Weather modification techniques have been attempted throughout history for various purposes. Common methods include cloud seeding to increase rain or snow. Weather modification was also attempted militarily, such as Operation Popeye which aimed to prolong the monsoon season in Vietnam. While many countries practice weather modification today through cloud seeding, weather modification in warfare is banned by an UN convention.
This document discusses how weather has impacted historical events and shaped the course of history. It provides several examples of how weather altered the outcomes of important events, such as allowing George Washington's troops to escape defeat during the American Revolution due to heavy fog. The document also notes how climate data can help predict future weather patterns and prepare for extreme weather. It highlights IEDRO's efforts to collect historic weather data to help mankind address climate change impacts. The second part profiles a new IEDRO volunteer, Andrea Kobeszko, who helps manage PR projects and the organization's newsletter.
A Global Terrorist Problem and a Peaceful Canadian SolutionThane Heins
Cloud seeding is a form of weather modification that has been researched since the 1940s. It involves injecting particles like silver iodide into clouds to act as freezing nuclei to induce precipitation. While some experiments showed promise, results have been inconclusive. Concerns include the possibility of uncontrolled floods or prolonged droughts. Cloud seeding continues today and may be used to increase snowfall or dissipate fog. However, its effects are still debated and it remains a controversial practice.
This document summarizes information from a paper on stratospheric geoengineering and its effects. It defines geoengineering as the large-scale manipulation of the environment to counter climate change. It discusses how stratospheric aerosols could be released into the atmosphere to scatter sunlight and cool the planet. It then outlines some of the proposed compositions of these aerosols, including sulfates, aluminum, and barium titanate. Finally, it notes some of the potential environmental and health effects of releasing these aerosols, such as acid rain, respiratory issues, and increased cancer rates.
The document is a collection of news photographs from various environmental disasters and issues around the world between 1989 and 2009. The photos show the Exxon Valdez oil spill, thousands of dead fish in an Indian lake due to pollution, heavy smog in Hong Kong, an Alberta oil sands mining operation, and a large patch of garbage in the Pacific Ocean known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.
The document is a collection of news photographs from various environmental disasters and issues between 1989 and 2009. It includes photos of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, fish dying in an Indian lake due to pollution, heavy smog in Hong Kong, oil sands mining in Canada, and a large patch of garbage in the Pacific Ocean. The photos provide visual examples of different types of environmental damage that occurred over a 20 year period.
Artificial rain making methods seminor reportJaswanthPittu
Static cloud seeding involves dispersing substances like silver iodide from ground-based generators into clouds. This induces ice crystal formation, allowing ice particles to grow and fall as precipitation. Studies on its effectiveness are inconclusive, with some finding increases in rainfall and others not. Cloud seeding remains debated in the scientific community.
1. Eyewall replacement cycles occur naturally in intense hurricanes when an outer ring of thunderstorms forms and contracts inward, weakening the inner eyewall by reducing its moisture and momentum. This causes the storm to initially weaken before the outer eyewall replaces the inner one.
2. Project Stormfury in the 1960s aimed to artificially trigger this process by seeding storms, but it was later found that eyewall replacement can occur naturally due to hurricane dynamics.
3. Nearly half of all major hurricanes undergo at least one eyewall replacement cycle, during which the storm may fluctuate between categories before re-intensifying with a new eyewall.
Back to the Future: The Climate for Change and the Hydrographer of the FutureRobert (Bob) Williams
This presentation was given at Hydrospatial 2021 held in February 2022 at Cairns, Queensland. The presentation looks at capability of the futuristic Oceania Infrastructure and Environmental Support System.
This document discusses how weather has impacted historical events and shaped the course of history. It provides several examples of how weather altered the outcomes of important events, such as allowing George Washington's troops to escape defeat during the American Revolution due to heavy fog. The document also notes how climate data can help predict future weather patterns and prepare for extreme weather. It highlights IEDRO's efforts to collect historic weather data to help mankind address climate change impacts. The second part profiles a new IEDRO volunteer, Andrea Kobeszko, who helps manage PR projects and the organization's newsletter.
A Global Terrorist Problem and a Peaceful Canadian SolutionThane Heins
Cloud seeding is a form of weather modification that has been researched since the 1940s. It involves injecting particles like silver iodide into clouds to act as freezing nuclei to induce precipitation. While some experiments showed promise, results have been inconclusive. Concerns include the possibility of uncontrolled floods or prolonged droughts. Cloud seeding continues today and may be used to increase snowfall or dissipate fog. However, its effects are still debated and it remains a controversial practice.
