanned pregnancies, dropping out of school by students, Sexually Transmitted Infections among teenagers. The study investigated influence of teen contraceptive use) on academic achievement among public secondary school students in Bungoma South Sub-County, Kenya. The study adopted Albert Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory postulated in 1986. A descriptive research design was used with target population of 3774 Form 3 students. A sample of 400 students was selected using, Miller, L.R. & Brewer, J.D. (2003) mathematical formula and stratified randomly from 52 schools and conveniently selected equally between boys and girls. Data was collected using structured interview schedule and questionnaire and analyzed descriptively. Results highlights most students were aware about contraceptive use with females slightly more than males and media was the major source of information on contraceptive use while parents/guardians had no significant contribution since teenagers rarely receive their first information on sexual matters from their parents. More than half of the sexually active students used contraceptives though it still interfered with their academic performance. This paper points at sex education curriculum in schools, setting up reproductive health institutions for the youth and distribution of contraceptives among teenagers which has a bearing on students’ performance.
A survey of more than 2,200 adults over the age of 50 finds that more than 20% of them had experienced an emergency — a weather event or power outage — in the past year, but many were not necessarily prepared. Here’s more:
•Medical supplies: Among those who take medications, some 18% didn’t have a week’s supply of essential drugs handy. Among those who relied on electricity for medical equipment, a quarter said they had alternate ways of generating power.
•Shelter and mobility: The majority said they’d have transportation to leave their home in case of an emergency, but a quarter said they’d have trouble finding another place to stay.
•Other supplies: A little over half said they have a seven-day supply of food and water. Fewer than a third have a fully stocked emergency kit.
Planned Parenthood Hudson Peconic (PPHP) implemented the "Be Proud! Be Responsible!" intervention program in several high schools in the White Plains area. The six-hour program was led by PPHP health educators and incorporated evidence-based sexual health education. It aimed to provide adolescents with knowledge about HIV/AIDS prevention and increase condom use and negotiation skills through activities like games, role-playing, and discussion. Data was collected before and after through anonymous surveys to evaluate changes in students' attitudes toward sex, birth control, and condom use. The program was based on social cognitive theory and aimed to minimize health risks for at-risk youth.
Presentation by Mandy Govender, Health Promotion BoardShazlina Sahlan
1) A study found that targeted and inclusive sex education starting at a young age, as well as peer/mentor interventions and technology-based prevention strategies, could help reduce new HIV infections among young men who have sex with men.
2) A study in South Africa found that both men and women balance discussing HIV risks with maintaining their relationships. They sometimes openly discussed HIV status, cautiously brought it up due to fear, or avoided the topic when necessary.
3) As people with HIV live longer due to treatment, there is an interaction between aging and HIV. Programs need to be tailored for an aging population with HIV, and aging support systems need preparation for this group.
The document discusses key issues around involving men to improve prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV outcomes. It notes that men are essential to effectively implementing WHO PMTCT guidelines. However, women often do not participate in PMTCT programs due to fear of disclosure and violence from partners if they test positive for HIV. While research shows both positive and negative partner responses to disclosure, the predominant view assumes violence and abandonment. The document calls for understanding men's attitudes and increasing their involvement in PMTCT through engagement and addressing barriers.
This document presents a final report on a multi-pronged public health intervention to raise HIV/AIDS awareness and encourage testing in Florida on World AIDS Day 2014. Three approaches were evaluated: 1) An art installation and candlelight vigil honoring those with HIV/AIDS. 2) A health fair with HIV/STD testing at a university in an African American neighborhood with high HIV rates. 3) A panel discussion and testing at a predominantly African American church in the same neighborhood. The goal was to increase awareness and testing among at-risk groups like African Americans in Florida, who have disproportionately high HIV rates. Evaluation methods included event attendance, media coverage, testing rates, and interviews. The results showed the events raised awareness and some
Changing The Social Context of Peer Victimizationkrriel
The WITS Programs aim to reduce peer victimization through a comprehensive, community-based approach. Two evaluations found that rates of physical and relational victimization declined more in schools implementing WITS compared to control schools. While initial victimization reports were higher in WITS schools, possibly due to increased awareness, peer support did not differ between groups. Teachers rated children in WITS schools as having higher social responsibility at each time point. Overall, WITS was found to effectively reduce peer victimization through involving community champions and consistently teaching peaceful conflict resolution across settings.
Next steps in obesity Prevention: Altering early life systems to support he...Jesse Budlong
There is an urgent need for effective, sustainable child obesity prevention strategies. Progress toward this goal requires strengthening current approaches to add a component that addresses pregnancy onward. Altering early-life systems that promote intergenerational transmission of obesity holds promise for interrupting the continuing cycle of the obesity epidemic. A 2011 Institute of
Medicine (IOM) report emphasizes the need for interventions early in life to prevent obesity. A 2010 IOM report called for addressing gaps in existing obesity research evidence by using a systems perspective, simultaneously addressing interacting obesity promoting factors in multiple sectors and at multiple societal levels. A review of evidence from basic science, prevention, and systems
research supports an approach that (1) begins at the earliest stages of development, and (2) uses a systems framework to simultaneously implement health behavior and environmental changes in communities.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
Making the case jan 09 (3) 28 oct 2008Gary Jenkins
The document discusses the importance of collaboration and integration across health and education agencies to address disparities. It notes that minority communities are disproportionately impacted by achievement gaps, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV, and unintended teen pregnancy. Health and education disparities are often influenced by the same root causes, including lack of access to services, stigma, and socioeconomic factors. The document advocates for recognizing the benefits of collaboration, such as improved health and academic outcomes for at-risk youth. It also acknowledges barriers but stresses the importance of making progress, for example by strengthening partnerships and sharing data.
This document discusses a resolution proposed by the Canadian Federation of University Women to address fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). It calls on governments to develop, fund, and implement a comprehensive early diagnosis, intervention and lifelong support plan for individuals with FASD. Key aspects of the plan include ongoing training for medical, education, social service and criminal justice professionals; lifetime support plans for individuals with FASD; family support services; and specialized plans for Indigenous communities and correctional facilities that are informed by the needs of those with FASD. The goal is to help those affected by FASD live productive lives and reduce costs to society by preventing problems that result from a lack of support and understanding of the disorder.
Development of a Sleep Education Program for College Students at UDDana Alexander
The document describes a proposed sleep education program for college students at the University of Delaware. The 14-week program would meet weekly and teach students about sleep habits, time management, and goal setting to help reduce anxiety caused by lack of sleep. Unhealthy sleep habits are common among college students due to late nights, early classes, and poor time management. The program aims to provide resources to improve students' sleep quality and mental health through interactive discussions, personal scheduling assistance, and social support components.
This document summarizes research on challenges faced by youth transitioning out of foster care. It finds that former foster youth often experience poorer outcomes than peers in areas like education, employment, housing, criminal justice involvement, and physical/mental health. Specifically, studies have found higher rates of homelessness, incarceration, early parenting, and less educational attainment among youth who aged out of foster care. Certain risk factors like a history of abuse, multiple placements, mental health issues, and running away from placements are associated with even greater difficulties.
Haiti has the highest rates of child, neonatal, and maternal mortality in the Western Hemisphere. In 2013, Haiti's neonatal mortality rate was 25 per 1000 live births, infant mortality rate was 55 per 1000 live births, and child mortality rate for those under 5 was 73 per 1000. The maternal mortality ratio in Haiti was 380 per 100,000 live births in 2013. The authors identify poverty, preterm birth, low birth weight, lack of access to care for pneumonia and antibiotics, and complications during childbirth as key contributing factors to these high mortality rates in Haiti. They propose establishing a network of community care and a central referral hospital to improve access to evidence-based interventions and reduce mortality rates.
The document discusses a proposed sexual health education program called SHECAW for college-aged women between 18-22 years old. Chlamydia trachomatis is a common sexually transmitted disease that disproportionately affects this demographic. If left untreated, it can cause reproductive health issues and infertility. The goals of SHECAW are to reduce new C. trachomatis cases through education, ensure participants understand transmission risks, and provide a supportive network. The program will address screening, prevention, and treatment of this preventable disease.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Safer, Smarter Kids kindergarten sexual abuse prevention curriculum. The curriculum was taught to 1,169 kindergarten students across four school districts in Florida. Students were given a pre-test before the curriculum and a post-test after completing the six-lesson curriculum. Results found that students scored significantly higher on average on the post-test compared to the pre-test, indicating a significant increase in their knowledge of key prevention concepts taught by the curriculum. The effect size was also found to be large, demonstrating the curriculum was effective in meeting its goal of educating kindergarteners about sexual abuse prevention.
