Aspecte privind managementul datelor RDF si a aplicatiilor folosind RDF, inclusiv instrumentele software necesare, sisteme de stocare, maniere de interogare prin SPARQL etc.
Web 2016 (05/13) Programare Web – Dezvoltarea aplicațiilor Web via Node.jsSabin Buraga
Tehnologii Web (prezentările aferente disciplinei predate de Sabin Buraga la Facultatea de Informatică, Universitatea A.I. Cuza din Iași) – detalii la http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2016 (04/13) Programare Web – Dezvoltarea aplicațiilor Web în PHPSabin Buraga
Tehnologii Web (prezentările aferente disciplinei predate de Sabin Buraga la Facultatea de Informatică, Universitatea A.I. Cuza din Iași) – detalii la http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2016 (02/13) Programare Web – Protocolul HTTP. Cookie-uri. Sesiuni WebSabin Buraga
Tehnologii Web (prezentările aferente disciplinei predate de Sabin Buraga la Facultatea de Informatică, Universitatea A.I. Cuza din Iași) – detalii la http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2016 (03/13) Programare Web – Servere de aplicații. Arhitectura aplicații...Sabin Buraga
Tehnologii Web (prezentările aferente disciplinei predate de Sabin Buraga la Facultatea de Informatică, Universitatea A.I. Cuza din Iași) – detalii la http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
A presentation regarding search engines, Web robots and related technologies prepared to be delivered during "Computer Science at the Castle" Summer School (Macea, Arad, Romania, 2016).
O prezentare referitoare la motoare de căutare, roboți Web și alte tehnologii înrudite pregătită pentru Școala de vară "Informatica la Castel" (Macea, Arad, România, 2016): http://informaticalacastel.ro/
Web 2016 (01/13) Spațiul World Wide Web – aspecte arhitecturaleSabin Buraga
Tehnologii Web (prezentările aferente disciplinei predate de Sabin Buraga la Facultatea de Informatică, Universitatea A.I. Cuza din Iași) – detalii la http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
A lecture – prepared to be delivered during "Computer Science at the Castle" Summer School (Macea, Arad, Romania, 2016): www.informaticalacastel.ro – regarding the most important aspects on Web development and current perspectives (2016 updated edition).
For other resources of interest, visit http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/
O prelegere reunind cele mai importante aspecte privind dezvoltarea Web și perspectivele actuale (ediția actualizată pentru 2016).
Pentru alte resurse de interes, a se consulta http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/
Aspecte privind managementul datelor RDF si a aplicatiilor folosind RDF, inclusiv instrumentele software necesare, sisteme de stocare, maniere de interogare prin SPARQL etc.
Web 2016 (05/13) Programare Web – Dezvoltarea aplicațiilor Web via Node.jsSabin Buraga
Tehnologii Web (prezentările aferente disciplinei predate de Sabin Buraga la Facultatea de Informatică, Universitatea A.I. Cuza din Iași) – detalii la http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2016 (04/13) Programare Web – Dezvoltarea aplicațiilor Web în PHPSabin Buraga
Tehnologii Web (prezentările aferente disciplinei predate de Sabin Buraga la Facultatea de Informatică, Universitatea A.I. Cuza din Iași) – detalii la http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2016 (02/13) Programare Web – Protocolul HTTP. Cookie-uri. Sesiuni WebSabin Buraga
Tehnologii Web (prezentările aferente disciplinei predate de Sabin Buraga la Facultatea de Informatică, Universitatea A.I. Cuza din Iași) – detalii la http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2016 (03/13) Programare Web – Servere de aplicații. Arhitectura aplicații...Sabin Buraga
Tehnologii Web (prezentările aferente disciplinei predate de Sabin Buraga la Facultatea de Informatică, Universitatea A.I. Cuza din Iași) – detalii la http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
A presentation regarding search engines, Web robots and related technologies prepared to be delivered during "Computer Science at the Castle" Summer School (Macea, Arad, Romania, 2016).
O prezentare referitoare la motoare de căutare, roboți Web și alte tehnologii înrudite pregătită pentru Școala de vară "Informatica la Castel" (Macea, Arad, România, 2016): http://informaticalacastel.ro/
Web 2016 (01/13) Spațiul World Wide Web – aspecte arhitecturaleSabin Buraga
Tehnologii Web (prezentările aferente disciplinei predate de Sabin Buraga la Facultatea de Informatică, Universitatea A.I. Cuza din Iași) – detalii la http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
A lecture – prepared to be delivered during "Computer Science at the Castle" Summer School (Macea, Arad, Romania, 2016): www.informaticalacastel.ro – regarding the most important aspects on Web development and current perspectives (2016 updated edition).