This document summarizes information from a paper on stratospheric geoengineering and its effects. It defines geoengineering as the large-scale manipulation of the environment to counter climate change. It discusses how stratospheric aerosols could be released into the atmosphere to scatter sunlight and cool the planet. It then outlines some of the proposed compositions of these aerosols, including sulfates, aluminum, and barium titanate. Finally, it notes some of the potential environmental and health effects of releasing these aerosols, such as acid rain, respiratory issues, and increased cancer rates.
The document is a collection of news photographs from various environmental disasters and issues around the world between 1989 and 2009. The photos show the Exxon Valdez oil spill, thousands of dead fish in an Indian lake due to pollution, heavy smog in Hong Kong, an Alberta oil sands mining operation, and a large patch of garbage in the Pacific Ocean known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.
The document is a collection of news photographs from various environmental disasters and issues between 1989 and 2009. It includes photos of the Exxon Valdez oil spill, fish dying in an Indian lake due to pollution, heavy smog in Hong Kong, oil sands mining in Canada, and a large patch of garbage in the Pacific Ocean. The photos provide visual examples of different types of environmental damage that occurred over a 20 year period.
Artificial rain making methods seminor reportJaswanthPittu
Static cloud seeding involves dispersing substances like silver iodide from ground-based generators into clouds. This induces ice crystal formation, allowing ice particles to grow and fall as precipitation. Studies on its effectiveness are inconclusive, with some finding increases in rainfall and others not. Cloud seeding remains debated in the scientific community.
1. Eyewall replacement cycles occur naturally in intense hurricanes when an outer ring of thunderstorms forms and contracts inward, weakening the inner eyewall by reducing its moisture and momentum. This causes the storm to initially weaken before the outer eyewall replaces the inner one.
2. Project Stormfury in the 1960s aimed to artificially trigger this process by seeding storms, but it was later found that eyewall replacement can occur naturally due to hurricane dynamics.
3. Nearly half of all major hurricanes undergo at least one eyewall replacement cycle, during which the storm may fluctuate between categories before re-intensifying with a new eyewall.
Back to the Future: The Climate for Change and the Hydrographer of the FutureRobert (Bob) Williams
This presentation was given at Hydrospatial 2021 held in February 2022 at Cairns, Queensland. The presentation looks at capability of the futuristic Oceania Infrastructure and Environmental Support System.
Making Earth Cool Again: Challenges & SolutionsPaul H. Carr
COOLING CHALLENGES: Fall 2018 Reports
(1) ""Global Climate Change Impacts in US": 13 Government Agency Report
(Nov 2018). Up to 10% decrease in US economy by 2100.
(2) "Preventing 2.7 F (1.5 C) degrees of warming." IPCC report, authored by 90 scientists from 40 countries (Oct 2018). Greenhouse pollution must be reduced by 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, and 100 percent by 2050.
COOL SOLUTIONS
(1) "Can Nuclear Energy Thrive in a Carbon-Constrained World?": (MIT Report, Sept 2018)
A reactor build-up (at a historically feasible rate) could completely decarbonize the World’s power sector within 30 years.
The energy storage costs needed for wind and solar alone would make them up to four times more expensive than reactors.
(2) A vegetarian/vegan diet is a way everyone can stop global warming.
(3) Capitalistic solution: carbon fee plus dividend.
This document discusses natural hazards and disasters that occur in Egypt. It outlines several types of natural hazards that affect the country, including droughts, flash floods, landslides, dust storms, earthquakes, extreme temperatures, and climate change. For each hazard, the document provides definitions, historical examples in Egypt from 1980-2010, and recommendations for mitigation strategies. It also discusses local and global actors involved in disaster risk reduction and management in Egypt, as well as resources for further information.
(3) References for el nino cause and effects essayBelow are 3 fu.docxkatherncarlyle
(3) References for el nino cause and effects essay
Below are 3 full text sources from Proquest data base to be used for this essay. Please use in text citations in the body of the essay and create a works cited section at the end of the essay. I have already cited each source for you at the beginning of each source above the title (see below).
Perera, J. (1997, Dec 26). EL NINO - THE GLOBAL WEATHER PHENOMENON. Inter Press Service Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/446072605?accountid=8289
EL NINO - THE GLOBAL WEATHER PHENOMENON
LONDON, Dec. 26 (IPS) -- In March 1997, sea-surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean began increasing -- the beginning of the "El Nino" weather system that, linked with the so-called "Southern Oscillation," has become notorious its global effects.
The El Nino of 1982-83 caused severe flooding and weather damage in Latin America as well as drought in parts of Asia. The last event, in 1991-92 brought severe drought to Southern Africa.
This year's El Nino is regarded by various experts as one of the most severe this century with record Pacific surface temperatures.
It is expected to continue well into 1998.
El Nino was the name given by the fishermen of northern Peru during the 19th century to describe the flow ofwarm equatorial waters southward around Christmas time. Normally the waters were cold and flowed from south to north.