Bernadette Madrid, University of the Philippines, Director of the Child Protection Unit, Philippines - Parenting support in the context of violence prevention, Expert Consultation on Family and Parenting Support, UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti Florence 26-27 May 2014
Using Everett Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations Theory an intervention for automatic STI screening for adolescents is applied to primary care settings in Baltimore, Maryland.
Alessandra Guedes' presentation from her UNICEF Innocenti seminar held at our offices on 26th November 2019.
This presentation:
• reviews evidence for the intersections between violence against women and violence against children,
• explores existing tensions between these fields of work, and
• discusses collaborative ways forward.
The document summarizes a study on factors influencing the use of maternal and child healthcare services in Swaziland. The study used secondary data from Swaziland's 2006-07 Demographic and Health Survey. The study found high rates of antenatal care (97.3%) and delivery care (74.0%), but low rates of postnatal care (20.5%). Childhood immunization rates were over 80%. Factors influencing service use included woman's age, parity, education, wealth, residence, and media exposure. Younger, less educated, higher parity, and rural women had lower rates of service use. The study concluded different factors influence various services and interventions should address age, education, wealth,
The document discusses depression among senior citizens in Wayanad District, Kerala, India. It defines senior citizens as those aged 60 and older, who face health problems, reduced income, loss of family, and depression. Depression is common in old age due to factors like physical illness, disability, isolation, and loss of independence. The types of health problems seniors face are medical issues like cardiovascular and musculoskeletal conditions, and psychosocial issues such as depression, anxiety, and dependency. Depression in the elderly needs to be properly diagnosed and treated to improve quality of life.
Early Learning Experiences - ebookschoice.comnoblex1
Documented efforts to enhance the development of children, especially to remediate the consequences of deprivation, have taken place since the early nineteenth century, when researchers learned that certain types of early experience were essential for the emergence of high intellectual functioning. More recently, studies of children in orphanages in the 1950s and 1960s initiated the investigation of what young children need to ensure healthy growth and development.
Source: https://ebookschoice.com/early-learning-experiences/
Ruti Levtov, Program Officer Promundo-US and Co-Coordinator of the MenCare Campaign, Men and Caregiving, Expert Consultation on Family and Parenting Support, UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti Florence 26-27 May 2014
This document discusses a study on knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding condom use among secondary school pupils in Choma District, Zambia to prevent STIs/HIV. The study found:
1) There was a significant relationship between knowledge and attitude, and between knowledge and practice regarding condom use.
2) There was also a significant relationship between attitude and practice of condom use.
3) However, there was no significant relationship found between attitude and traditional or religious factors regarding condom use.
The study recommends improving education around proper condom use through various media and seminars to promote positive behavior changes among youth.
1. Coalition ProposalVaccination Policy for Infectious Disease P.docxmonicafrancis71118
1. Coalition Proposal
Vaccination Policy for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control
Scope of the Problem
Vaccines have done an excellent job at preventing many diseases, some of which can be deadly if not prevented. When bacteria or viruses enter the body, they immediately begin to attack and multiply, which then causes an infection. The immune system will then fight off the infection and establish antibodies, which will help recognize and fight off the same disease in the future. For this very reason, it has been important for children to be vaccinated at an early age so that they may establish those antibodies their bodies need. Vaccines act as the disease so that the body may produce antibodies, but the good thing is that it won’t cause an infection (CDC, 2017).
There are current policies that mandate vaccinations in the U.S., for example, all children are required to be up to date on their vaccines before beginning school. The problem is that there are many loopholes and exceptions to the rule, whether it’s due to religious reasons or other medical issues. Because of this, there are still many children and adults who have yet to be fully compliant with vaccine requirements
Some important statistics to note (Johns Hopkins Medicine):
· CDC estimated 2,700 new cases of hepatitis A in the U.S.
· It is estimated that in 2011, 19,000 new cases of hepatitis B and 17,000 cases of hepatitis C occurred.
· In 2012, nearly 10,000 new cases of tuberculosis were reported.
· Approximately 36,000 people per year die from influenza and pneumonia.
· 50,000 new cases of HIV infection occur annually.
· In 2012, new cases of STD’s were reported, including HPV, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, HIV, and Syphilis.
Who is affected by this problem? Identify.
Children are mainly affected by this problem due to parents’ hesitancy for vaccinations. Although law mandates for children to be vaccinated for school enrollment, parents have the option to use exemptions to avoid having their children vaccinated. Currently, medical exemptions are allowed for medical reasons in all states, and it is estimated that one to three percent of children are excused from vaccinations because of these exemptions. Parents have continued to use reasons to avoid vaccinations, for example, the belief that the decline in vaccine-preventable diseases is due to improved health care, hygiene, and sanitation (Ventola, C. L., 2016).
Health disparities among Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites have played a huge role in terms of vaccination coverage. Studies have shown that health insurance has a direct impact on the vaccination coverage in adults, therefore, low-income families who can’t afford health insurance will most likely not get the vaccines they need. With that being said, uninsured prevalence was higher among non-Hispanic blacks (19.5%) and Hispanics (30.1%) compared with non-Hispanic whites (11.1%) (Lu, P., et al, 2015).
What has been written on the issue and policy options?
There ha.
The document summarizes key findings from several studies on interventions to increase HPV vaccination rates. The studies commonly used educational interventions such as presentations and text messages to increase knowledge about HPV and the vaccine. While many interventions were not theory-based, one study found that a text message intervention grounded in the Transtheoretical Model successfully increased vaccination intent and rates. Overall, the reviewed studies found that educational awareness interventions generally improved knowledge and attitudes toward the HPV vaccine.
The document discusses key issues around involving men to improve prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV outcomes. It notes that men are essential to effectively implementing WHO PMTCT guidelines. However, women often do not participate in PMTCT programs due to fear of disclosure and violence from partners if they test positive for HIV. While research shows both positive and negative partner responses to disclosure, the predominant view assumes violence and abandonment. The document calls for understanding men's attitudes and increasing their involvement in PMTCT through engagement and addressing barriers.
This document presents a final report on a multi-pronged public health intervention to raise HIV/AIDS awareness and encourage testing in Florida on World AIDS Day 2014. Three approaches were evaluated: 1) An art installation and candlelight vigil honoring those with HIV/AIDS. 2) A health fair with HIV/STD testing at a university in an African American neighborhood with high HIV rates. 3) A panel discussion and testing at a predominantly African American church in the same neighborhood. The goal was to increase awareness and testing among at-risk groups like African Americans in Florida, who have disproportionately high HIV rates. Evaluation methods included event attendance, media coverage, testing rates, and interviews. The results showed the events raised awareness and some
Changing The Social Context of Peer Victimizationkrriel
The WITS Programs aim to reduce peer victimization through a comprehensive, community-based approach. Two evaluations found that rates of physical and relational victimization declined more in schools implementing WITS compared to control schools. While initial victimization reports were higher in WITS schools, possibly due to increased awareness, peer support did not differ between groups. Teachers rated children in WITS schools as having higher social responsibility at each time point. Overall, WITS was found to effectively reduce peer victimization through involving community champions and consistently teaching peaceful conflict resolution across settings.
Next steps in obesity Prevention: Altering early life systems to support he...Jesse Budlong
There is an urgent need for effective, sustainable child obesity prevention strategies. Progress toward this goal requires strengthening current approaches to add a component that addresses pregnancy onward. Altering early-life systems that promote intergenerational transmission of obesity holds promise for interrupting the continuing cycle of the obesity epidemic. A 2011 Institute of
Medicine (IOM) report emphasizes the need for interventions early in life to prevent obesity. A 2010 IOM report called for addressing gaps in existing obesity research evidence by using a systems perspective, simultaneously addressing interacting obesity promoting factors in multiple sectors and at multiple societal levels. A review of evidence from basic science, prevention, and systems
research supports an approach that (1) begins at the earliest stages of development, and (2) uses a systems framework to simultaneously implement health behavior and environmental changes in communities.
