The document provides an overview of web engineering and web applications, defining web applications as software systems that utilize web technology to deliver resources via a browser. It categorizes web applications into six types: document-centric, transactional, workflow-based, collaborative, portal-oriented, and ubiquitous applications, each having distinct functionalities and use cases. Additionally, it outlines key characteristics related to web applications, emphasizing factors like content, user context, development processes, and the importance of integration in creating high-quality web applications.

1. Web Engineering
Book- Web Engineering;
Author- Gerti Kappel, Birgit , Siegfried Reich, Werner Retschitzegger
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2. What is Web application
• A Web application is a software system
• based on technologies and standards of the
• World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
• that provides Web specific resources such as content and services
through a user interface, the Web browser
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3. What is Web Engineering
• Web Engineering is the application of
• systematic and finite approaches (concepts, methods, techniques,
tools) to cost-effective
• requirements analysis, design, implementation,
• testing, operation,
• and maintenance
• of high-quality Web applications.
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4. Categories of Web Applications
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5. Categories of Web Applications,
• Document centric Web sites
• Web pages are stored on a Web server as ready-made, i.e. static,
HTML documents
• and sent to the Web client in response to a request.
• These Web pages are usually updated manually using respective
tools
• Examples
• news sites
• Organization sites, informative sites
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6. Categories of Web Applications,
• Transactional Web applications
• provide more interactivity,
• giving the user the possibility of not only interacting with the
application in a read-only manner,
• but also by performing updates on the underlying content.
• Examples
• Online banking, online shopping, and
• booking systems belong in this category.
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7. Categories of Web Applications
• Workflow-based Web applications
• allow the handling of workflows within or between different
• companies, public authorities, and private users
• Examples
• Business-to-Business solutions (B2B solutions) in e-commerce, e-
government applications in
• the area of public administration, or Web-based support of
patient workflows in the health sectors
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8. Categories of Web Applications
• collaborative Web applications
• Collaborative Web applications support shared information
• and workspaces in order to generate, edit, and manage shared
information.
• They are also used to keep logs of many small entries and edits
(as in Weblogs), simple chat rooms, as scheduling systems, or as
e-learning platforms like google class room.
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9. Categories of Web Applications
• Portal-oriented Web applications
• Portal applications provide data in an easily understandable
format, modify or manipulate the data, and communicate with
companies or individuals about the data.
• Contents in a web portal are dynamic and changed frequently.
• The visibility of one content changes from person to person
which means a content could be unique.
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10. Categories of Web Applications
• portal acts as a gateway to world wide web and provides many
services.
• Horizontal portals are public website which tries to deliver every
type of service that its users may need.
• Vertical portals work in a user-centric manner and deliver
information that is organization-specific.
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11. Categories of Web Applications
• Portal-oriented Web applications
• single point of access to separate, potentially heterogeneous
sources of information and services.
• It is central point of access to the Web business portals
• marketplace portals in the form of online shopping malls
• Business portals give employees and/or business partners focused
access to different sources of information and services through
an intranet or extranet.
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12. Categories of Web Applications
• Portal-oriented Web applications
• Horizontal marketplaces
• operate on the business-to-consumer market offering consumer
goods directly to the general public,
• and in business-to-business,
• selling their products to companies
• from other sectors.
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13. Categories of Web Applications
• Portal-oriented Web applications
• Vertical marketplaces
• consist of companies from a single sector,
• e.g. suppliers on one side
• and manufacturing companies on the other
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14. Categories of Web Applications
• ubiquitous Web applications
• provides customized services anytime anywhere and for any
device, thus facilitating ubiquitous access.
• It is either personalization or location-aware services or multi-
platform. It can provide analysis of data collected from sensors.
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15. Categories of Web Applications
• Most of the Internet of Things (IOT) devices are based on
Ubiquitous Computing.
• examples are: Apple Watch, Amazon Echo Speaker
• Fitbit, Electronic Toll Systems, Smart Traffic Lights
• Self Driving Cars
• ubiquitous computing is new business models and services.