For other resources of interest, visit http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/
O prelegere reunind cele mai importante aspecte privind dezvoltarea Web și perspectivele actuale (ediția actualizată pentru 2016).
Pentru alte resurse de interes, a se consulta http://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/
Aspecte referitoare la managementul cunostintelor si inginerie ontologica: integrarea datelor, potrivirea de ontologii (ontology matching), alinierea si fuziunea de ontologii, modularizarea ontologiilor etc. De asemenea, discutii privind sabloanele de proiectare ontologica (design patterns)
Web Technologies (5/12): Data Modeling. XML Family and XML NamespacesSabin Buraga
A presentation from the lectures regarding Web Technologies, a discipline taught by Dr. Sabin Buraga at the Faculty of Computer Science, UAIC, Romania: https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/
Open Standards for the Semantic Web: XML / RDF(S) / OWL / SOAPPieter De Leenheer
This lecture elaborates on RDF, RDFS, and SOAP starting from a short recap of XML, and the history of the W3C and the development of "open standard recommendations". We also compare RDF triples with DOGMA lexons. We finalise by listing shortcomings of RDFS regarding semantics, and give short overview of the history of OWL as one answer to this. A full elaboration on OWL and description logic is for another lecture.
Web 2020 01/12: World Wide Web – aspecte arhitecturaleSabin Buraga
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Tehnologii Web" predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga.
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2020 02/12: Programare Web – HTTP. Cookie-uri. Sesiuni WebSabin Buraga
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Tehnologii Web" predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga.
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Aspecte referitoare la managementul cunostintelor si inginerie ontologica: integrarea datelor, potrivirea de ontologii (ontology matching), alinierea si fuziunea de ontologii, modularizarea ontologiilor etc. De asemenea, discutii privind sabloanele de proiectare ontologica (design patterns)
Web Technologies (5/12): Data Modeling. XML Family and XML NamespacesSabin Buraga
A presentation from the lectures regarding Web Technologies, a discipline taught by Dr. Sabin Buraga at the Faculty of Computer Science, UAIC, Romania: https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/
Open Standards for the Semantic Web: XML / RDF(S) / OWL / SOAPPieter De Leenheer
This lecture elaborates on RDF, RDFS, and SOAP starting from a short recap of XML, and the history of the W3C and the development of "open standard recommendations". We also compare RDF triples with DOGMA lexons. We finalise by listing shortcomings of RDFS regarding semantics, and give short overview of the history of OWL as one answer to this. A full elaboration on OWL and description logic is for another lecture.
Web 2020 01/12: World Wide Web – aspecte arhitecturaleSabin Buraga
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Tehnologii Web" predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga.
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2020 02/12: Programare Web – HTTP. Cookie-uri. Sesiuni WebSabin Buraga
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Tehnologii Web" predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga.
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2020 03/12: Programare Web – Arhitectura aplicaţiilor Web. Inginerie WebSabin Buraga
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Tehnologii Web" predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga.
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2020 04/12: Programare Web – Dezvoltarea aplicaţiilor Web în PHP Sabin Buraga
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Tehnologii Web" predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga.
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2020 05/12: Modelarea datelor. Familia XML. Extragerea datelor cu XPath. ...Sabin Buraga
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Tehnologii Web" predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga.
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2020 06/12: Procesarea datelor XML & HTML. Document Object ModelSabin Buraga
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Tehnologii Web" predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga.
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2020 07/12: Procesarea datelor XML & HTML – Simple API for XML. Procesări...Sabin Buraga
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Tehnologii Web" predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga.
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2020 08/12: Servicii Web. De la arhitecturi orientate spre servicii la SO...Sabin Buraga
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Tehnologii Web" predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga.
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2020 09/12: Servicii Web. Paradigma RESTSabin Buraga
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Tehnologii Web" predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga.
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2020 10/12: Servicii Web. Micro-servicii. Serverless. Specificarea API-ur...Sabin Buraga
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Tehnologii Web" predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga.
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2020 11/12: Interacţiune Web asincronă. Aplicaţii Web de tip mash-up. JAM...Sabin Buraga
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Tehnologii Web" predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga.
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Web 2020 12/12: Securitatea aplicaţiilor Web. Aspecte esenţialeSabin Buraga
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Tehnologii Web" predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga.