American Research Journal of Humanities & Social Science (ARJHSS) is a double blind peer reviewed, open access journal published by (ARJHSS).
The main objective of ARJHSS is to provide an intellectual platform for the international scholars. ARJHSS aims to promote interdisciplinary studies in Humanities & Social Science and become the leading journal in Humanities & Social Science in the world.
Making the case jan 09 (3) 28 oct 2008Gary Jenkins
The document discusses the importance of collaboration and integration across health and education agencies to address disparities. It notes that minority communities are disproportionately impacted by achievement gaps, sexually transmitted diseases, HIV, and unintended teen pregnancy. Health and education disparities are often influenced by the same root causes, including lack of access to services, stigma, and socioeconomic factors. The document advocates for recognizing the benefits of collaboration, such as improved health and academic outcomes for at-risk youth. It also acknowledges barriers but stresses the importance of making progress, for example by strengthening partnerships and sharing data.
This document discusses a resolution proposed by the Canadian Federation of University Women to address fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD). It calls on governments to develop, fund, and implement a comprehensive early diagnosis, intervention and lifelong support plan for individuals with FASD. Key aspects of the plan include ongoing training for medical, education, social service and criminal justice professionals; lifetime support plans for individuals with FASD; family support services; and specialized plans for Indigenous communities and correctional facilities that are informed by the needs of those with FASD. The goal is to help those affected by FASD live productive lives and reduce costs to society by preventing problems that result from a lack of support and understanding of the disorder.
Development of a Sleep Education Program for College Students at UDDana Alexander
The document describes a proposed sleep education program for college students at the University of Delaware. The 14-week program would meet weekly and teach students about sleep habits, time management, and goal setting to help reduce anxiety caused by lack of sleep. Unhealthy sleep habits are common among college students due to late nights, early classes, and poor time management. The program aims to provide resources to improve students' sleep quality and mental health through interactive discussions, personal scheduling assistance, and social support components.
This document summarizes research on challenges faced by youth transitioning out of foster care. It finds that former foster youth often experience poorer outcomes than peers in areas like education, employment, housing, criminal justice involvement, and physical/mental health. Specifically, studies have found higher rates of homelessness, incarceration, early parenting, and less educational attainment among youth who aged out of foster care. Certain risk factors like a history of abuse, multiple placements, mental health issues, and running away from placements are associated with even greater difficulties.
Haiti has the highest rates of child, neonatal, and maternal mortality in the Western Hemisphere. In 2013, Haiti's neonatal mortality rate was 25 per 1000 live births, infant mortality rate was 55 per 1000 live births, and child mortality rate for those under 5 was 73 per 1000. The maternal mortality ratio in Haiti was 380 per 100,000 live births in 2013. The authors identify poverty, preterm birth, low birth weight, lack of access to care for pneumonia and antibiotics, and complications during childbirth as key contributing factors to these high mortality rates in Haiti. They propose establishing a network of community care and a central referral hospital to improve access to evidence-based interventions and reduce mortality rates.
The document discusses a proposed sexual health education program called SHECAW for college-aged women between 18-22 years old. Chlamydia trachomatis is a common sexually transmitted disease that disproportionately affects this demographic. If left untreated, it can cause reproductive health issues and infertility. The goals of SHECAW are to reduce new C. trachomatis cases through education, ensure participants understand transmission risks, and provide a supportive network. The program will address screening, prevention, and treatment of this preventable disease.
This study evaluated the effectiveness of the Safer, Smarter Kids kindergarten sexual abuse prevention curriculum. The curriculum was taught to 1,169 kindergarten students across four school districts in Florida. Students were given a pre-test before the curriculum and a post-test after completing the six-lesson curriculum. Results found that students scored significantly higher on average on the post-test compared to the pre-test, indicating a significant increase in their knowledge of key prevention concepts taught by the curriculum. The effect size was also found to be large, demonstrating the curriculum was effective in meeting its goal of educating kindergarteners about sexual abuse prevention.
Bernadette Madrid, University of the Philippines, Director of the Child Protection Unit, Philippines - Parenting support in the context of violence prevention, Expert Consultation on Family and Parenting Support, UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti Florence 26-27 May 2014
Using Everett Rogers' Diffusion of Innovations Theory an intervention for automatic STI screening for adolescents is applied to primary care settings in Baltimore, Maryland.
Alessandra Guedes' presentation from her UNICEF Innocenti seminar held at our offices on 26th November 2019.
This presentation:
• reviews evidence for the intersections between violence against women and violence against children,
• explores existing tensions between these fields of work, and
• discusses collaborative ways forward.
The document summarizes a study on factors influencing the use of maternal and child healthcare services in Swaziland. The study used secondary data from Swaziland's 2006-07 Demographic and Health Survey. The study found high rates of antenatal care (97.3%) and delivery care (74.0%), but low rates of postnatal care (20.5%). Childhood immunization rates were over 80%. Factors influencing service use included woman's age, parity, education, wealth, residence, and media exposure. Younger, less educated, higher parity, and rural women had lower rates of service use. The study concluded different factors influence various services and interventions should address age, education, wealth,
The document discusses depression among senior citizens in Wayanad District, Kerala, India. It defines senior citizens as those aged 60 and older, who face health problems, reduced income, loss of family, and depression. Depression is common in old age due to factors like physical illness, disability, isolation, and loss of independence. The types of health problems seniors face are medical issues like cardiovascular and musculoskeletal conditions, and psychosocial issues such as depression, anxiety, and dependency. Depression in the elderly needs to be properly diagnosed and treated to improve quality of life.
Early Learning Experiences - ebookschoice.comnoblex1
Documented efforts to enhance the development of children, especially to remediate the consequences of deprivation, have taken place since the early nineteenth century, when researchers learned that certain types of early experience were essential for the emergence of high intellectual functioning. More recently, studies of children in orphanages in the 1950s and 1960s initiated the investigation of what young children need to ensure healthy growth and development.
Source: https://ebookschoice.com/early-learning-experiences/
Ruti Levtov, Program Officer Promundo-US and Co-Coordinator of the MenCare Campaign, Men and Caregiving, Expert Consultation on Family and Parenting Support, UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti Florence 26-27 May 2014
This document discusses a study on knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding condom use among secondary school pupils in Choma District, Zambia to prevent STIs/HIV. The study found:
1) There was a significant relationship between knowledge and attitude, and between knowledge and practice regarding condom use.
2) There was also a significant relationship between attitude and practice of condom use.
3) However, there was no significant relationship found between attitude and traditional or religious factors regarding condom use.
The study recommends improving education around proper condom use through various media and seminars to promote positive behavior changes among youth.
1. Coalition ProposalVaccination Policy for Infectious Disease P.docxmonicafrancis71118
1. Coalition Proposal
Vaccination Policy for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control
Scope of the Problem
Vaccines have done an excellent job at preventing many diseases, some of which can be deadly if not prevented. When bacteria or viruses enter the body, they immediately begin to attack and multiply, which then causes an infection. The immune system will then fight off the infection and establish antibodies, which will help recognize and fight off the same disease in the future. For this very reason, it has been important for children to be vaccinated at an early age so that they may establish those antibodies their bodies need. Vaccines act as the disease so that the body may produce antibodies, but the good thing is that it won’t cause an infection (CDC, 2017).
There are current policies that mandate vaccinations in the U.S., for example, all children are required to be up to date on their vaccines before beginning school. The problem is that there are many loopholes and exceptions to the rule, whether it’s due to religious reasons or other medical issues. Because of this, there are still many children and adults who have yet to be fully compliant with vaccine requirements
Some important statistics to note (Johns Hopkins Medicine):
· CDC estimated 2,700 new cases of hepatitis A in the U.S.
· It is estimated that in 2011, 19,000 new cases of hepatitis B and 17,000 cases of hepatitis C occurred.
· In 2012, nearly 10,000 new cases of tuberculosis were reported.
· Approximately 36,000 people per year die from influenza and pneumonia.
· 50,000 new cases of HIV infection occur annually.
· In 2012, new cases of STD’s were reported, including HPV, Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, HIV, and Syphilis.
Who is affected by this problem? Identify.