But periodically the waters would reverse their flow and become warm. This caused the fish food chain to collapse as the warm current blocked the nutrient-rich cold water that rises from the bottom of the ocean. The fish died or moved away and catches would fall. This usually reached its peak around Christmas holiday, and the sailors named it "El Nino" (the Christ Child).
However, Peruvian scientists later linked more intense changes that took place every few years with catastrophic seasonal flooding along the normally arid coast.
At the beginning of the 20th century, British climatologist Gilbert Walker, head of the Indian Meteorological Service, began to investigate connections between the Asian monsoon and other climatic changes. He had been asked in 1904 to find a way to predict the pattern of India's monsoons after an 1899 famine caused by monsoon failure.
Unaware of El Nino, he discovered a periodic fluctuation of atmospheric pressure over the tropical Indo-Pacific region, which he called the Southern Oscillation (SO). When rainfall was sparse over northern Australia and Indonesia, pressure in that region was unusually high and wind patterns were changed.
At the same time, pressures were unusually low in the eastern South Pacific. Walker devised a "Southern Oscillation Index" (SOI), based on pressure differences between the two regions (east minus west) and in papers published during the 1920s and 1930s, he presented evidence for worldwide climatic changes associated with the SOI pressure "seesaw."
In the 1950s, the low-phase years of the SOI were found to corresponded ...
09 0214 NO To BNPP Bataan Dr. Kelvin Rodolfogtapang
The document discusses several risks and issues associated with nuclear power and reopening the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP) in the Philippines. It notes that BNPP is located on an active volcano, Mount Natib, which last erupted 11,000-18,000 years ago. It also discusses the seismic risks, with faulting occurring as recently as 3,000 years ago. The document questions claims that reopening BNPP would only cost $800 million and take 5 years, as the plant would need extensive modernization and safety assessments given its age.
The document discusses the history of crop circles from early reports in the 17th century to modern times. It describes some of the earliest images of crop circles, historical accounts from the late 19th century, and the rise in attention to crop circles in the late 20th century. The document also summarizes various theories that have been proposed to explain crop circles, including man-made hoaxes, weather phenomena, and paranormal or extraterrestrial theories.
This document discusses different types of disasters including natural disasters like cyclones, earthquakes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods, wildfires, droughts, avalanches and landslides. It also discusses man-made disasters such as nuclear bombings, terrorism, and oil spills. For each disaster type, it provides examples of some of the most destructive specific disasters in history in terms of death tolls and damage caused. The document emphasizes the need for modern technologies, preparedness, learning from past experiences, and coordination to help mitigate future disasters.
The document discusses various components of the atmosphere and air pollution. It provides details on smog, including historical events like the deadly smog that hit Donora, Pennsylvania in 1948. It also discusses current air pollution issues in places like Beijing, China, where particulate levels are often far higher than World Health Organization safety recommendations. The impacts of the Clean Air Act in the United States are summarized, with estimates that it has prevented hundreds of thousands of premature deaths and billions in health costs since its implementation.
Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere and weather processes. The field has a long history, with early contributions from Aristotle, Theophrastus, and others. Modern meteorology involves collecting quantitative atmospheric data and using scientific understanding to forecast future weather conditions. Key applications of meteorology include weather forecasting, aviation forecasting, agricultural forecasting, hydrometeorology, and maritime forecasting. The development of weather instruments over time has improved scientists' ability to study and predict the atmosphere and weather.
Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere and weather processes. The field has a long history, with early contributions from Aristotle, Theophrastus, and others. Modern meteorology involves collecting quantitative atmospheric data and using scientific understanding to forecast future weather conditions. Key applications of meteorology include weather forecasting, aviation forecasting, agricultural forecasting, and maritime forecasting. The development of weather instruments over time has helped improve measurement and understanding of meteorological phenomena. Early instruments included hygrometers, thermometers, barometers, and anemometers.
This document discusses hurricanes and their mathematical properties. It begins with a brief history of hurricanes and hurricane science. It then presents a simple model of a hurricane's anatomy including its typical size, shape as a hollow cylinder, and volume calculations. Further sections explore hurricane tracking patterns, storm surge forces, sea wave representations, and climatological trends. Mathematical concepts like functions, volumes, forces, and data analysis are applied to better understand hurricane dynamics and behavior.
INTRODUCTION
As people have seen, the giant industrial wind farms, small household wind turbines, and also everything in between are erecting all over the places. In 2012, the electricity capacity from the wind power in the total electric capacity is about 7.2% in EU, 2.0% in China, and 3.6% in US. Nevertheless, most people agree that wind energy should claim much greater share of the future energy supply. For eg:-, the United States is working on an ambitious target of 21% total electricity capacity by 2030. Indeed, wind energy is one of the fastest growing energy sources today and also in the foreseeable future. However, findings a suitable site to build the wind farm or simply set up the wind turbine is not always easy. The wind must be strong and must be consistent; the tower cannot obstruct the view; and the noise cannot disturb the local residence. Due to the fast growth of the population, it is aggrandizingly difficult to find a suitable place that is proper for a wind turbine yet will not interfere with the people’s everyday life (Srensen et al., 2002).
