Water supply
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Germans use water efficiently, with each citizen using about 130L per day due to high water prices, minimal loss in distribution systems, and efficient water circulation. Germany has high quality water supplied by over 6,200 local providers to private households and small businesses, while energy, industrial, and mining companies often abstract water directly. Municipalities are responsible for fresh water supply and sewage treatment through a network of around 500,000km of drinking water pipes. Water scarcity is low in Germany, which abstracts only 3% of its total renewable water resources.
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Water is one of the most important substances on earth. All plants and animals must have water to survive. If there was no water there would be no life on earth. There are two ways in which we can classify our water use. One type is in-stream use; this includes hydroelectric power, boating and swimming, for example. While in-stream activities do not use up the water, they can degrade the water quality through pollution. The other type of water use is the withdrawal of water, and this classification includes household use, industry use, irrigation, livestock watering and thermal and nuclear power. Most withdrawals are consumptions, meaning that the activity uses the water and does not return it to the source.
The amount of water that is taken (or withdrawn) from the source is called the water intake, and the amount that is returned is called the water discharge. The difference between the water intake and the water discharge is the amount consumed.
Water intake – Water discharge = Consumption
The total amount of water that is used is called the gross water use. The difference between the gross water use and the water intake is equal to the amount of water that is recirculated. The recirculated amount is expressed as a recycling rate and is a good indicator of water efficiency.
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Ground water refers to any source of water that lies beneath the soil layer. Ground water can exist in the soil itself or between rocks and other materials. Most communities obtain their water from underground aquifers, or rock formations capable of holding large amounts of freshwater. Only 3 percent of the water on earth is considered freshwater, with a mere 30 percent of that small amount being found as groundwater. Pollution, seawater contamination and overuse threaten this valuable resource.
Surface Water:
Sources of surface water can include any above-ground collection of water such as rivers, lakes, ponds and oceans. Some sources of surface water are also fed by underground aquifers. Surface water accounts for 80 percent of the water humans use.
Ocean Water:
Although ocean water makes up nearly 97 percent of all water on earth, it is not a viable source of potable water unless salt and other impurities are removed. Desalination, the process by which salt is removed from water, is a rapidly growing practice. While salt and other microscopic particles can be removed from water in a variety of ways, the most promising method is through reverse osmosis. This process forces saltwater through filters with microscopic pores that remove salt and other microbes. Reverse osmosis requires large amounts of energy, making it a very expensive process.
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The document discusses natural resources and water usage. It notes that most of Earth's water is salty ocean water, while only 3% is fresh water for human use. Most fresh water is used for agriculture (70%) and industry (23%), with only a small amount left for domestic use. The document forecasts that population growth, pollution, and lack of education will exacerbate water scarcity issues in developing countries in the future. Conservation measures like recycling water and using buckets instead of running taps can help address this problem.
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Water is vital for industry and is used at all stages of production for many industries such as manufacturing glass, plastic, metals, paper, chemicals, and fuels. It is used as a raw material, coolant, and solvent. The water industry provides solutions across the full water cycle from collection and purification to distribution and reuse. It offers municipal water treatment, industrial water treatment, wastewater treatment, pumping stations, and water distribution systems to ensure an efficient and reliable water supply.
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Climate change, agricultural pollution, and non-agricultural diffuse water pollution pose key challenges to the sustainability of water and wastewater services in the UK. Climate change will increase the frequency of extreme weather events like droughts and floods, affecting infrastructure and operations. Agricultural runoff contributes nitrates and pesticides that pollute water sources. Non-agricultural diffuse pollution involves chemicals from buildings, consumer products, and businesses that contaminate water when they enter sewer systems. Addressing these issues is vital for maintaining affordable, high quality drinking water now and in the future.
Water conservation
Water is essential for life but is a limited resource. It exists in different phases as ice, liquid water, and steam and is used for domestic, industrial, and other purposes. Most of Earth's water is salt water found in oceans, while only 3% is fresh water found in rivers, lakes, underground sources, and frozen sources. Globally, 22% of water is used for industrial purposes like power plants, while 8% is used for household needs. However, water pollution, increasing population, and scarce supply are becoming serious issues. Conservation methods like rainwater harvesting and using efficient household appliances can help ensure a sustainable water supply to support future needs.
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Hydro power production
Hydroelectricity
Hydroelectricity is electricity produced from hydropower. In 2015, hydropower generated 16.6% of the world's total electricity and 70% of all renewable electricity, and was expected to increase by about 3.1% each year for the next 25 years.
The cost of hydroelectricity is relatively low, making it a competitive source of renewable electricity.
The hydro station consumes no water, unlike coal or gas plants.
The typical cost of electricity from a hydro station larger than 10 megawatts is 3 to 5 U.S. cents per kilowatt hour.
With a dam and reservoir it is also a flexible source of electricity, since the amount produced by the station can be varied up or down very rapidly (as little as a few seconds) to adapt to changing energy demands.
Once a hydroelectric complex is constructed, the project produces no direct waste, and in many cases it has a considerably lower output level of greenhouse gases than fossil fuel powered energy plants.
Advantages
Flexibility
Hydropower is a flexible source of electricity since stations can be ramped up and down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands.
Hydro turbines have a start-up time of the order of a few minutes.
It takes around 60 to 90 seconds to bring a unit from cold start-up to full load; this is much shorter than for gas turbines or steam plants.
Power generation can also be decreased quickly when there is a surplus power generation.
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Water supply
- 1. In Germany
- 2. Reasons for that are: ◦ Highest prizes in Europe people save water ◦ Minimal loss in the water distribution system ◦ Efficient water circuit Each German citizen uses ca. 130l of water per day.
- 3. The water supplied in Germany is of high quality. It is the best monitored ‘food‘. Private households, community facilities and smaller companies get fresh water from ca. 6,200 providers. Energy-producing, industrial and mining companies mostly satisfy their need by abstracting water directly. Fresh water supply and sewage treatment are in the responsibilities of municipalities The length of the drinking water network is ca. 500,000km.
- 4. Water is not scarce in Germany. Only 3% of the total renewable water resources are abstracted: 5.4 billion m³ out of 182 billion m³.
- 5. public water use % residential and small commercial users industries other
- 7. water supply % ground water springs bank filtration surface water