Children are mainly affected by this problem due to parents’ hesitancy for vaccinations. Although law mandates for children to be vaccinated for school enrollment, parents have the option to use exemptions to avoid having their children vaccinated. Currently, medical exemptions are allowed for medical reasons in all states, and it is estimated that one to three percent of children are excused from vaccinations because of these exemptions. Parents have continued to use reasons to avoid vaccinations, for example, the belief that the decline in vaccine-preventable diseases is due to improved health care, hygiene, and sanitation (Ventola, C. L., 2016).
Health disparities among Blacks, Hispanics, and Whites have played a huge role in terms of vaccination coverage. Studies have shown that health insurance has a direct impact on the vaccination coverage in adults, therefore, low-income families who can’t afford health insurance will most likely not get the vaccines they need. With that being said, uninsured prevalence was higher among non-Hispanic blacks (19.5%) and Hispanics (30.1%) compared with non-Hispanic whites (11.1%) (Lu, P., et al, 2015).
What has been written on the issue and policy options?
There ha.
The document summarizes key findings from several studies on interventions to increase HPV vaccination rates. The studies commonly used educational interventions such as presentations and text messages to increase knowledge about HPV and the vaccine. While many interventions were not theory-based, one study found that a text message intervention grounded in the Transtheoretical Model successfully increased vaccination intent and rates. Overall, the reviewed studies found that educational awareness interventions generally improved knowledge and attitudes toward the HPV vaccine.
Should individual rights (e.g., parents’ right to decide whether to .docxmanningchassidy
Should individual rights (e.g., parents’ right to decide whether to vaccinate their children) be compromised to control the spread of communicable diseases for the good of society?
discussion. The childcare facility requirements/guidelines are every child must be vaccinated to attend this specific school. He was told a few schools in the community excepted exemptions for vaccinations, however not this school.
The definition of va
ccination is
to administer a injection to help the immune system develop protection from disease (Wikipedia, 2021). Vaccines contain a virus in a weakened, live, or killed state or proteins or toxins from the organism. Vaccines help prevent sickness from infectious disease by stimulating the body's adaptive immunity. When a large percentage of a population is vaccinated, herd immunity results. Herd immunity protects those who may be immunocompromised and cannot get a vaccine because even a weakened version would harm them (Wikipedia, 2021). The vaccination policy in the United States is a subgroup of the U. S. health policy that deals with immunization against infectious disease.
I feel the individual rights of the parents who made a conscious decision not to vaccinate their child should not be persecuted. The parents' decision should be respected, but when the decision to not vaccinate their child may negatively affect the lives of others, the parents should be held accountable legally and financially. A population that is appropriately vaccinated against highly infectious diseases is a common good to its members' very society. Is it ethical to subject my child to the risk associated with receiving vaccines, and another parent is hesitant or refuses to have their child vaccinated? Is it right for that child to reap the benefits of herd immunity? The "herd immunity" or "community immunity" is fragile for measles. It does not take many unvaccinated individuals to approach the tipping point at which vaccine coverage levels are low, resulting in increased preventable infection levels (Hendrix et al., 2016). Many parents choose not to vaccinate their children, which is globally causing a resurgence in vaccine-preventable diseases. Parents are hesitant to vaccinate because religious beliefs are usually linked to the refusal of all vaccines or personal beliefs. Some parents believe natural immunity is better and more effective than immunity acquired from vaccinations. Safety concerns are the most significant reason parents are hesitant and refusing to vaccinate their children, especially with the known link between vaccines and autism. The desire for additional information causes hesitancy and refusal because parents feel more in-depth information about the vaccines should be accessible to review, enabling them to make better-informed decisions (Akoum, 2019).
In the United States, many safety precautions are required by law to help ensure that the vaccines we receive are reliable and safe. CO ...
This document provides an overview of the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine. It discusses HPV and cervical cancer rates in the US. Two HPV vaccines, Gardasil and Cervarix, are described that protect against HPV types 16 and 18 which cause cervical cancer, as well as types 6 and 11 which cause genital warts. The vaccines are recommended for females and males ages 9 to 26, though are most effective when received before sexual activity begins. Potential side effects are discussed, as well as treatment options for HPV infections and related cancers or warts.
Can you please go over the power point you’ve provided & make sureTawnaDelatorrejs
Can you please go over the power point you’ve provided & make sure these 3 corrections required are successfully completed please? If you can add in more cited references please.
13
Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood Immunizations
Department of Psychology, Grand Canyon University
PSY-550: Research Methods
Dr. Shari Schwartz
May 19, 2021
Introduction
Immunization is the process in which an individual is protected against disease, and it is done via vaccination. On the other hand, vaccination is the action of a vaccine being introduced into the body to produce immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine is a product that arouses the immune system of an individual, thus the production of immunity to a particular disease. The immunity thus protects the individual from that disease. Immunity is the protection from a disease that is infectious. Child immunization is the primary public health approach in the reduction of child mortality and morbidity. Assessment of the current approaches that are linked to the immunization of a child is essential. Globally, primary immunization is estimated to prevent approximately 2.5 million childhood deaths annually from tetanus, diphtheria, measles, and pertussis (Dube et al., 2013). Immunization succession is always accompanied by rejection of public health practices, and reasons for these have never been straightforward. Some of the motivations are religious, scientific, or even political. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination programs depend on a high uptake level. Vaccination offers protection for vaccinated individuals. When there are high vaccination coverage rates, the indirect protection rate is stimulated for the overall community (Dube et al., 2013).Literature Review
Despite this massive use, immunization coverage in countries still developing has been reported to be still low. If mothers were educated on the importance of these vaccine services to their children, all the children would receive immunization as per the Expanded Program on the Immunization schedule, hence preventing mortality and morbidity. According to Thapar et al., in 2014, approximately an 18.7million children could not get the third dose of the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT3) vaccine. The total percentage of children who are one year and below and have to receive their dosses of DPT3 vaccine is seen as a proxy indicator regarding full immunization. The DPT3 estimates assess the health system performance and measure the immunization program effectiveness regarding service delivery. These strategies are thus used in the implementation of strategies for the elimination and eradication of diseases. According to Thapar et al., the global coverage for DPT1 and DPT3 was 90% and 86%, respectively, while that of measles first dose at 86%.
The above estimates thus do not replicate the seen differences in vaccine coverage. The coverage of DPT1 and DPT3 varied ...
Running head PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 1 .docxtodd581
Running head: PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 1
Perceived Benefits and Barriers about the MMR Vaccine among the Parents of a Pediatric
Population in South Florida
Florida International University
PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 2
Background
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 1 in 4 people
in the United States will be hospitalized and one out of every 1,000 people with measles will
develop brain swelling that could lead to brain damage. Given the possible severity when
obtaining Measles, the CDC recommends to protect children against measles by obtaining a
vaccine that provides enduring insurance against all strains of measles (Measles, 2018). The
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella vaccine (MMR) is administered in two doses in order to prevent
an individual from obtaining one of those diseases. The first dose was given to children when
they are about 13 months old, which offers 90 to 95% protection against those diseases. The
second dose increases those protection odds to become 99%, which is administered before a
child turns five years old. In order for the vaccine to be immune in our system, we need to
achieve at least 95% of immunity to those diseases (Gardner, 2010).
Side effects of MMR vaccine
There is for all intents and purposes no medication without reactions. Gentle symptoms of MMR
vaccine include the following: fever, mild rash, and swelling of the glands in the cheeks or neck.
Moderate reactions include: febrile seizures, brief joint inflammation, and impermanent
thrombocytopenia. Serious side effects of MMR vaccine are amazingly uncommon, but can
include serious allergic responses. Other serious side effects are rare to the point that it is
difficult to recognize whether they are caused by the vaccine, which includes: deafness, long-
term seizures, coma, lowered consciousness, and lasting brain damage (Mahmić-Kaknjo, 2017).
PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 3
Barriers
Obtaining immunization has been viewed as one of the best general wellbeing accomplishments
of the twentieth century for their job in killing smallpox and controlling polio, measles, rubella,
and different irresistible ailments in the United States. Regardless of their adequacy in
forestalling and destroying illness, routine youth vaccine take-up remains problematic. Parent
refusal of immunizations has added to flare-ups of vaccine preventable infections, for example,
measles and pertussis (Maglione, 2014). Late episodes of measles in the United Kingdom and
United States have awoken reestablished worry about vaccination dismissal. The rate of
vaccination take-up has fallen. Individuals' view of vaccine protection and effectiveness has
appeared to be an imperative factor for immunization take-up that, in the meantime, can spread
between people (Medus, 2014).