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
1) The document analyzes Nigeria's hydropower resources and assesses their vulnerability to attacks from Boko Haram insurgents, focusing on four major river basins that contain over 90% of hydropower potential in northern Nigeria.
2) It evaluates the risks to dams and infrastructure on the Hadeja-Jama'are and Kamadugu Yobe river basins, finding them highly vulnerable due to their locations, local socioeconomics, and porous borders that enable weapon smuggling.
3) The study recommends both physical and social measures to safeguard hydropower assets from terrorist threats in northern Nigeria.
Higher intensification of tropical cyclones occurs in the Bay of Bengal coast compared to the Arabian Sea coast due to several factors. The Bay of Bengal experiences more frequent cyclones annually with cyclones intensifying more over sea before making landfall. Several districts along the Orissa coast are among the most vulnerable in India due to their low-lying topography, population density, and cyclone-prone nature. Proper preparedness and early warning systems have helped reduce casualties from intense cyclones like Phailin compared to the devastating Super Cyclone of 1999.
This document summarizes a study published in the Journal of Energy and Environment that reviewed over 200 studies from the past 10 years on reconstructing ancient climates over the past 1,000 years. The key findings were:
1) Temperatures were found to be warmer than now in many northern regions from 950-1100 AD and many parts of the world were warmer from 800-1300 AD during the Medieval Warm Period.
2) Temperatures from 1300-1900 AD during the Little Ice Age period were generally cooler than recent decades.
3) The present global warming is not necessarily more a product of human emissions than natural changes, as natural climate fluctuations could be a dominant factor in recent warming
The document discusses various topics related to the environment and natural disasters in the Philippines, including:
1. The Philippines is prone to natural disasters like typhoons, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire and between tectonic plates. It also suffers from human-caused environmental issues like loss of land and forests.
2. The country has established laws and frameworks for disaster prevention and response, as well as agencies like PAGASA and PHIVOLCS that provide weather and volcanic hazard information and education.
3. Efforts are being made to improve solid waste management through waste reduction, recycling, comp
The document discusses concepts for future underwater cities, including proposals from Japan, Australia, and other countries. It describes several specific proposals, such as Ocean Spirals off the coast of Japan that could house 5,000 people, and a self-sustaining underwater city called Syph proposed for Australia. The document also outlines potential benefits of underwater cities like reduced impact of natural disasters and addressing issues like overpopulation and resource scarcity on land.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Making Earth Cool Again: Challenges & SolutionsPaul H. Carr
COOLING CHALLENGES: Fall 2018 Reports
(1) ""Global Climate Change Impacts in US": 13 Government Agency Report
(Nov 2018). Up to 10% decrease in US economy by 2100.
(2) "Preventing 2.7 F (1.5 C) degrees of warming." IPCC report, authored by 90 scientists from 40 countries (Oct 2018). Greenhouse pollution must be reduced by 45 percent from 2010 levels by 2030, and 100 percent by 2050.
COOL SOLUTIONS
(1) "Can Nuclear Energy Thrive in a Carbon-Constrained World?": (MIT Report, Sept 2018)
A reactor build-up (at a historically feasible rate) could completely decarbonize the World’s power sector within 30 years.
The energy storage costs needed for wind and solar alone would make them up to four times more expensive than reactors.
(2) A vegetarian/vegan diet is a way everyone can stop global warming.
(3) Capitalistic solution: carbon fee plus dividend.
This document discusses natural hazards and disasters that occur in Egypt. It outlines several types of natural hazards that affect the country, including droughts, flash floods, landslides, dust storms, earthquakes, extreme temperatures, and climate change. For each hazard, the document provides definitions, historical examples in Egypt from 1980-2010, and recommendations for mitigation strategies. It also discusses local and global actors involved in disaster risk reduction and management in Egypt, as well as resources for further information.
(3) References for el nino cause and effects essayBelow are 3 fu.docxkatherncarlyle
(3) References for el nino cause and effects essay
Below are 3 full text sources from Proquest data base to be used for this essay. Please use in text citations in the body of the essay and create a works cited section at the end of the essay. I have already cited each source for you at the beginning of each source above the title (see below).
Perera, J. (1997, Dec 26). EL NINO - THE GLOBAL WEATHER PHENOMENON. Inter Press Service Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/446072605?accountid=8289
EL NINO - THE GLOBAL WEATHER PHENOMENON
LONDON, Dec. 26 (IPS) -- In March 1997, sea-surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean began increasing -- the beginning of the "El Nino" weather system that, linked with the so-called "Southern Oscillation," has become notorious its global effects.
