Roots absorb water through osmosis and transpiration. Root hairs absorb water from the soil through osmosis due to their cell sap having a lower water potential than the soil solution. The water moves into the root cortex and then into the stele through passage cells that lack suberin casings. It travels up the xylem vessels through transpiration pull from the leaves. There are three pathways for water movement: apoplastic through cell walls, symplastic through plasmodesmata, and transmembrane through cell membranes. Active absorption is driven by root cell osmosis while passive absorption relies on transpiration pull from the leaves.
Monocots and dicots are named for the number of seed leaves, or cotyledons, in the plant embryo.
Vascular bundle: A strand of tissue that carry water and nutrients through the body of the plant
Entry of water through the roots
Transpiration pull draws water and mineral salts from the roots to the stems and leaves
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Monocots and dicots are named for the number of seed leaves, or cotyledons, in the plant embryo.
Vascular bundle: A strand of tissue that carry water and nutrients through the body of the plant
Entry of water through the roots
Transpiration pull draws water and mineral salts from the roots to the stems and leaves
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
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Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...Ana Luísa Pinho
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) provides means to characterize brain activations in response to behavior. However, cognitive neuroscience has been limited to group-level effects referring to the performance of specific tasks. To obtain the functional profile of elementary cognitive mechanisms, the combination of brain responses to many tasks is required. Yet, to date, both structural atlases and parcellation-based activations do not fully account for cognitive function and still present several limitations. Further, they do not adapt overall to individual characteristics. In this talk, I will give an account of deep-behavioral phenotyping strategies, namely data-driven methods in large task-fMRI datasets, to optimize functional brain-data collection and improve inference of effects-of-interest related to mental processes. Key to this approach is the employment of fast multi-functional paradigms rich on features that can be well parametrized and, consequently, facilitate the creation of psycho-physiological constructs to be modelled with imaging data. Particular emphasis will be given to music stimuli when studying high-order cognitive mechanisms, due to their ecological nature and quality to enable complex behavior compounded by discrete entities. I will also discuss how deep-behavioral phenotyping and individualized models applied to neuroimaging data can better account for the subject-specific organization of domain-general cognitive systems in the human brain. Finally, the accumulation of functional brain signatures brings the possibility to clarify relationships among tasks and create a univocal link between brain systems and mental functions through: (1) the development of ontologies proposing an organization of cognitive processes; and (2) brain-network taxonomies describing functional specialization. To this end, tools to improve commensurability in cognitive science are necessary, such as public repositories, ontology-based platforms and automated meta-analysis tools. I will thus discuss some brain-atlasing resources currently under development, and their applicability in cognitive as well as clinical neuroscience.
Deep Behavioral Phenotyping in Systems Neuroscience for Functional Atlasing a...
WATER UPTAKE BY ROOT.pptx
1. CCS Haryana Agricultural University
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CCS Haryana Agricultural University
Hisar (125001)
CCS Haryana Agricultural University
Hisar (125001)
ANKIT DHILLON
DEPTT. OF G&PB
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Water Absorption System in Plants
Plants have the potentiality to absorb water through their entire
surface right from root, stem, leaves, flowers, etc. However, as
water is available mostly in the soil,
Roots are often extensive
and grow rapidly in the soil.
Each root hair has a central vacuole filled with osmotically active
cell sap and a peripheral cytoplasm. The wall is thin and permeable
with pectic substances in the outer layer and cellulose on the inner
layer. Root hairs pass into capillary micropores, get cemented to
soil particles by pectic compounds and absorb capillary water.
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• Soil is the upper weathered,
humus, mineral water and air
containing layer of the earth’s
crust which supports plant life.
• Water is an important constituent
of soil because all land plants
depend upon it for their
requirement of water. Deep in
the soil and above the
impermeable stratum, water
occurs freely in the pervious
rocky matter. It is called
the Ground water.
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•Soil water, important to most plants, is the one
present in 1-2m of soil because their roots are
generally restricted to this region.
•Water is present in the soil in five forms capillary
water, gravitational water, hygroscopic water,
combined water and water vapours.