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/web/web-film.html
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Dezvoltarea aplicaţiilor Web cu JavaScript" (Full-Stack Web Development) predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga (oct.2019–feb.2020).
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/staw/web-film.html
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Dezvoltarea aplicaţiilor Web cu JavaScript" (Full-Stack Web Development) predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga (oct.2019–feb.2020).
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/staw/web-film.html
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Dezvoltarea aplicaţiilor Web cu JavaScript" (Full-Stack Web Development) predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga (oct.2019–feb.2020).
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/staw/web-film.html
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Dezvoltarea aplicaţiilor Web cu JavaScript" (Full-Stack Web Development) predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga (oct.2019–feb.2020).
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/staw/web-film.html
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Dezvoltarea aplicaţiilor Web cu JavaScript" (Full-Stack Web Development) predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga (oct.2019–feb.2020).
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/staw/web-film.html
STAW 06/12: JavaScript în navigatorul Web. De la DOM la Ajax şi mash-up-uriSabin Buraga
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Dezvoltarea aplicaţiilor Web cu JavaScript" (Full-Stack Web Development) predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga (oct.2019–feb.2020).
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/staw/web-film.html
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Dezvoltarea aplicaţiilor Web cu JavaScript" (Full-Stack Web Development) predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga (oct.2019–feb.2020).
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/staw/web-film.html
STAW 08/12: Programare Web. Suita de tehnologii HTML5Sabin Buraga
Prelegere din cadrul materiei "Dezvoltarea aplicaţiilor Web cu JavaScript" (Full-Stack Web Development) predată de Dr. Sabin Buraga (oct.2019–feb.2020).
Resurse suplimentare la https://profs.info.uaic.ro/~busaco/teach/courses/staw/web-film.html
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Overview on Edible Vaccine: Pros & Cons with Mechanism
Web05 Semantic Web: RDF Schema
1. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
Web semantic
Dr. SabinCorneliu Buraga
Facultatea de Informatica
Universitatea “A.I.Cuza” – Iasi, Romania
http://www.infoiasi.ro/~busaco/
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
3. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
“Toate erau laolalta – dupa aceea a venit mintea
si le‐a pus in ordine.”
Anaxagoras
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
4. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
constatare
Declaratiile RDF se situeaza la nivel de
instante (indivizi)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
5. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
constatare
Lipseste un mecanism de declarare
a unui vocabular
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
6. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
constatare
<rdf:Description rdf:about=http://www.apple.com/macbook>
<s:Produs>MacBook</s:Produs>
</rdf:Description>
In loc de produs putem folosi laptop ori marfa?
Conceptul produs este definit in relatie cu altele?
Resursa descrisa poate fi modelata diferit?
Ce proprietati sunt asociate unui produs?
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
7. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
necesitati
Un mecanism de specificare
a unui model de cunostinte privitor la un web
specificarea unei taxonomii a resurselor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
8. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
necesitati
O modalitate de a specifica
relatiile dintre (clase de) resurse
RDF este un model care permite specificarea de relatii
intre doua obiecte
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
9. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
necesitati
Ne‐ar fi util un model ce permite definirea
unei taxonomii, in termeni de clase, superclase
si subclase de resurse
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
10. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
taxonomii
Taxonomia reprezintă studiul principiilor
generale de clasificare ştiințifică,
i.e. clasificarea sistematică
detalii in (Daum et al., 2003)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
11. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
taxonomii
Resursele pot fi clasificate sub forma unei ierarhii,
conform unor relații în prealabil fixate stabilite
între entitățile pe care le reprezintă în lumea reală
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
12. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
taxonomii
Taxonomie ≡ arbore:
noduri – concepte (clase)
relații dintre noduri – relații de sub‐/supra‐clasificare
(generalizare/specializare)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
13. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
taxonomii
Fiecare nod (entitate) poseda
o proprietate specifica, proprietate caracteristica
sub‐clasei din care face parte
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
14. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
Conform (Alan Rector et al., 2004)
taxonomii: exemplu
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
15. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
taxonomii: exemplu
Conform (Christian Ricci, 2004)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
17. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
taxonomii: utilizari
Clasificarea resurselor
model simplu de clasificare
taxonomie = ontologie simpla
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
18. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
taxonomii: utilizari