The El Nino of 1982-83 caused severe flooding and weather damage in Latin America as well as drought in parts of Asia. The last event, in 1991-92 brought severe drought to Southern Africa.
This year's El Nino is regarded by various experts as one of the most severe this century with record Pacific surface temperatures.
It is expected to continue well into 1998.
El Nino was the name given by the fishermen of northern Peru during the 19th century to describe the flow ofwarm equatorial waters southward around Christmas time. Normally the waters were cold and flowed from south to north.
But periodically the waters would reverse their flow and become warm. This caused the fish food chain to collapse as the warm current blocked the nutrient-rich cold water that rises from the bottom of the ocean. The fish died or moved away and catches would fall. This usually reached its peak around Christmas holiday, and the sailors named it "El Nino" (the Christ Child).
However, Peruvian scientists later linked more intense changes that took place every few years with catastrophic seasonal flooding along the normally arid coast.
At the beginning of the 20th century, British climatologist Gilbert Walker, head of the Indian Meteorological Service, began to investigate connections between the Asian monsoon and other climatic changes. He had been asked in 1904 to find a way to predict the pattern of India's monsoons after an 1899 famine caused by monsoon failure.
Unaware of El Nino, he discovered a periodic fluctuation of atmospheric pressure over the tropical Indo-Pacific region, which he called the Southern Oscillation (SO). When rainfall was sparse over northern Australia and Indonesia, pressure in that region was unusually high and wind patterns were changed.
At the same time, pressures were unusually low in the eastern South Pacific. Walker devised a "Southern Oscillation Index" (SOI), based on pressure differences between the two regions (east minus west) and in papers published during the 1920s and 1930s, he presented evidence for worldwide climatic changes associated with the SOI pressure "seesaw."
In the 1950s, the low-phase years of the SOI were found to corresponded ...
09 0214 NO To BNPP Bataan Dr. Kelvin Rodolfogtapang
The document discusses several risks and issues associated with nuclear power and reopening the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP) in the Philippines. It notes that BNPP is located on an active volcano, Mount Natib, which last erupted 11,000-18,000 years ago. It also discusses the seismic risks, with faulting occurring as recently as 3,000 years ago. The document questions claims that reopening BNPP would only cost $800 million and take 5 years, as the plant would need extensive modernization and safety assessments given its age.
The document discusses the history of crop circles from early reports in the 17th century to modern times. It describes some of the earliest images of crop circles, historical accounts from the late 19th century, and the rise in attention to crop circles in the late 20th century. The document also summarizes various theories that have been proposed to explain crop circles, including man-made hoaxes, weather phenomena, and paranormal or extraterrestrial theories.
This document discusses different types of disasters including natural disasters like cyclones, earthquakes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods, wildfires, droughts, avalanches and landslides. It also discusses man-made disasters such as nuclear bombings, terrorism, and oil spills. For each disaster type, it provides examples of some of the most destructive specific disasters in history in terms of death tolls and damage caused. The document emphasizes the need for modern technologies, preparedness, learning from past experiences, and coordination to help mitigate future disasters.
The document discusses various components of the atmosphere and air pollution. It provides details on smog, including historical events like the deadly smog that hit Donora, Pennsylvania in 1948. It also discusses current air pollution issues in places like Beijing, China, where particulate levels are often far higher than World Health Organization safety recommendations. The impacts of the Clean Air Act in the United States are summarized, with estimates that it has prevented hundreds of thousands of premature deaths and billions in health costs since its implementation.
Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere and weather processes. The field has a long history, with early contributions from Aristotle, Theophrastus, and others. Modern meteorology involves collecting quantitative atmospheric data and using scientific understanding to forecast future weather conditions. Key applications of meteorology include weather forecasting, aviation forecasting, agricultural forecasting, hydrometeorology, and maritime forecasting. The development of weather instruments over time has improved scientists' ability to study and predict the atmosphere and weather.
Meteorology is the scientific study of the atmosphere and weather processes. The field has a long history, with early contributions from Aristotle, Theophrastus, and others. Modern meteorology involves collecting quantitative atmospheric data and using scientific understanding to forecast future weather conditions. Key applications of meteorology include weather forecasting, aviation forecasting, agricultural forecasting, and maritime forecasting. The development of weather instruments over time has helped improve measurement and understanding of meteorological phenomena. Early instruments included hygrometers, thermometers, barometers, and anemometers.