Research has shown that guardians' frames of mind .
Running head PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 1 .docxjeanettehully
Running head: PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 1
Perceived Benefits and Barriers about the MMR Vaccine among the Parents of a Pediatric
Population in South Florida
Florida International University
PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 2
Background
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 1 in 4 people
in the United States will be hospitalized and one out of every 1,000 people with measles will
develop brain swelling that could lead to brain damage. Given the possible severity when
obtaining Measles, the CDC recommends to protect children against measles by obtaining a
vaccine that provides enduring insurance against all strains of measles (Measles, 2018). The
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella vaccine (MMR) is administered in two doses in order to prevent
an individual from obtaining one of those diseases. The first dose was given to children when
they are about 13 months old, which offers 90 to 95% protection against those diseases. The
second dose increases those protection odds to become 99%, which is administered before a
child turns five years old. In order for the vaccine to be immune in our system, we need to
achieve at least 95% of immunity to those diseases (Gardner, 2010).
Side effects of MMR vaccine
There is for all intents and purposes no medication without reactions. Gentle symptoms of MMR
vaccine include the following: fever, mild rash, and swelling of the glands in the cheeks or neck.
Moderate reactions include: febrile seizures, brief joint inflammation, and impermanent
thrombocytopenia. Serious side effects of MMR vaccine are amazingly uncommon, but can
include serious allergic responses. Other serious side effects are rare to the point that it is
difficult to recognize whether they are caused by the vaccine, which includes: deafness, long-
term seizures, coma, lowered consciousness, and lasting brain damage (Mahmić-Kaknjo, 2017).
PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 3
Barriers
Obtaining immunization has been viewed as one of the best general wellbeing accomplishments
of the twentieth century for their job in killing smallpox and controlling polio, measles, rubella,
and different irresistible ailments in the United States. Regardless of their adequacy in
forestalling and destroying illness, routine youth vaccine take-up remains problematic. Parent
refusal of immunizations has added to flare-ups of vaccine preventable infections, for example,
measles and pertussis (Maglione, 2014). Late episodes of measles in the United Kingdom and
United States have awoken reestablished worry about vaccination dismissal. The rate of
vaccination take-up has fallen. Individuals' view of vaccine protection and effectiveness has
appeared to be an imperative factor for immunization take-up that, in the meantime, can spread
between people (Medus, 2014).
Research has shown that guardians' frames of mind ...
Running head PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 1 .docxglendar3
Running head: PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 1
Perceived Benefits and Barriers about the MMR Vaccine among the Parents of a Pediatric
Population in South Florida
Florida International University
PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 2
Background
According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), about 1 in 4 people
in the United States will be hospitalized and one out of every 1,000 people with measles will
develop brain swelling that could lead to brain damage. Given the possible severity when
obtaining Measles, the CDC recommends to protect children against measles by obtaining a
vaccine that provides enduring insurance against all strains of measles (Measles, 2018). The
Measles, Mumps, and Rubella vaccine (MMR) is administered in two doses in order to prevent
an individual from obtaining one of those diseases. The first dose was given to children when
they are about 13 months old, which offers 90 to 95% protection against those diseases. The
second dose increases those protection odds to become 99%, which is administered before a
child turns five years old. In order for the vaccine to be immune in our system, we need to
achieve at least 95% of immunity to those diseases (Gardner, 2010).
Side effects of MMR vaccine
There is for all intents and purposes no medication without reactions. Gentle symptoms of MMR
vaccine include the following: fever, mild rash, and swelling of the glands in the cheeks or neck.
Moderate reactions include: febrile seizures, brief joint inflammation, and impermanent
thrombocytopenia. Serious side effects of MMR vaccine are amazingly uncommon, but can
include serious allergic responses. Other serious side effects are rare to the point that it is
difficult to recognize whether they are caused by the vaccine, which includes: deafness, long-
term seizures, coma, lowered consciousness, and lasting brain damage (Mahmić-Kaknjo, 2017).
PERCEIVED BENEFITS AND BARRIES ON MMR VACCINE 3
Barriers
Obtaining immunization has been viewed as one of the best general wellbeing accomplishments
of the twentieth century for their job in killing smallpox and controlling polio, measles, rubella,
and different irresistible ailments in the United States. Regardless of their adequacy in
forestalling and destroying illness, routine youth vaccine take-up remains problematic. Parent
refusal of immunizations has added to flare-ups of vaccine preventable infections, for example,
measles and pertussis (Maglione, 2014). Late episodes of measles in the United Kingdom and
United States have awoken reestablished worry about vaccination dismissal. The rate of
vaccination take-up has fallen. Individuals' view of vaccine protection and effectiveness has
appeared to be an imperative factor for immunization take-up that, in the meantime, can spread
between people (Medus, 2014).
Research has shown that guardians' frames of mind .
This document analyzes racial disparities in flu vaccination rates in the United States using data from the 2010 National Health Interview Survey. It finds that minorities, especially Black individuals, have significantly lower flu vaccination rates than whites, likely due to barriers to healthcare access. Married individuals and those who are employed have higher vaccination rates than unmarried or unemployed individuals. The document controls for variables like age, sex, and employment status to better understand the independent effect of race and marital status on vaccination rates.
Running head FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG1FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG3.docxwlynn1
Running head: FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG 1
FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG 3
Health Policy, Politics, And Perspectives
Week 6 Assignment 1: Field Experience Log
Name of the Event:
Health Policy/ The Importance of Vaccination for School-Going Children
Sponsors: American Health Association
Rockwood, Tennessee County
Preparation for the Event:
Newspapers and Magazines
Use of Posters
Social Networking Sites
Place, Date, Time, and Length of Event: The event was scheduled to take place in Ridge View Elementary School on the 17th of January 2020 from 9 am to 1 pm.
Topic under Discussion:
The prevention of disease through the use of vaccines and vaccination and fighting misinformation about vaccination.
Names of Participants: American Health Association
Tennessee County Officials
Ridge View Elementary Teachers
Ridge View Elementary Parents
Ridge View Elementary Students
Brief Description of The Event: The event was successful and all parties concurred that there was a huge gap to be filled when it comes to vaccination in schools. The AHA and Tennessee County promised sponsorship for the vaccination runs that would happen once every year. The vaccination policy was discussed and its feasibility report was presented (Levin, 2020). All parties pledged their cooperation and Ridge View Elementary fraternity was very pleased with the developments of the event.
Analysis of the Health Policy Issue and Its Implications for Healthcare:
Vaccination is not only a public health issue but is also a policy issue. In numerous states all over the country, it has become very contentious as there has been a polarization in the views and perceptions that people have on vaccination. One school of thought is that vaccination is harmful, especially to toddlers, as it literally introduces a strain to the body in order to allow it to learn how to fight the disease (Vivion et al., 2020). This view is heavily misguided and has been brought about by constant and misconstrued information that is part of misinformation in the country. Vaccines are the best chance that any individual has, adult or child, to fight a disease or virus that is not only communicable but highly infectious. Needless to say, parties who support this view are heavily opposed to the introduction and implementation of policies that would make vaccination mandatory, not only in schools but also in the local and federal governments. On the other hand, there are those that believe in the effectiveness of vaccination despite the minute risk that vaccination brings. Normally, vaccines are effective more often than they are not. This effectiveness is built on by following the number of vaccinations and doing them at the right time. For instance, if a vaccine is to be administered in 2-5 years of age, then it should be administered within this window. This school of thought believes in the tried and tested effectiveness of vaccines (Schaffner et al., 2020). Consequently, parties who support this view suppo.
Running head FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG1FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG3.docxjeanettehully
Running head: FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG 1
FIELD EXPERIENCE LOG 3
Health Policy, Politics, And Perspectives
Week 6 Assignment 1: Field Experience Log
Name of the Event:
Health Policy/ The Importance of Vaccination for School-Going Children
Sponsors: American Health Association
Rockwood, Tennessee County
Preparation for the Event:
Newspapers and Magazines
Use of Posters
Social Networking Sites
Place, Date, Time, and Length of Event: The event was scheduled to take place in Ridge View Elementary School on the 17th of January 2020 from 9 am to 1 pm.
Topic under Discussion:
The prevention of disease through the use of vaccines and vaccination and fighting misinformation about vaccination.