exemplu mentionat de (Bouquet, Serafini & Zanobini, 2005)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
19. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
taxonomii: utilizari
Structuri de directoare de fisiere
Categorii de situri Web – cataloage, directories
Open Directory: dmoz.org
Comert electronic
Universal Standard Products and Services Classification:
www.eccma.org
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
20. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
taxonomii: utilizari
Clasificarea serviciilor Web
se realizeaza via tModel,
folosindu‐se North American Industry Classification System
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
21. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
taxonomii: model
Modelarea poate fi realizata via scheme RDF
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
22. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema
Permite definirea de taxonomii
în termeni de clase, super‐clase şi sub‐clase de resurse
(Brickley & Guha, 2004)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
23. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema
Recomandare a Consortiului Web
www.w3.org/TR/rdfschema/
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
24. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema
Ofera o modalitate de specificare
a unui vocabular de termeni si
de relatii intre acesti termeni
precizeaza contructiile – conceptele – ce pot fi utilizate
intr‐un domeniu dat
poate descrie relatiile dintre elementele de vocabular
apartinind unor vocabulare diferite
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
25. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema
Adauga semantica predicatelor si resurselor RDF
poate defini maniera in care un termen trebuie interpretat,
specificindu‐i proprietatile sale si stabilind ce tipuri
de “lucruri” pot fi valorile acestor proprietati
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
26. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema
Contine definitii si restrictii de utilizare
a proprietatilor
Fiecare predicat e identificat printr‐o schema unica
Pune la dispozitie maniere de specificare
a claselor si proprietatilor obiectelor
in contextul utilizarii unui vocabular
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
27. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: terminologie
Clasa (Class) & proprietatea (Property)
Persoana, type, Class
areIdentitate, type, Property
Aplicatie, type, Class
ruleazaPe, type, Property
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
29. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: terminologie
O schema RDF fiind exprimata prin triple RDF,
pot fi efectuate interogari SPARQL:
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
SELECT ?clasa
WHERE {
?clasa rdf:type rdfs:Class
}
ORDER BY ?clasa
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
30. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: model
Clase fundamentale:
rdfs:Resource – clasa resurselor
rdf:Property – clasa proprietatilor resurselor
rdfs:Class – corespunde conceptului de tip sau categorie
rdfs:Container – clasa generica privind
containerele de date RDF
rdfs:Datatypes – clasa tipurilor de date
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
31. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: model
Clasele specifica resurse Web (identificate de URI):
pagini
tipuri de documente
baze de date
persoane
…
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
32. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: model
Resursele apartinind unei clase = instante
clase specificate via RDF Schema
instantele sunt exprimate prin RDF
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
33. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: model
Proprietati fundamentale:
rdf:type – indica faptul ca o resursa
este membra a unei clase
rdfs:subClassOf – relatia de mostenire
a claselor (tranzitiva)
rdfs:subPropertyOf – relatia de mostenire a proprietatilor
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
34. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: exemplu
Clasa Multimedia include subclasele Audio si Video
<rdf:RDF xmlns:rdf=http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
xmlns:rdfs=http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
<rdf:Description rdf:ID=Multimedia>
<rdf:type rdf:resource=
http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class />
</rdf:Description>
<rdf:Description rdf:ID=Video>
<rdf:type rdf:resource=
http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class />
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=#Multimedia />
</rdf:Description>
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
35. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: exemplu
Clasa Multimedia include subclasele Audio si Video
(continuare)
<rdf:Description rdf:ID=Audio>
<rdf:type rdf:resource=
http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class />
<rdfs:subClassOf rdf:resource=#Multimedia />
</rdf:Description>
</rdf:RDF>
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
36. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: model
Restrictii:
impuse asupra claselor si/sau proprietatilor
rdfs:range – restrictioneaza valorile unei proprietati
rdfs:domain – specifica o clasa care poate fi asignata
ca valoare a unei proprietati
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
37. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: exemplu
Clasei Multimedia ii asociem proprietatea duration
cu valori din multimea numerelor intregi
<rdfs:Property rdf:ID=duration>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource=#Multimedia />
<rdfs:range rdf:resource=#Integer />
</rdf:Description>
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
39. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: model
Remarca:
nu e obligatoriu sa definim conceptul Integer
ipoteza lumilor deschise
contrast cu modelul bazelor de date clasice
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
41. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: exemplu (Ide, 2003)
Parte de vorbire
subClassOf of
sub-class of sub-class
subClassOf