This document discusses hurricanes and their mathematical properties. It begins with a brief history of hurricanes and hurricane science. It then presents a simple model of a hurricane's anatomy including its typical size, shape as a hollow cylinder, and volume calculations. Further sections explore hurricane tracking patterns, storm surge forces, sea wave representations, and climatological trends. Mathematical concepts like functions, volumes, forces, and data analysis are applied to better understand hurricane dynamics and behavior.
INTRODUCTION
As people have seen, the giant industrial wind farms, small household wind turbines, and also everything in between are erecting all over the places. In 2012, the electricity capacity from the wind power in the total electric capacity is about 7.2% in EU, 2.0% in China, and 3.6% in US. Nevertheless, most people agree that wind energy should claim much greater share of the future energy supply. For eg:-, the United States is working on an ambitious target of 21% total electricity capacity by 2030. Indeed, wind energy is one of the fastest growing energy sources today and also in the foreseeable future. However, findings a suitable site to build the wind farm or simply set up the wind turbine is not always easy. The wind must be strong and must be consistent; the tower cannot obstruct the view; and the noise cannot disturb the local residence. Due to the fast growth of the population, it is aggrandizingly difficult to find a suitable place that is proper for a wind turbine yet will not interfere with the people’s everyday life (Srensen et al., 2002).
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
1) The document analyzes Nigeria's hydropower resources and assesses their vulnerability to attacks from Boko Haram insurgents, focusing on four major river basins that contain over 90% of hydropower potential in northern Nigeria.
2) It evaluates the risks to dams and infrastructure on the Hadeja-Jama'are and Kamadugu Yobe river basins, finding them highly vulnerable due to their locations, local socioeconomics, and porous borders that enable weapon smuggling.
3) The study recommends both physical and social measures to safeguard hydropower assets from terrorist threats in northern Nigeria.
Higher intensification of tropical cyclones occurs in the Bay of Bengal coast compared to the Arabian Sea coast due to several factors. The Bay of Bengal experiences more frequent cyclones annually with cyclones intensifying more over sea before making landfall. Several districts along the Orissa coast are among the most vulnerable in India due to their low-lying topography, population density, and cyclone-prone nature. Proper preparedness and early warning systems have helped reduce casualties from intense cyclones like Phailin compared to the devastating Super Cyclone of 1999.
This document summarizes a study published in the Journal of Energy and Environment that reviewed over 200 studies from the past 10 years on reconstructing ancient climates over the past 1,000 years. The key findings were:
1) Temperatures were found to be warmer than now in many northern regions from 950-1100 AD and many parts of the world were warmer from 800-1300 AD during the Medieval Warm Period.
2) Temperatures from 1300-1900 AD during the Little Ice Age period were generally cooler than recent decades.
3) The present global warming is not necessarily more a product of human emissions than natural changes, as natural climate fluctuations could be a dominant factor in recent warming
The document discusses various topics related to the environment and natural disasters in the Philippines, including:
1. The Philippines is prone to natural disasters like typhoons, floods, landslides, volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, and tsunamis due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire and between tectonic plates. It also suffers from human-caused environmental issues like loss of land and forests.
2. The country has established laws and frameworks for disaster prevention and response, as well as agencies like PAGASA and PHIVOLCS that provide weather and volcanic hazard information and education.
3. Efforts are being made to improve solid waste management through waste reduction, recycling, comp
The document discusses concepts for future underwater cities, including proposals from Japan, Australia, and other countries. It describes several specific proposals, such as Ocean Spirals off the coast of Japan that could house 5,000 people, and a self-sustaining underwater city called Syph proposed for Australia. The document also outlines potential benefits of underwater cities like reduced impact of natural disasters and addressing issues like overpopulation and resource scarcity on land.
Kinetic studies on malachite green dye adsorption from aqueous solutions by A...Open Access Research Paper
Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...Joshua Orris
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...Open Access Research Paper
The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
Weather modifications
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WEATHER MODIFICATIONS
A weather modification (also known as weather control) is the act of
intentionally manipulating or altering the weather. The most common form of
weather modification is cloud seeding, which increases rain or snow, usually
for the purposeof increasing the local water supply. Weather modification can
also havethe goal of preventing damaging weather, such as hail or hurricanes,
fromoccurring; or of provoking damaging weather against the enemy, as a
tactic of military or economic warfarelike Operation Popeye, whereclouds
were seeded to prolong the monsoon in Vietnam. Weather modification in
warfarehas been banned by the United Nations under Environmental
Modification Convention.
HISTORY
A popular belief in northern Europethat shooting prevents hail caused many
agricultural towns to fire cannons withoutammunition. Veterans of the Seven
Years'War, Napoleonic wars, and the American Civil War reported that rain fell
after every large battle. After their stories were collected in War and Weather,
the United States Department of War in the late 19th century purchased
$9,000 of gunpowder and explosives to detonate them in Texas. The results of
the test, supervised by Robert Dyrenforth, wereinconclusive.
