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Water securityforsustainablesvcs k_baby
India faces significant challenges with water security and sustainable drinking water services at scale. [1] Over 90% of households have access to basic drinking water infrastructure but only 60-80% receive reliable service delivery due to source unsustainability issues. [2] Investment has focused on hardware but needs to address long-term water security and source sustainability to prevent systems from failing after a few years. [3] Water resources are declining rapidly due to overuse, competing demands, and pollution, threatening drinking water services without improved governance, financing, and a focus on source sustainability.
Water securityforsustainablesvcs k_baby
- 1. India- Water Securityfor Sustainable Services at Scale Dr. V. Kurian Baby, IRC - Netherlands Round Table 2013 Sustainable Drinking Water Services at Scale 13 March New Delhi
- 2. The story line •Coverage 91% - cumulative investment of $ 35 billion, annual average $4 billion • ‘Access to physical infrastructure’ and not ‘service delivery’ • 30-35% schemes dysfunctional while another 30% function sub-optimally • A major cause of ‘slippage’ is source unsustainability ( quantity +quality) • Investment trajectory is hardware driven – storage, conveyance, distribution • Need U-turn – address the time-bomb of water security /source for sustainable services at scale
- 3. Most part ofIndia under physical scarcity- about half of total population in India Source: IWMI
- 4. Per capita availabilityis declining…. India 1951 - 5177 m3 – 2001 ( 1820 m3) 2025 1000 m3 which is 16 scarcity + inequity 14 Africa reinforce 12 10 8 World 6 Asia 4 2 MEast & NAfrica 0 1960 1990 2025 India 16% of world population –only 4% of water resources; Utilizable water 1123 BCM (Narasimham ( 2008) 654 BCM ) current usage 634 BCM (Plg Com 2010 )
- 5. Drinking Water: India- Census 2011 87% of households using Tap, Tube well, Hand pump and Covered well as source of drinking water 36% of households have to fetch water from a source located within 500 m in rural areas/100 m in urban areas 18% still fetch drinking water from a source located more than 500 m away in rural areas or 100 m in urban areas
- 8. Effort and costs/financingneeds ith increased India RWSS in Transition - Sustainability Concerns coverage Change India has entered the II Danger zone: as basic Phase – deteriorating will infrastructure is source push back….. provided, coverage risks stagnating at around 60 – 80% Recurrent expenditure and Sector support effort dominates effort and costs Capital expenditure dominates Capital maintenance expenditure dominates 25% 50% 75% 100% Coverage rates Source: Triple S
- 9. India RWSS: Graveyardof Investments Causes : Source un sustainability (40%) Poor design, no ownership, inadequate service/technology , lack of capacity/ incentives, no O&M, water quality, no back support, O&M anarchy -decentralized problems not solutions Service Level (access, quantity, quality…) Kerala Case - High drop out ratio as 70% community schemes suffer Capital investment source /Project approach unsustainability 1 2 3 4 5 Years 30 to 50 % of facilities are no longer functioning after a few years -- of 1.66 million habitations in India - 0.12 million quality affected and 0.44 million slipped back fully/partially
- 10. Critical water scenario •India’s water resources are dwindling - overuse, competing use and pollution • Low investment in …water security are growing concerns (World Bank, 2005; Mason and Calow, 2012). • Irrigation accounts for 80% of usage in rural India • 60% of irrigation and 80% of rural drinking water come from ground water (World Bank, 2005). • Drinking water services face critical ground /surface water situation, competing user demands, and increasing pollution
- 11. water security forsustainable inclusive service delivery + development
- 12. WATER SECURITY: SCHEMATICFLOW AGRICULTURE HOUSEHOLD INDUSTRY ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINA DEMAND SERVICE BILITY LEVEL MGT SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS ENVIRONMENT EXTERNALI RESOURCE GOVERNANCE TIES TECHNICAL ENV: FLOW QUANTITY POLICY NET O&M CLIMATE FINANCING QUALITY INSTITUTION INFLOW FINANCIAL CHANGE MANAGEMENT SANITATION/MS REGUATION X-M WM/ HYGIENE TARIFF /COST RECOVERY INCLUSION EQUITY Source: FAO adapted
- 13. Drinking Water security •Drinking water security means providing every human with enough, safe water • for drinking, cooking and other domestic needs & for livestock • Including periods of drought and flood • At all times and in all situations ( sustainably) • Means Quantity, quality, equity and environmental security Source: GoI- WSP-SA 2012
- 14. Water Security: Prospectsare Challenging • Over dependence- ground water anarchy • Climate change will aggravate the situation • Source unsustainability accounts for 40-60% under capacity utilization/unsustainability • Source sustainability hither to rather ignored in RWSS investments – fragmented • NRDWP 2010 guidelines/XII Plan recognize a positive move yet partial (in convergence, regulation, decentralization, inequity)