Substantiv Verb
SubiectAl subClassOf
domain
domain
sub-class of sub-class of
range
Subst. comun Verb reflexiv
Nivelul ontologic
Nivelul datelor
type type
SubiectAl
Crocodilii se joaca
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
42. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: exemplu
Definirea claselor:
<rdfs:Class rdf:about=
http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#PartOfSpeech>
<rdfs:label>POS</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang=ro>Clasa desemnind categoria generala
“parte de vorbire”</rdfs:comment>
</rdfs:Class>
<rdfs:Class rdf:about=http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#Noun>
<rdfs:label>Noun</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment xml:lang=ro>Clasa substantivelor</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:subClassOf rdfs:resource=
http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#PartOfSpeech/>
</rdfs:Class>
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
43. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: exemplu
Definirea proprietatilor:
<rdfs:Property rdf:about=
http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#number>
<rdfs:domain rdf:resource=
http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#PartOfSpeech />
<rdfs:range rdf:resource=
http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Literal />
</rdfs:Property>
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
44. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: exemplu
Folosirea – la nivel de instante – a schemei RDF specificate:
<rdf:RDF
xmlns:rdf=http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
xmlns:pos=http://www.linguistics.org/schema.rdf#>
<s:Stiri xmlns:s=http://www.stiri.ro/crocodili>
<pos:Noun rdf:ID=crocodilii>
<pos:number rdf:value=Plural />
</pos:Noun>
<pos:Verb rdf:ID=se_joaca>
<pos:number rdf:value=Plural />
</pos:Verb>
</s:Stiri>
</rdf:RDF>
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
46. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: exemplu
Modelarea calendarelor de evenimente
inspirat de (Manjunath et al., 2008):
cal:Vevent a rdfs:Class .
cal:attendee a rdf:Property ;
:RoCHI08 rdf:type cal:Vevent ;
rdfs:domain cal:Vevent ;
cal:location [ :city Iasi ] ;
rdfs:range foaf:Person .
cal:dtstart 2008-09-18T09:00:00 ;
cal:location a rdf:Property .
cal:dtend 2008-09-19T18:00:00 ;
cal:dtstart a rdf:Property .
cal:relatedTo :RoCHI07 .
cal:dtend a rdf:Property .
cal:relatedTo a rdf:Property ;
o posibila instanta
rdfs:domain cal:Vevent ;
de eveniment
rdfs:range cal:Vevent .
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
47. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema
Clasele si proprietatile sunt modelate separat
Spre deosebire de paradigma orientata‐obiect,
proprietatile (atributele) nu fac parte din clasa
Nu se pot exprima relatii complexe intre clase
(reuniune, disjunctie,...),
nici cardinalitatea – e.g., “cel putin una”
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
48. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema
Se ofera suport pentru modelarea
clasificarilor de resurse
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
49. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema
Strategii privind organizarea continutului (Ricci, 2004):
ierarhie unica – strategia de navigare intre concepte
reprezinta insasi taxonomia adoptata
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
50. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema
Strategii privind organizarea continutului (Ricci, 2004):
asocieri de continut (content mapping) – managementul
continutului e independent de modul de navigare;
pot fi folosite mai multe criterii de clasificare,
eventual pe baza meta‐datelor aferente
identificarea relatiilor de baza: sub/supra‐clase, elemente
aflate pe acelasi nivel al arborelui taxonomic (peers)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
51. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema
Strategii privind organizarea continutului (Ricci, 2004):
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
52. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: exemplu
Modelarea datelor pentru o aplicatie de ascultat
CD‐uri: cdream (Victor Grigoriu, 2003)
Clase:
CD – http://cdream.ro/CD
Piesa – http://cdream.ro/Piesa
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
53. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: exemplu
Aplicatia cdream (Victor Grigoriu, 2003)
Proprietati:
Durata piesei (min:sec) – http://cdream.ro/Lung
Interpret/compozitor – http://cdream.ro/Artist
Titlul (piesei/albumului) – http://cdream.ro/Titlu
Lista pieselor de pe album – http://cdream.ro/Contine
(are ca obiect un rdf:Seq)
Genul muzical – http://cdream.ro/GenMuzical
Numele artistului – http://cdream.ro/Nume
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
54. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: exemplu
Aplicatia cdream (Victor Grigoriu, 2003)
Restrictii:
Proprietatea Contine se aplica numai clasei CD
Proprietatea Lung este specifica doar clasei Piesa
Proprietatea Nume se asociaza autorilor,
reprezentati ca resurse (noduri blanc)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
57. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: exemplu
Aplicatia cdream (Victor Grigoriu, 2003)
implementare in limbajul C++,
folosind biblioteca Redland – sub Linux
procesarea datelor RDF a recurs la analizorul Raptor
interfata cu utilizatorul bazata pe Qt
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
58. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema
Reprezinta un model de specificare explicita
a relatiilor dintre clase de “lucruri” de interes
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
59. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema
Pune bazele efectuarii automate de inferente
e.g., “descoperirea” relatiilor intre resurse – contrast cu
OOP unde relatiile de dependenta sunt specificate apriori
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
60. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema
Pune bazele efectuarii automate de inferente
Pentru subclase, avind triple de forma:
A rdfs:subclassOf B .