In November 1955, theThailand Royal Rainmaking Project was initiated by
King Bhumibol Adulyadej. He discovered that many areas faced the problem
of drought. Over 82 percent of Thai agriculturalland relied on rainfall. Thai
farmers werenot able to grow crops for lack of water. The royalrainmaking
projectdebuted on 20 July 1969 at his behest, when the first rainmaking
attempt was made at Khao Yai National Park. Dry ice flakes werescattered
over clouds. Reportedly, somerainfall resulted. In 1971, thegovernment
established the Artificial Rainmaking Research and Development Projectwithin
the Thai Ministry of Agricultureand Cooperatives.
In January 2011, severalnewspapers and magazines, including the UK's Sunday
Times and Arabian Business, reported that scientists backed by the
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governmentof Abu Dhabi, the capital of the United Arab Emirates, had created
over 50 artificial rainstorms between July and August2010 near Al Ain, a city
which lies close to the country's border with Oman and is the second-largest
city in the Abu Dhabi Emirate. The artificial rainstorms weresaid to have
sometimes caused hail, gales and thunderstorms, baffling localresidents.The
scientists reportedly used ionizers to create the rainstorms, and although the
results are disputed, the large number of times it is recorded to have rained
right after the ionizers were switched on during a usually dry season is
encouraging to those who supportthe experiment.
CLOUD SEEDING
Cloud seeding is a type of weather modification that aims to change the
amount or type of precipitation that falls from clouds by dispersing substances
into the air that serve as cloud condensation or ice nuclei, which alter the
microphysicalprocesses within the cloud. The usualintent is to increase
precipitation (rain or snow), buthail and fog suppression arealso widely
practised in airports whereharsh weather conditions areexperienced.
"China is launching the world's largestweather-controlmachine, with the
ability to modify the weather in an area similar to the size of Alaska. China has
never shied away fromdoing things on a massivescaleand this is yet another
example of the Chinese governmentworking on an unprecedented
scale".China estimates it to produceup to 10 billion cubic meters of rainfall
each year. For comparison, morethan 30 countries get less than 10 billion
cubic meters of precipitation per year.
Saudi Arabia has been cloud seeding sincethe 2000s and aims to increase
rainfall by 15-30% per year. The material used is: potassium chloride, sodium
chloride, magnesium, and other materials.
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Storm prevention
ProjectStormfury was an attempt to weaken tropical cyclones by flying aircraft
into storms and seeding the eyewall with silver iodide. The projectwas run by
the United States Governmentfrom 1962 to 1983. A similar project using soot
was run in 1958, with inconclusiveresults. Various methods have been
proposed to reduce the harmfuleffects of hurricanes. MosheAlamaro of the
Massachusetts Instituteof Technology proposed using barges with upward-
pointing jet engines to trigger smaller storms to disruptthe progress of an
incoming hurricane; critics doubtthe jets would be powerfulenough to make
any noticeable difference.
Alexandre Chorin of the University of California, Berkeley, proposed dropping
large amounts of environmentally friendly oils on the sea surface to prevent
droplet formation. Experiments by Kerry Emanuel of MITin 2002 suggested
that hurricane-forcewinds would disruptthe oil slick, making it ineffective.
Other scientists disputed the factual basis of the theoretical mechanism
assumed by this approach.
The Florida company Dyn-O-Matand its CEO, Peter Cordani, proposed the use
of a patented productit developed, called Dyn-O-Gel, to reduce the strength of
hurricanes. The substanceis a polymer in powder form (a polyacrylic acid
derivative) which reportedly has the ability to absorb 1,500 times its own
weight in water. The theory is that the polymer is dropped into clouds to
remove their moistureand force the storm to usemore energy to movethe
heavier water drops, thus helping to dissipatethe storm. When the gel reaches
the ocean surface, it is reportedly dissolved. Peter Cordani teamed up with
Mark Daniels and Victor Miller, the owners of a governmentcontracting
aviation firm AeroGroup which operated ex-military aircraftcommercially.
Using a high altitude B-57 Bomber, AeroGroup tested the substancedropping
9,000 pounds fromtheB-57 aircraft's large bomb bay disbursing it into a large
thunderstormcell justoff the east coast of Florida. The tests were documented
on film and made international news showing the storms weresuccessfully
removed on monitored Doppler radar. In 2003, theprogram was shutdown
because of political pressurethrough NOAA. Numerical simulations performed
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by NOAA showed however that it would not be a practical solution for large
systems like a tropical cyclone.
Hail cannons have been used by some farmers sincethe 19th century in an
attempt to ward off hail, but there is no reliable scientific evidence to confirm
their effectiveness. Another new anti-hurricane technology is a method for the
reduction of tropical cyclones'destructiveforce – pumping sea water into and
diffusing it in the wind at the bottom of such tropical cyclone in its eye wall.