•The ultimate source of all soil water is rain or
irrigation. A part of rain water does not enter the
soil but is drained away from soil-surface along the
slope. It is called run-away water or run-off.
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Site of water absorption
•Water is mainly absorbed
through root hairs.
• Located in a group just
above the root cap.
• This area rich in root
hairs is called root hair
zone.
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Typical Root Hair
• Billions of root hairs are present in the root system of a
plant.
• Root hairs are tubular hair like projections of the
epidermal cells.
• Each root hair is single celled.
• Root hairs are 0.5 to 1.0 cm in length and 10µ in
diameter. Root hair is modified epidermal cell
• The wall of the root is permeable to water it is made up
of cellulose and pectic substances which are strongly
hydrophilic (water loving in nature)
• Next to cell wall there is plasma membrane enclosing
cytoplasm, nucleus and vacuole.
• Vacuole is filled with cell sap whose water potential is
more negative than the soil solution.
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ROOTS
•Often roots are overlooked, probably because they are less
visible than the rest of the plant. However, it's important to
understand plant root systems because they have a
pronounced effect on a plant's size and vigor, method of
propagation, adaptation to soil types, and response to
cultural practices and irrigation.
•Roots typically originate from the lower portion of a plant
or cutting. They have a root cap, but lack nodes and never
bear leaves or flowers directly. Their principal functions are
to absorb nutrients and moisture, anchor the plant in the
soil, support the stem, and store food. In some plants, they
can be used for propagation.
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STRUCTURE OF ROOTS
• Internally, there are three major parts of a root :
The meristem is at the tip and manufactures new cells; it is an area of cell
division and growth.
• Behind the meristem is the zone of elongation. In this area, cells increase in
size through food and water absorption. As they grow, they push the root
through the soil.
• The zone of maturation is directly beneath the stem. Here, cells become
specific tissues such as epidermis, cortex, or vascular tissue.
• A root's epidermis is its outermost layer of cells . These cells are responsible for
absorbing water and minerals dissolved in water. Cortex cells are involved in
moving water from the epidermis to the vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
and in storing food. Vascular tissue is located in the center of the root and
conducts food and water.
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Externally, there are two areas of importance: the root cap
and the root hairs. The root cap is the root's outermost tip. It
consists of cells that are sloughed off as the root grows
through the soil. Its function is to protect the root meristem.
Root hairs are delicate, elongated epidermal cells that occur
in a small zone just behind the root's growing tip. They
generally appear as fine down to the naked eye. Their
function is to increase the root's surface area and absorptive
capacity. Root hairs usually live 1 or 2 days. When a plant is
transplanted, they are easily torn off or may dry out in the
sun
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PATH OF ABSORBED WATER
• It move into the cortical cells. After crossing the cortical cells it reaches the
epidermis.
• The endodermal cells lying opposite to root hairs are especially modified to
transport the absorbed water. These endodermal cells are called passage cells.
• The passage cells are permeable to water because they lack of casparian
thickening in their wall. Other endodermal cells are provided with casparian
thickening are impermeable to water.
• The water passage cells pass into the pericycle cells. From the pericycle cells, the
water pass into the xylem, through the xylem tube, the water move up through
stem to reach the leaves.
• The water movement from one cell to another is brought about by turgor
pressure.
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WATER MOVEMENT MECHANISM IN PLANTS
In plants, following two pathways are involved in the water
movement. They are
• (1) Apoplastic pathway
• (2) Symplastic pathway
• (3) Transmembrane pathway
1. Apoplastic pathway :The apoplastic movement of water in plants
occurs exclusively through the cell wall without crossing any
membranes. The cortex receive majority of water through apoplastic
way as loosely bound cortical cells do not offer any resistance. But the
movement of water in root beyond cortex apoplastic pathway is
blocked by casparian strip present in the endodermis.
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Symplastic Pathway
•The movement of water
from one cell to other
cell through the
plasmodesmata is called
the symplastic pathway
of water movement.
This pathway comprises
the network of
cytoplasm of all cells
inter-connected by
plasmodermata.