r rdf:type A .
putem deduce:
r rdf:type B .
triplu dedus
(inferred triple)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
61. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema
Pune bazele efectuarii automate de inferente
Pentru subproprietati, avind triple de forma:
P rdfs:subPropertyOf R .
APB.
putem deduce:
ARB.
triplu dedus
(inferred triple)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
62. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema
Pune bazele efectuarii automate de inferente
In cazul specificarii domeniului, avind triple de forma:
P rdfs:domain D .
xPy.
putem deduce:
x rdf:type D .
triplu dedus
(inferred triple)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
63. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema
Pune bazele efectuarii automate de inferente
In cazul specificarii intervalului, avind triple de forma:
P rdfs:range R .
xPy.
putem deduce:
y rdf:type R .
triplu dedus
(inferred triple)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
64. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: exemplu
Modelarea unui web privitor la familii de persoane:
:FemeieMaritata rdfs:subClassOf :Femeie .
:numeDeFata rdfs:domain :FemeieMaritata .
La nivel de instante, avem specificat:
:Raluca :numeDeFata Morosan .
Putem deduce automat ca
:Raluca rdf:type :Femeie .
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
65. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: exemplu
Modelarea unui web privitor la familii de persoane:
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
66. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema
Generalizind, avind disponibile triplele:
P rdfs:domain D .
D rdfs:subClassOf C .
putem deduce:
P rdfs:domain C .
in RDF Schema, mostenirea inseamna de fapt inferenta
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
67. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: sabloane
Desi sintactic nu exista suport pentru specificarea
operatiilor cu clase (intersectie, reuniune),
le putem exprima folosind regulile de inferenta
(Allemang & Hendler, 2008)
modelling patterns
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
68. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: sabloane
Intersectia de multimi (clase):
C rdfs:subClassOf A .
C rdfs:subClassOf B .
avind dat triplul
r rdf:type C .
am realizat
se poate deduce:
inferenta intr‐o
r rdf:type A . singura directie
r rdf:type B .
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
69. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: sabloane
Intersectia de multimi (clase) – exemplu:
:Masterand rdfs:subClassOf :Student .
:Masterand rdfs:subClassOf :DezvoltatorWeb .
:Ciprian rdf:type :Masterand .
se poate deduce:
:Ciprian rdf:type :Student .
:Ciprian rdf:type :DezvoltatorWeb .
un individ apartinind claselor Student si DezvoltatorWeb
nu e obligatoriu sa fie membru si al clasei Masterand
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
70. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: sabloane
Similar, se poate modela intersectia de proprietati
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
71. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: sabloane
Reuniunea de multimi:
A rdfs:subClassOf C .
B rdfs:subClassOf C .
avind r rdf:type A . sau r rdf:type B .
se poate deduce:
r rdf:type C .
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
72. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: sabloane
Reuniunea de multimi – exemplu:
:Sit rdfs:subClassOf :Produs .
:ServiciuWeb rdfs:subClassOf :Produs .
:SolutieEBanking rdf:type :ServiciuWeb .
(sau :SolutieEBanking rdf:type :Sit .)
se poate deduce:
:SolutieEBanking rdf:type :Produs .
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
73. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: sabloane
“Transferul” de proprietati:
P rdfs:subPropertyOf Q .
avind triplul
XPY.
se poate deduce:
XQY.
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
74. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: sabloane
“Transferul” de proprietati:
are utilizari in reconcilierea terminologiilor
:autor rdfs:subPropertyOf dc:creator .
bib:imprumutaCarte rdfs:subPropertyOf :posedaVolum .
lib:borrows rdfs:subPropertyOf :posedaVolum .