Hurricane modification
NOAA published a page addressing various ideas in regards to tropical cyclone
manipulation.
"How to stop a hurricane"[21] explored various ideas such as:
.Using lasers todischarge lightning instorms whichare likely tobecome
hurricanes
.Pouring liquidnitrogenontothe seato deprive the hurricane of heat
energy.
.Creating soot to absorbsunlight and change air temperature andcreate In
the military convectioncurrents inthe outer wall.
In the military
Operation Popeye was a highly classified operation run by the US military in
1967-1972.Thepurposewas to prolong Monsoon in Southeast Asia. The
overwhelming precipitation successfully disrupted the tactical logistics of
Vietnamese army. Operation Popeye is believed as the first successfulpractice
of weather modification technology in warfare. After it was unveiled, weather
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modification in warfarewas banned by the EnvironmentalModification
Convention (ENMOD).
In "Benign Weather Modification" published March 1997, Air ForceMajor
Barry B. Coble superficially documents the existence of weather modification
science wherehe traces the developments that have occurred, notably, in the
hands of the Pentagon and CIA's staunchestideological enemies.
The first scientifically controlledandmonitoredeffort generally
recognizedby the meteorological community as constituting weather
modificationoccurredin1948. WhenDr. Irving Langmuir first
experimentedwithartificially seeding clouds toproduce rain, his
experimentsshowedpositive results –sparking tremendous interestin
the fieldnearly overnight.
Many countries throughoutthe world practice weather modification.
The Russians havelong been interested in using weather modification as
a way to control hail.
The Chinese recognize the value of weather modification and believe
that the US military continues to use weather as a weapon.
In religion and mythology
Magical and religious practices to controlthe weather are attested in a variety
of cultures. In ancient India it is said that yajna or vedic rituals of chanting
mantras and offering were performed by rishis to bring sudden bursts of rain
fall in rain starved regions. SomeIndigenous Americans, likesomeEuropeans,
had rituals which they believed could induce rain. The Finnish people, on the
other hand, were believed by others to be able to control weather. As a result,
Vikings refused to take Finns on their oceangoing raids. Remnants of this
superstition lasted into the twentieth century, with someship crews being
reluctant to accept Finnish sailors.
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In Greek mythology, Iphigenia was offered as a human sacrifice to appeasethe
wrath of the goddess Artemis, who had becalmed the Achaean fleet at Aulis at
the beginning of the Trojan War. In Homer's Odyssey, Aeolus, keeper of the
winds, bestowed Odysseus and his crew with a gift of the four winds in a bag.
However, the sailors opened the bag while Odysseus slept, looking for booty
(money), and as a result wereblown off courseby the resulting gale. In ancient
Rome, the lapis manalis was a sacred stone kept outside the walls of Rome in a
temple of Mars. When Rome suffered from drought, the stone was dragged
into the city. The Berwick witches of Scotland were found guilty of using black
magic to summon storms to murder King James VI of Scotland by seeking to
sink the ship upon which he travelled.[40] Scandinavian witches allegedly
claimed to sell the wind in bags or magically confined into wooden staves; they
sold the bags to seamen who could release them when becalmed. In various
towns of Navarre, prayers petitioned Saint Peter to grant rain in time of
drought. If the rain was not forthcoming, the statue of St Peter was removed
fromthe church and tossed into a river.
In the Jewish Scriptures, otherwiseknown as theOld Testament, it is recorded
that Elijah in the way of judgement, told King Ahab that neither dew nor rain
would fall until Elijah called for it. Itis further recorded that the ensuing
droughtlasted for a period of 3.5 years at which time Elijah called the rains to
come again and the land was restored.TheChristian Bible in the New
Testament records Jesus Christcontrolling a storm by speaking to it.
In Islam,SalatAl-Istisqa’ (Prayer for Rain)is taken as recoursewhen seeking rain
from God during times of drought.
In literature
Frank Herbert's Duneseries features weather control technology, mainly in the
planets of Arrakis, wherethetechnology is used to assurefor privacy from
observation and in order to hide from the Imperium their true population and
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their plans to terraformthe planet, and in Chapterhouse, wherethe Bene
Gesseritintend to turn the planet into a desert.
References
Gelt, Joe. "Weather Modification: A Water ResourceStrategy to be
Researched, Tested Before Tried". University of Arizona. Archived from
the original on June 5, 1997. Retrieved April 17, 2012.
Ley, Willy (February 1961). "Let's Do Something About the Weather". For
Your Information. Galaxy Science Fiction. pp. 72–84.
Langmuir, Irving (December 13, 1948). FinalReport: Project Cirrus
(Report No. PL 140 ed.). General Electric Research Laboratory. p. 14.