- 15. Water security –Key pillars Water security implies effective response to changing water conditions in terms of quantity, quality, equity & sustainability • Convergence • Public Investment - refocus on source • Decentralised governance
- 16. Need U-Turn inTrajectory of Neglect • Government role is to ensure access to adequate and quality water as basic human right • Improved service delivery impossible with out water security • Public investment in ground water limited –shift investment focus to source sustainability and water security
- 17. Institutional Maize - STATE How to converge? Minister Minister Minister Minster Minister Rural WRD Development Urban Affairs Panchayath Agriculture Principal Secretary Principal Secretary Secretary LSGD AGRI WRD Department Department Commissioner Director Director Soil of Drinking Watershed of Irrigation Water RD Panchayath Urban Conservation Dist. KWA KRWSA Panchayath Block Municipality Corporation Panchayath Major Minor Irrigation Irrigation Grama Panchayath
- 18. Barriers to convergence Description Policy incoherence Weak policy coherence and harmonisation Weak legislation Water Acts / legislations archaic lack enforcement capacities Political factors Coalition politics necessitate berth leading to fragmentation of ministries Institutional Fragmentation into vertical line departments Budgetary fragmentation Budget allocations in line with departmental fragmentation Financial auditing Accounting and auditing practices are in line with dept fragmentation Supply / top-driven delivery Weak participatory / consultative approached models Hardware driven engineering top-down solutions Accountability Vertical accountability mechanisms with weak horizontal flows Decentralisation Poor decentralisation – even reversals -top-down approaches Perverse incentives Fragmentation has perverse incentives including corruption Technical barriers Drinking water quality protocol, technical manuals etc.
- 19. Convergence Framework Menu HighDecentralization Medium Decentralization Weak Decentralization Sub-National PRI centric Department lead PRI lead + regulation NGO /SPV facilitated PRI focused Stakeholder partnership Departments as Technical NGO /SPV Technical Departments as Technical support Units support support Units Watershed master plans Watershed master plans Policy/planning Plan/budget convergence Plan/budget convergence alignment Institutional convergence Institutional convergence Budget alignment Participatory bottom up Participatory bottom up Institutional alignment Participatory/adaptive National /State National /State National /State Policies – alignment Policies – alignment Policies – alignment Frameworks Frameworks Frameworks Incentives + grants Incentives + grants Monitoring Monitoring Incentives +grants Monitoring
- 20. Unsustainability – resultof ‘’Hydroschizophrenia”? • ‘’Hydroschizophrenia”- Schizophrenic view of indivisible water resource – not recognising unity and integrity of hydrological cycle (Llamas and Martinez- Santos 2005; Jarvis et al 2005) – uncoordinated fragmented approach – Cause? • ‘’Vicious infinite regress” - attempt to solve a problem in same lines reintroduces the same problem infinitely (Wittgenstein 1953, Section 239) Effect?
- 21. Way Forward • Gravityof problem known – water is indivisible yet heavily contested • Contours of prescriptions and isolated best cases available • Yet Water security elusive and prospects worsening • Need new approaches, new elements & new ideas What innovative solutions for India to get out of this ‘’vicious infinite regress’’
- 22.
Editor's Notes
- #2 Water security is critical for sustainable services that last…
- #3 Strategic plan fig. $ 45 billion;
- #4 Physical water scarcity is the situation where there is not enough water to meet all demands, including ecosystems needs; Economic water scarcity - situations where demand for water is not satisfied because of a lack of investment in water or a lack of human capacity
- #8 Of 5723 total assessed blocks ; 839 (15%) over exploited; 226 (4%) critical and 550 (10%) semi-critical (CGWB 2010)
- #10 Sustainability remains a huge concern. Many of the rural water facilities that have been constructed have not continued to work over time. It has been estimated that two out of three installed hand pumps are not working at any given time. Many rural piped systems are partly or fully out of service. This phenomenon not only represents a wastage of hundreds of millions of dollars of public money but it also means that thousands of people, who once benefited from a safe drinking water supply in rural area and small towns, now walk past broken hand pumps or taps to access water from their traditional, dirty water point.
- #15 PC availability dwindled to 1700 cu.m from 5000 in 1947; Over exploited (> 100% 5 States – Delhi, Haryana, Punjab, Rajasthan) 15 % of blocks in India are critical over exploitedUsage 86% agriculture; 6% industry and 8% domestic
- #21 (a) eg. tube well for irrigation dries up drinking water aquifer