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
75. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: alte constructii
Referinte la alte resurse:
rdfs:seeAlso – proprietate care indica o resursa continind
informatii suplimentare privitoare la resursa asociata
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
76. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: alte constructii
Referinte la alte resurse:
<rdf:Description rdf:ID=MSD>
<s:nume xml:lang=ro>
Master de Sisteme Distribuite
</s:nume>
<rdfs:seeAlso rdf:resource=http://www.infoiasi.ro/msd />
<!-- informatii suplimentare -->
</rdf:Description>
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
77. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: alte constructii
Organizarea vocabularelor:
rdfs:isDefinedBy – subproprietate a rdfs:seeAlso
ce desemneaza o legatura spre sursa primara de informatii
despre o resursa data
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
78. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: alte constructii
Modelul RDF Schema specificat in RDF Schema – fragment:
<rdf:Property
rdf:about=http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#type>
<rdfs:isDefinedBy
rdf:resource=http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#/>
<rdfs:label>type</rdfs:label>
<rdfs:comment>The subject is an instance of a class.</rdfs:comment>
<rdfs:range
rdf:resource=http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Class/>
<rdfs:domain
rdf:resource=http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#Resource/>
</rdf:Property>
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
79. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
class name comment
rdfs:Resource The class resource, everything.
rdfs:Literal The class of literal values, e.g. textual strings and integers.
rdf:XMLLiteral The class of XML literals values.
rdfs:Class The class of classes.
rdf:Property The class of RDF properties.
rdfs:Datatype The class of RDF datatypes.
rdf:Statement The class of RDF statements.
rdf:Bag The class of unordered containers.
rdf:Seq The class of ordered containers.
rdf:Alt The class of containers of alternatives.
rdfs:Container The class of RDF containers.
rdfs:Container The class of container membership properties,
rdf:_1, rdf:_2, ..., all of which are subproperties of 'member'.
MembershipProperty
rdf:List The class of RDF Lists.
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
80. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
rdf schema: privire de ansamblu
property name comment domain range
The subject is an instance
rdf:type rdfs:Resource rdfs:Class
of a class.
rdfs:subClassOf The subject is a subclass of a class. rdfs:Class rdfs:Class
rdfs: The subject is a subproperty
rdf:Property rdf:Property
of a property.
subPropertyOf
rdfs:domain A domain of the subject property. rdf:Property rdfs:Class
rdfs:range A range of the subject property. rdf:Property rdfs:Class
A humanreadable name
rdfs:label rdfs:Resource rdfs:Literal
for the subject.
A description of the subject
rdfs:comment rdfs:Resource rdfs:Literal
resource.
rdfs:member A member of the subject resource. rdfs:Resource rdfs:Resource
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
81. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
property name comment domain range
rdf:first First item in the subject RDF list. rdf:List rdfs:Resource
Rest of the subject RDF list
rdf:rest rdf:List rdf:List
after the first item.
Further information about
rdfs:seeAlso rdfs:Resource rdfs:Resource
the subject resource.
The definition of the subject
rdfs:isDefinedBy resource. rdfs:Resource rdfs:Resource
Idiomatic property used
rdf:value rdfs:Resource rdfs:Resource
for structured values.
The subject of the subject
rdf:subject rdf:Statement rdfs:Resource
RDF statement.
The predicate of the subject
rdf:predicate rdf:Statement rdfs:Resource
RDF statement.
The object of the subject
rdf:object rdf:Statement rdfs:Resource
RDF statement.
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
82. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
intrebare
Exista posibilitatea folosirii unui model conceptual
mai expresiv?