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Transmembrane pathway
•In plant roots, water movement from soil till the
endodermis occurs through apoplastic pathway i.e. only
through cell wall. The casparian strips in the endodermis
are made-up of wax -like substance suberin which blocks
water and solute movement through the cell wall of the
endodermis. As a result water is forced to move through
cell membranes and may cross the tonoplast of vacuole.
This movement of water through cell membranes is called
transmembrane pathway
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MECHANISM OF WATER ABSORPTION:
• In this process the root cells play active role in the absorption of water and
metabolic energy released through respiration is consumed active absorption
may be of two kinds.
• First step in osmotic the osmotic absorption of water is the imbibition of soil
water by the hydrophilic cell walls of root hairs.
• Osmotic pressure of the cell sap of root hairs is usually higher than the OP of the
soil water.
• Therefore, the DPD and suction pressure in the root hairs become higher and
water from the cell walls enters into them through plasma membrane by
osmotic diffusion.
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• As a result, OP, suction pressure and DPD of root hairs become
lower, while their turgor pressure is increased.
• Now the cortical cells adjacent to root hairs have high OP, SP &
DPD in comparison to the root hairs.
• Therefore, water is drawn into the adjacent cortical cells from
root hairs by osmotic diffusion. In the same way, by cell to cell
osmotic diffusion gradually reaches the inner most cortical cells
and the endodermis.
• Osmotic diffusion of water into endodermis takes place through
special thin walled passage cells because the other endodermis
cells have casparian strips on thin walls which are impervious to
water.
• Water from endodermis cells is down into the cells of pericycle by
osmotic diffusion which now become turgid and their suction
pressure in decreased.
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• In the last step, water is drawn into xylem from turgid pericycle cells (In roots the
vascular bundles are radical and protoxylem elements are in contact with
pericycle). It is because in the absence of turgor presume of the xylem vessels, the
SP of xylem vessels become higher than SP of the cells of the pericycle when water
enters into xylem from pericycle a pressure is developed in the xylem of roots
which can raise the water to a certain height in the xylem. This pressure is called as
root pressure.
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Passive Absorption of Water:
• Passive absorption of water takes place when rate of transpiration is usually high.
Rapid evaporation of water from the leaves during transpiration creates a tension
in water in the xylem of the leaves. This tension is transmitted to water in xylem
of roots through the xylem of stem and the water rises upward to reach the
transpiring surfaces.
• As a result, soil water enters into the cortical cells through root hairs to reach the
xylem of roots to maintain the supply of water. The force for this entry of water is
created in leaves due to rapid transpiration and hence, the root cells remain
passive during this process.
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•It is mainly due to transpiration, the root cells do not play
active role and remain passive.
•STEPS:
•Transpiration creates tension in water in the xylem of the
leaves
•Tension is transmitted to water in xylem of root through
xylem of stem and water rises upward to reach transpiring
surface
•Hence soil water enters cortical cells through root hairs to
reach xylem of roots to maintain the supply of water.
•The force for entry of water in leaves is due to rapid
transpiration and root cells remain passive
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• During absorption of water by roots, the flow of
water from epidermis to endodermis may take place
through three different pathways:
(i) Apoplastic pathway (cell walls and intercellular
spaces),
(ii) Trans-membrane pathway (by crossing the plasma
membranes) and
(iii) Symplast pathway (through plasmodesmata).
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Difference between active and passive absorption
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External factors affecting absorption of water
: increased amount of water in the soil beyond a certain limit results in
poor aeration of the soil which retards metabolic activities of root cells like respiration and
hence, the rate of water absorption is also retarded.
• Concentration of soil solution: Increased concentration of soil solution (due to presence of
more salts in the soil) results in higher OP. If OP of soil solution will become higher than the
OP of cell sap in root cells, the water absorption particularly the osmotic absorption of
water will be greatly suppressed.
: Absorption of water is retarded in poorly aerated soils because in such soils
deficiency of O2 and consequently the accumulation of CO2 will retard the metabolic
activities of roots like respiration.
• Soil temperature : Increase in soil temperature up to about 30°C favours water absorption.
At higher temperature water absorption is decreased
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