Names of Participants: American Health Association
Tennessee County Officials
Ridge View Elementary Teachers
Ridge View Elementary Parents
Ridge View Elementary Students
Brief Description of The Event: The event was successful and all parties concurred that there was a huge gap to be filled when it comes to vaccination in schools. The AHA and Tennessee County promised sponsorship for the vaccination runs that would happen once every year. The vaccination policy was discussed and its feasibility report was presented (Levin, 2020). All parties pledged their cooperation and Ridge View Elementary fraternity was very pleased with the developments of the event.
Analysis of the Health Policy Issue and Its Implications for Healthcare:
Vaccination is not only a public health issue but is also a policy issue. In numerous states all over the country, it has become very contentious as there has been a polarization in the views and perceptions that people have on vaccination. One school of thought is that vaccination is harmful, especially to toddlers, as it literally introduces a strain to the body in order to allow it to learn how to fight the disease (Vivion et al., 2020). This view is heavily misguided and has been brought about by constant and misconstrued information that is part of misinformation in the country. Vaccines are the best chance that any individual has, adult or child, to fight a disease or virus that is not only communicable but highly infectious. Needless to say, parties who support this view are heavily opposed to the introduction and implementation of policies that would make vaccination mandatory, not only in schools but also in the local and federal governments. On the other hand, there are those that believe in the effectiveness of vaccination despite the minute risk that vaccination brings. Normally, vaccines are effective more often than they are not. This effectiveness is built on by following the number of vaccinations and doing them at the right time. For instance, if a vaccine is to be administered in 2-5 years of age, then it should be administered within this window. This school of thought believes in the tried and tested effectiveness of vaccines (Schaffner et al., 2020). Consequently, parties who support this view suppo ...
This document discusses reinvigorating condoms as an HIV prevention tool. It summarizes that condoms are effective at preventing HIV transmission but there are still barriers to their use. Condoms play a key role in HIV prevention strategies alongside other interventions. However, risk compensation behaviors, structural barriers like criminalization of homosexuality, and lack of messaging around dual protection can reduce condom uptake and consistent use. The document calls for addressing these challenges and rigorously evaluating condom programming elements to improve access and effectiveness in different epidemic settings.
AIDSTAR-One Reinvigorating Condoms as an HIV Prevention ToolAIDSTAROne
This document discusses reinvigorating condoms as an HIV prevention tool. It begins by noting that while treatment is improving, new infections still outpace those entering treatment, so prevention is still needed. Condoms are effective prevention but face challenges. The document then discusses evidence that condoms work at population levels; barriers like risky behavior, structural barriers, and dual protection; procurement and quality issues; and calls for addressing behavioral disinhibition, criminalization, developing dual protection indicators, building quality control protocols, and strengthening procurement coordination.
13 Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood ImmunizatioChantellPantoja184
13
Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood Immunizations
Department of Psychology, Grand Canyon University
PSY-550: Research Methods
Dr. Shari Schwartz
May 19, 2021
Introduction
Immunization is the process in which an individual is protected against disease, and it is done via vaccination. On the other hand, vaccination is the action of a vaccine being introduced into the body to produce immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine is a product that arouses the immune system of an individual, thus the production of immunity to a particular disease. The immunity thus protects the individual from that disease. Immunity is the protection from a disease that is infectious. Child immunization is the primary public health approach in the reduction of child mortality and morbidity. Assessment of the current approaches that are linked to the immunization of a child is essential. Globally, primary immunization is estimated to prevent approximately 2.5 million childhood deaths annually from tetanus, diphtheria, measles, and pertussis (Dube et al., 2013). Immunization succession is always accompanied by rejection of public health practices, and reasons for these have never been straightforward. Some of the motivations are religious, scientific, or even political. To reduce the incidence and prevalence of vaccine-preventable diseases, vaccination programs depend on a high uptake level. Vaccination offers protection for vaccinated individuals. When there are high vaccination coverage rates, the indirect protection rate is stimulated for the overall community (Dube et al., 2013).Literature Review
Despite this massive use, immunization coverage in countries still developing has been reported to be still low. If mothers were educated on the importance of these vaccine services to their children, all the children would receive immunization as per the Expanded Program on the Immunization schedule, hence preventing mortality and morbidity. According to Thapar et al., in 2014, approximately an 18.7million children could not get the third dose of the Diphtheria-Pertussis-Tetanus (DPT3) vaccine. The total percentage of children who are one year and below and have to receive their dosses of DPT3 vaccine is seen as a proxy indicator regarding full immunization. The DPT3 estimates assess the health system performance and measure the immunization program effectiveness regarding service delivery. These strategies are thus used in the implementation of strategies for the elimination and eradication of diseases. According to Thapar et al., the global coverage for DPT1 and DPT3 was 90% and 86%, respectively, while that of measles first dose at 86%.
The above estimates thus do not replicate the seen differences in vaccine coverage. The coverage of DPT1 and DPT3 varied from 84% and 76% in Africa and 97% and 94% in the European countries. In India, the routine has been lower than in the rest of the countries. Following the 2013 outbreak in Israel, many paren ...
13 Assessing Current Approaches to Childhood ImmunizatioCicelyBourqueju
This document presents a research proposal assessing current approaches to childhood immunization. The study will use a community-based cross-sectional design to examine factors associated with partial immunization of children under five, such as mothers' knowledge, beliefs, religion, and education level. A sample of mothers will be surveyed using random stratified sampling. Correlation analyses will examine relationships between vaccination hesitancy and demographic factors. The results could help identify digital methods for tracking under-vaccinated children and inform future health policy. Limitations include potential recall bias and the time needed for data collection.
Human PapillomavirusVaccineUSU, FNP 590 Health Promotion, EdNarcisaBrandenburg70
Human Papillomavirus
Vaccine
USU, FNP 590 Health Promotion, Education, and Disease Prevention Across the Lifespan
Our Group 2 presentation is on the Human Papilloma Virus Vaccine. We will talk about what the HPV virus is, how you contact the virus and can prevent getting the virus, some information about the vaccine which includes some pros/cons and the issues and controversy surrounding it.
1
HPV is a group of approximately 150 related viruses that can lead up to 6 different types of cancers later on in life.
HPV is the most common sexually transmitted infection.
HPV appears as skin or mucous membrane growths on the vagina, cervix, rectum, anus, penis, and scrotum.
What is Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)?
HPV is spread from skin to skin sexual contact with someone who has the virus.
HPV is the most common STD. Most people do not know they have it unless they feel or see the skin irritation and see their physician for diagnosis but the lesions usually go away on their own.
How do you get HPV?
The best way to prevent contracting HPV is to avoid sexual contact with someone who has the virus.
The HPV vaccine significantly reduces your chances of contracting the virus.
Prevention of HPV
HPV vaccination
-The vaccine is recommended for children at age 11-12 years old.
-Most children only require two doses of the vaccine when vaccinated before age 15.
-Studies suggest that the protection provided by the HPV vaccine is long lasting. Data from patients followed for 10 years substantiates protection has remained high in those individuals. There has been no evidence of the protection decreasing over time.
-Over 120 million doses of the HPV vaccine have been distributed since the vaccine was licensed, and data continue to show the vaccine is safe and effective.
-HPV infections, genital warts, and cervical pre-cancers have dropped significantly since the vaccine has been in use in the United States.
-Studies indicate there have been reductions of HPV cases due to vaccines:
* 86% among teenage girls
* 71% among adult young women
* 40% among women
The HPV vaccine is recommended for boys and girls at 11-12 years of age but can be given as young as 9 and up to 14 years of age and in 2 doses that are 6-12 months apart. If the vaccine is given after age 15 up through the age of 26, there are 3 doses required. The vaccine is not recommended for people over the age of 26 but can be a discussion with their doctor if they were never vaccinated at a younger age to discuss their risk for contracting HPV and the possible benefits to receiving the vaccine at this time.
It is recommended to receive the vaccine at the younger age prior to becoming sexually active.
The vaccine should not be given to people that have had a prior allergic reaction to vaccines or who are pregnant.
There are 3 different vaccines but the Gardasil 9 is the one given in the United States.
As healthcare pro ...