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
83. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure
Thesaurus: a controlled vocabulary arranged
in a known order and structured so that
equivalence, homographic, hierarchical,
and associative relationships among terms
are displayed clearly and identified by standardized
relationship indicators
Conform ANSI/NISO Monolingual Thesaurus Standard
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
84. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure
Relatii
Echivalenta
termenul X are (aproape) acelasi inteles cu termenul Y
“Pagina Web” sinonim cu “document Web”
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
85. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure
Relatii
Omonimia (omografia)
termenul X se pronunta/scrie la fel ca si Y,
dar are alt inteles
“toc” versus “toc” versus “toc”
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
86. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure
Relatii
Ierarhie
termenul X are un inteles mai larg/restrins
decit termenul Y
“patrulater” versus “dreptunghi”
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
87. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure
Relatii
Asociere
termenul X este asociat termenului Y
(e.g., exista o relatie nespecificata intre ei)
“cui”/“Pink Floyd” asociat lui “ciocan”
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
88. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure
Un tezaur asigura urmatoarele:
conceptele se descriu intr‐un mod consistent
utilizatorii experimentati pot sa‐si rafineze cautarile
pentru localizarea informatiilor dorite din tezaur
utilizatorii nu trebuie sa fie familiarizati
cu terminologia tehnica (particulara) folosita
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
89. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure: exemple
Center for Army Lessons Learned (CALL) Thesaurus
National Cancer Institute (NCI) Thesaurus
AGROVOC – indexarea multilingva a resurselor privitoare
la agricultura realizata la nivelul Natiunilor Unite
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
90. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure: exemple
Roget’s Thesaurus – parte din proiectul Gutenberg
www.cix.co.uk/~andie/cogito/roget.shtml
WordNet
www.cogsci.princeton.edu/~wn/
schema RDF disponibila la http://xmlns.com/2001/08/wordnet/
SWAD (Semantic Web Advanced Development) Thesaurus
www.w3c.rl.ac.uk/SWAD/thesaurus.html
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
91. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure: exemple
(Daconta, Obrst & Smith, 2003)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
92. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure: skos
Simple Knowledge Organizational System
exprimă cunoştințele în cadrul sistemelor organizaționale,
în general, şi a tezaurelor, în special (Mikhalenko, 2005)
propus de Consortiul Web
model bazat pe RDF şi scheme RDF
http://www.w3.org/TR/skos-primer
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
93. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure: skos
Niveluri de specificare:
SKOS Core – modeleaza in special tezaure
utilizeaza spatiul de nume
http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core
SKOS Mapping – extensie ce permite asocierea
de concepte din tezaure diferite
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
94. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure: skos
Exemplu: definirea conceptului de instrument
<skos:Concept rdf:about=#instrument>
<skos:definition>Obiect utilizat într-un anumit scop</skos:definition>
<!-- specializare a unui alt concept -->
<skos:narrower rdf:resource=#obiect/>
<!-- concepte înrudite -->
<skos:related rdf:resource=#unealta/>
<skos:related rdf:resource=#dispozitiv/>
<skos:related rdf:resource=#mecanism/>
<skos:scopeNote>...</skos:scopeNote>
</skos:Concept>
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
95. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure: skos
Specificarea tezaurului arhivelor nationale britanice
UK Archival Thesaurus (Allemang & Hendler, 2008)
UKAT:EconomicCooperation a skos:Concept ;
skos:altLabel Economic co-operation ;
skos:broader UKAT:EconomicPolicy;
skos:narrower UKAT:IndustrialCooperation,
UKAT:EconomicIntegration ; relatii dintre
concepte:
skos:prefLabel Economic cooperation ; broader, narrower
skos:related UKAT:Interdependence ; si related
skos:scopeNote ... .
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
97. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure: skos
Pot fi specificate si colectii de concepte via skos:Collection
agro:LapteDupaTipulDeAnimal rdf:type skos:Collection ;
skos:member agro:LapteDeVaca ;
skos:member agro:LapteDeCapra ;
skos:member agro:LapteDeOaie .
agro:LapteDeVaca rdf:type skos:Concept ;
skos:prefLabel Lapte de vaca .
agro:Lapte skos:narrower agro:LapteDupaTipulDeAnimal .
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
98. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure: skos
Coordonarea conceptelor (pre‐ si post‐coordonare)
– suport pentru indexarea perechilor de concepte
s:floare skos:prefLabel Floare@ro .
Cum specificam
s:soare skos:prefLabel Soare@ro . “floarea soarelui”?
extindem SKOS cu proprietatea s:coordinationOf astfel:
s:coordinationOf a rdf:Property ;
rdfs:domain skos:Concept ;
rdfs:range rdf:List .
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
99. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure: skos
Coordonarea conceptelor (pre‐ si post‐coordonare)
s:floareaSoarelui a skos:Concept ;
s:coordinationOf (s:floare s:soare) ;
skos:prefLabel Floarea-soarelui@ro .
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
100. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure: skos
Specificarea de relatii tranzitive intre concepte via
skos:broaderTransitive si skos:narrowerTransitive
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
101. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tezaure: skos
Specificarea de relatii tranzitive intre concepte via
skos:broaderTransitive si skos:narrowerTransitive
detalii in Isaac & Summers, SKOS Primer, W3C, 2008
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
103. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
tema
Specificati in RDF(S) clasele, proprietatile si relatiile
privitoare la tipurile de angajati si artefactele asociate:
(Daconta et al., 2003)
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco
104. <?xml version=“1.0” ?>
Semantic Web <curs desc=“…” />
Rezumat
Modelarea taxonomiilor si tezaurelor prin
RDF Schema si realizarea inferentelor simple
Dr. Sabin Buraga http://www.purl.org/net/busaco