• Example
• TIMES industry (Telecommunications, Information technology,
Multimedia, Education and Entertainment, Security)
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16. Characteristics of Web Applications
• Product-related Characteristics
• Content
• Hypertext
• Presentation
• Usage-related Characteristics
• Social Context: Users
• Technical Context: Network and Devices
• Natural Context: Location and Time
• Development-related Characteristics
• The Development Team
• Technical Infrastructure
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17. Product-related Characteristics
• content –
• content is king in web applications
• document-centered and multi-media
• text, tables, graphics, animation, audio, video
• main objective of web applications is to communicate content
• e-shopping: information about price, availability of products
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18. Product-related Characteristics
• Hypertext
• main distinction to traditional software systems – systematic
reading (“browsing, query, guided tour”)
• Sitemaps, key word searches, retracing of “paths” (history mode)
• display of access time and time spent on the site help users to
keep their orientation within the application
• In online shopping applications, queries, In virtual exhibitions,
and guided tours, In e-learning applications
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19. Product-related Characteristics
• Presentation
• the user interface are aesthetics and self-explanation.
• Aesthetics - “look and feel” of the user interface. It should be
user friendly.
• self-explanation - it should be possible to use Web application
without documentation.
• so that users can quickly become familiar with the usage of the
Web application
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20. Usage-related Characteristics
• Usage of Web applications is extremely heterogeneous.
• Users vary in numbers and cultural background, devices have
differing hardware & software characteristics
• time and location from where the application is accessed cannot
be predicted
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21. Usage-related Characteristics
• Social Context: Users
• The social context refers to user-specific aspects
• Spontaneity:
• Users can visit a Web application whenever they want and leave
it
• Again
• Multiculturality:
• limited knowledge about previous knowledge, handicaps,
preferences of users
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22. Usage-related Characteristics
• Technical Context: Network and Devices
• concerning quality of service-
• known network characteristics (e.g., bandwith, reliability)
• Multi-platform delivery:
• Web applications usually offer services not only to a specific type
of device, but rather any, increasingly mobile, devices with very
different specifications
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23. Usage-related Characteristics
• Natural Context: Location and Time
• aspects of the location and time of access
• Globality and availability
• create a high degree of heterogeneity.
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24. Usage-related Characteristics
• Globality:
• The location from which a Web application is accessed, e.g. the
geographical position, is important for the internationalization
• Availability: instant delivery mechanism
• Permanent availability 24/7 also increases the demands on the
stability of Web applications.
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25. Development-related Characteristics
• The Development Team
• development teams are multidisciplinary and generally rather
young
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26. Development-related Characteristics
• Multidisciplinarity:
• Multidisciplinary approach requiring knowledge and expertise
from different areas.
• IT experts responsible for the technical implementation of the
system, while domain experts should be responsible for the
content.
• There is therefore a larger variety of competence and knowledge
in the development team than in traditional software
development
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27. Development-related Characteristics
• Community development:
• The development of open source software freely available on
the Web and its integration in “real” application
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28. Development-related Characteristics
• technical infrastructure
• two essential components –
• inhomogeneity
• Web server under control of developer
• Web browser (out of control of developer)
• immaturity
• buggy components due to time-to-market pressure
• continuous evolution of base technology
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29. Development-related Characteristics
• Process
• development-related characteristics influenced by flexibility and
parallelism
• Flexibility:
• In Web application development it is impossible to adhere to a rigid,
predefined project plan. It is vital to apply flexibly to changing
conditions.
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30. Development-related Characteristics
• Process continue..
• Parallelism:
• Due to the necessity for short development times
• Web applications can often be split up into autonomous components
like authentication, search function, news ticker, etc.
• many Web applications are developed in parallel by various subgroups
of the development team
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31. Development-related Characteristics
• Integration
• A special characteristic of many Web applications is the need for
internal and external integration
• internal integration
• add web access to legacy systems to access existing contents.
• external integration
• of content and web services or web methods of external web
applications
• integration of heterogeneous database systems.
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32. Thanks ..
Reference:
https://digitalpadm.com/categories-of-web-applications/
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