This document summarizes a study examining vaccination attitudes, beliefs, and rates among the homeschooling population in Washington State. The study found that only about half of participating homeschooling parents believed vaccines are safe, and most believed personal exemptions should be allowed and that government should not mandate vaccinations. Additionally, the study found that only 23% of homeschooled children in the sample were fully vaccinated. Parents of unvaccinated children expressed significantly lower perceived benefits of vaccination and higher perceived barriers and severity than parents of vaccinated children. The study suggests homeschoolers in Washington may be undervaccinated and have negative views of vaccines, warranting further examination of vaccine policies regarding this population.
Administration Of The Hpv Vaccine In Womens Health ClinicsJolene Bethune
The document discusses educating mothers and adolescent clients about HPV and promoting HPV vaccination in women's health clinics. HPV is very common among adolescents and can cause genital warts and cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine effectively protects against the types that cause most warts and cancer. The document recommends educating clients about HPV and susceptibility during adolescence, and vaccinating girls ages 11-26 to prevent infection.
This grant proposal requests $635,472 to fund an 8-month adolescent sexual health education program in Minnesota schools. Unplanned teen pregnancies lead to dropping out, early marriage, unsafe abortions, and STDs. The program aims to reduce these risks through education on abstinence and contraceptives. It will be administered by 10 staff through counseling, resources, and evaluation to measure decreased pregnancies. Combining education and contraceptive access effectively reduces unintended teen pregnancies.
This document discusses the need for a grant proposal to address adolescent sexual and reproductive health issues. It notes that early sexual activity has increased due to greater access to education and technology, leading to early pregnancies and health risks. The proposal seeks funding to implement sexual education programs in schools to increase awareness of risks, promote abstinence, and advocate for contraceptive use in order to reduce rates of teen pregnancy, early marriage, unsafe abortion, and sexually transmitted diseases.
1. 1
Week 11 Assignment
PUBH 6030/PUBH 8030/PUBH 8030H/HLTH 6030/HLTH 8030:
Socio-Ecological Perspectives on Health
Megan Bledsoe
Fall Quarter, 2016
Dr. Jirina Foltysova
Walden University
11/08/2016
2. 2
1. Target Population
The specifically targeted population discrepancies are primarily female and male adolescents
who should receive and complete their human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine series, secondarily
followed by an examination of the racial discrepancies in completion of the HPV vaccine series.
2. Health Issues
Compliance with the HPV vaccine series is at an all-time low. Females are traditionally
recommended the vaccine more often than males (92% recommend the vaccine to females
compared to 31% to males), with recommendations occurring more often in later adolescences
(13-17 years of age) than younger (Allison, et al., 2013; McCave, 2010).
3. Indicators
3.1. Definition
Approximately 75 million Americans are infected with HPV, with nearly 14 million new cases
occurring each year (CDC, 2015). Every year, over 17,000 women and nearly 10,000 men are
affected by HPV related cancers (CDC, 2015). Women are able to be screened for cervical
cancer with yearly pap smears, but for those with throat cancer (primarily men) it often goes
undetected until a lump is noticed on the side of their neck, calling for a biopsy to determine the
cause.
3.2. Influence
Recently, it has been discovered that nearly 70% of oropharynx cancer in men and 91% of all
cervix (over 11,000 new cases each year) and anal cancers (over 5,000 new cases each year) is
caused by HPV (CDC, 2016). Unfortunately, the strains of HPV which cause the majority of the
HPV related cancers are protected against by receiving the nonavalent HPV vaccination series
(CDC, 2016).
3. 3
4. Social Determinants of Health
4.1. Description
The primary barrier to HPV vaccination compliance are parents and primary physicians. The
parents come to appointments with their own beliefs about the HPV vaccine (“They don’t need it
this early.”, concerns that the vaccine gives their daughter license to have sex, and feeling
uncomfortable discussing sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (Holman, et al., 2014; McCave,
2010; Zimet, et al., 2010). Effective physician communication can alleviate parental concerns
and offer support in the decision.
Insurance companies also provide a barrier to completing the vaccination series. Some
private insurance companies will not cover the 3 shot series (or only cover it for females),
causing families to choose to pay out of pocket (approximately $120 per vaccine), wait to
vaccinate in hopes of coverage at a later date, or find a public program to complete the series
(Dempsey & Davis, 2006). This creates either a strain financially for the families, an opportunity
to either delay or not receive vaccine, or stress on the family to find another avenue for
vaccinating.
4.2. Impact
Children with parents supportive of the HPV vaccination have a higher rate of completing the
series, thus protecting them from contracting and developing HPV related cancers later in life
(Allison, et al., 2013; Holman, et al., 2014; McCave, 2010; Zimet, et al., 2010). Parents who are
uneducated about HPV are more likely to refuse the vaccine (Holman, et al., 2014; McCave,
2010; Zimet, et al., 2010). Additionally, parents who do not worry about whether their insurance
will cover the vaccinations for their children are more likely to push for vaccination (Dempsey &
Davis, 2006).
4. 4
5. Socio-Ecological Theory
5.1. Significance
By applying the Socio-Ecological Theory, we can create a better understanding of how to correct
societal issues at all applicable levels, thus fixing the problem from the root up. HPV vaccination
compliance is affected at each level of the Socio-Ecological Model (SEM). Each level offers its
own obstacles and influences to overcome. Encouraging the government to step in for assistance
will not address parental beliefs; each level must be addressed for their own influences in order
to achieve higher compliance in vaccination rate completion.
5.2. Application
Within the SEM, there are different categories to be analyzed – Individual, Interpersonal,
Organizational, Community, and Public Policy. In regards to HPV vaccination compliance, the
levels with the most influence on the issue are Interpersonal, Community, and Public Policy. At
the Interpersonal level, parents have the ultimate say-so in whether their adolescent children
receive the vaccine. The Community level introduces further discrepancies, such as those
between the completion rates among different races. The Public Policy level is where change can
be most felt, as it can allow for schools to offer vaccination programs.
Through use of the SEM, it was identified that the education system might be the most
appropriate target for many of the levels; the targeted population (adolescents) spend the
majority of their time in school, parents trust and rely on the school system, the community
bands together to support the school, and the school itself thrives on government assistance in
order to stay open. By targeting strategies to take place at the school, several issues with HPV
vaccination compliance can be relieved, removing the burden from parents as well as increasing
compliance rates.
5. 5
6. Intervention
6.1. Individual Level
The primary factor at this level is the perceived need for the vaccine by the individual. At a
young age (9 years old, when it is now offered), children are rarely introduced to sexual
education and having to receive a shot to protect against a sexually transmitted disease is
unheard of (Burdette, et al., 2014; Holman, et al., 2014). The individual is most likely more
afraid of the shot than the risk of getting HPV related cancer down the road.
The most beneficial intervention at this point is to begin introducing appropriate level
sexual education. This can be done either within the school or at home (based on parental level
of comfort). Puberty onset occurs, on average, around the age of 10 for females and 12 for males
(Burdette, et al., 2014; Ferrer, et al., 2015). At a minimum, the changes that come with puberty
can and should be discussed; this could segue into the HPV vaccine and why it is important for
adolescents to receive.
6.2. Interpersonal Level
The primary factor at this level are the individual’s parents. Parents who are uneducated about
the vaccine are more likely to refuse or delay the vaccination series, putting the responsibility
onto their child to receive at a later age (most likely after coming into contact with HPV)
(Burdette, et al., 2014; Holman, et al., 2014; McCave, 2010; Orenstein, et al., 2016).
Additionally, conversations with the physician increase the likelihood of completing the
vaccination series (Orenstein, et al., 2016; Remes, et al., 2014; Ylitalo, et al., 2013). A
physician’s attitudes and beliefs towards the vaccine can determine if the children will receive
the shots at all. Intervention for this level includes educational seminars and face to face training
with physicians to begin having the discussion of sex and STDs with their patients and parents.
6. 6
6.3. Organizational Level
Historically speaking, women of low socioeconomic status were less likely to start and complete
the vaccine series (Beavis & Levinson, 2016). Low socioeconomic status and having insurance
are directly correlated (Beavis & Levinson, 2016). Additionally, some private insurance
companies do not cover the cost of completing the vaccine series, leaving the expense to be paid
out of pocket by parents (Dempsey & Davis, 2006).
Interventions at this level would be to appeal to the private insurance companies through
the government to ensure that all vaccinations are covered without any cost sharing (Bevis &
Levinson, 2016; Dempsey & Davis, 2006; Orenstein, et al., 2016). The Affordable Care Act has
assisted in ensuring the population has insurance, regardless of pre-existing conditions or
financial status (Bevis & Levinson, 2016; Orenstein, et al., 2016).
6.4. Community Level
Cultural and community norms are evidenced by the lowered vaccination rates found among
non-White women. African Americans, Hispanic, and Asian women have a lower knowledge of
HPV, resulting in lower vaccination rates (Ferrer, et al., 2015; Ylitalo, et al., 2013). Cultural
norms need to be addressed in order to remove this as a barrier to vaccine compliance.
Within the community, the school system is a place for everyone. In order to educate the
community on HPV, it is recommended that the school host education nights for families to
attend or have parents be included in homework assignments about HPV (and sexual education
in general). Offering education and vaccination programs through the school encourages
involvement from the community and removed burdens from the parents (i.e. financial, time
commitments, etc.) for completion of the vaccine series (Allison, et al., 2013; Burdette, et al.,
201; Dempsey & Davis, 2006; Holman, et al., 2014; McCave, 2010; Remes, et al., 2014).
7. 7
6.5. Public Policy Level
The government needs to become involved in the HPV vaccination completion rates and realize
that the states are performing poorly. By ensuring that insurance companies cover the cost of the
series, it releases the burden of cost off of parents (Holman, et al., 2014; McCave, 2010;
Dempsey & David, 2006; Burdette, et al., 2014). By encouraging the public to have free health
clinics where the vaccine series can be offered, it brings about a sense of community that can
encourage the completion of the vaccinations (Allison, et al., 2013; Remes, et al., 2014).
Government interventions are vital to the success of the completion of the HPV
vaccination series in adolescents. While the above strategies can assist in removing vaccine
denial, the primary strategy is to target the schools, where adolescents spend the majority of their
time. Through government stipends, schools could offer free HPV vaccinations to individuals
who meet the age requirement, with parental permission (Allison, et al., 2013; Holman, et al.
2014; Remes, et al., 2014).
6.6. Explanation of How Applying Intervention across All Levels of the SEM Will
Contribute To Positive Health Outcomes
By applying interventions across the board, all obstacles can be addressed and removed. Relying
solely on the policy level to encourage vaccination series are completed is useless, when parents
still do not understand why their adolescent needs to have the HPV vaccine to begin with. All
levels need to be addressed so as to provide complete transparency to the individuals receiving
the vaccine and the parents supporting/making the decision to do so. Once the innermost levels
(Individual and Interpersonal) are addressed and educated, the remaining levels are merely
strategies to allow for better compliance.
8. 8
6.7. Socio-Ecological Model Table
Level Factors for Population and
Health Issue
Activities
Individual Perceived need for vaccination series Age appropriate sexual education and health class offered within the school
system (i.e. explanation about puberty; introduction of STD’s and the HPV
vaccine).
Interpersonal Parental beliefs and
attitudes/comfortability and knowledge
of physicians
Education of physicians on how to conduct difficult/uncomfortable
discussions (i.e. sex) with adolescent patient and their parents in order to
ensure a parental education on the topic of HPV.
Organizational Insurance companies Governmental incentives to insurance companies to cover the entire cost of
all vaccines (specifically HPV series) and remove any cost-sharing from the
patients. Additionally, ensuring all patients have some form of insurance to
assist in covering the cost of the vaccine.
Community/
Environment
School vaccination programs Offering vaccination programs through the school to allow adolescents,
with parental permission, to receive and complete the HPV vaccine series.
Society/
Public Policy
Government assistance Enforcing insurance companies to comply with activities listed at
Organizational level; offer incentives and materials to schools offering
vaccination programs.
9. 9
7. Stakeholders and Organizations
In order to identify the barriers and get recommendations on overcoming them, a committee was
set up to hear from a wide variety of experts on HPV vaccinations – the American Academy of
Pediatrics, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. Department of Health and
Human Services, and local health departments (Orenstein, et al., 2016). Since the government
recognizes already that HPV vaccination compliance is an issue, it would be best to focus efforts
on implementing a school based program with both the national government and state
governments. Having government backing for school system implementation will help
encourage states to adopt the plan for vaccination completion.
8. Application of the Principles of Community-Based Participatory Research
Applicable Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) principles for a school based HPV
vaccination intervention include recognizing the community as an identity, integrating
knowledge and action for mutual benefit of all partners, and promoting a co-learning and
empowering process attending to social inequalities. These principles are chosen because they
directly relate to issues identified earlier in this proposal.
Recognizing the community as an identity will enable the program to reach out to the
African American and Hispanic community in order to address the disparity in their lowered
immunization compared to the Caucasian community (see section 6.4 Community Level). By
creating a school based program to better educate students and their parents about sexual
education (see section 6.2 Interpersonal Level), we can address the principle of integrating
knowledge and action. Lastly, the school program would promote co-learning, by offering facts
about sexual education, specifically HPV statistics (both about the disease and the vaccine) (see
sections 6.4 Community Level and 6.5 Public Policy Level).
10. 10
9. Likelihood of Favorable Health Outcomes
Implementation of a school based program for providing the HPV vaccine has two distinct
advantages: the ability to reach a large group of eligible individuals and increased access to the
vaccine (Ferrer, et al., 2015; Walling, et al., 2016). Unfortunately, many adolescents miss their
doctor appointments due to transportation issues, forgetting the appointment, or financial
concerns (Bevis & Levinson, 2016; Dempsey & Davis, 2006; Ferrer, et al., 2015; Orenstein, et
al., 2016; Walling, et al., 2016). Implementation of school based vaccination programs has
shown to have an increase of success in other countries. There are several states in the United
States whose overall vaccination rate is less than 40% for boys and less than 60% for females
(CDC, 2016).
Schools in other countries (the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, etc.) have had a
reported success when incorporating school based vaccination programs, not just for HPV, but
for a wide variety of vaccinations required for school-age children. The United Kingdom has
implemented a school based HPV vaccination program for its students. In the 2014/2015 school
year, 89.4% of eligible students received their first HPV vaccine shot, while an estimated 79.9%
completed the vaccination series (Public Health England, 2015). Australian schools provide the
entire vaccine series free to girls and boys aged 12-13 years through their schools (Cancer
Council Australia, 2016). As a result, Australia has shown a 77% reduction in types of HPV that
cause nearly 75% of cervical cancer (Cancer Council Australia, 2016). Canada’s province
Alberta included boys in the free school based HPV vaccination program in 2013. This program
has had a female vaccination completion rate of 85%, with males completing the series at 79%
participation (Walling, et al., 2016). Additionally, Canada has seen a 90% completion rate for
meningitis, hepatitis and MMR since implementing a school program for vaccines (Walling, et
al., 2016).
11. 11
10. Relationship to the Essential Public Health Services
Essential Public Health services incorporated in this proposal will be monitoring health statuses
to identify and solve community health problems and informing, educating and empowering
people and the community about health issues.
The primary incorporated service is to monitor HPV vaccination status within the United
States, focusing primarily on states with a very low series completion status. The states with the
lowest compliance are Wyoming (47.7%), Utah (47.8%), Kansas (50.9%) and Mississippi
(52.4%); while the highest completion rates are found in Rhode Island (87.9%) and Philadelphia
(79.3%) (CDC, 2015; CDC, 2016). While we have identified target states to focus on
implantation of the school based program, each state should be encouraged by the government
through stipends and incentives to incorporate a program in order to get the national HPV
compliance rate above 85% (currently at 63% for girls and 50% for boys) (CDC, 2016). Through
government grants, progress of completion rates can be monitored and researched – best practice
implementations can be reviewed and perfected, to ultimately get a >90% completion rate.
A second service this proposal provides for is the education of the community about
HPV. The aim is to provide a better sexual education program that is age appropriate, such as
introducing the concept of puberty at a younger age and providing a comprehensive sexual
education that builds upon prior lessons taught through the school (Burdette, et al., 2014). In the
United States, curriculums are based on prior years’ knowledge, growing more complex as the
student progresses through the system. Currently, where sexual education is allowed to be taught,
it is a comprehensive, semester long course that is not brought up again once completed. By
beginning in 4th or 5th grade, initially just discussing puberty, and then gradually building upon
that knowledge as the student grows, full comprehension can be achieved, better preparing the
student for healthy sexual relationships and the knowledge of better sex practices.
12. 12
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