The document summarizes Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak's presentation at the 2009 World Water Week in Stockholm where he received the Stockholm Water Prize. It discusses the lack of sanitation in developing countries like India, where over 650 million people lack basic sanitation. It then outlines Dr. Pathak's founding of the Sulabh Sanitation and Social Reform Movement in 1970 to address issues like open defecation, manual scavenging, and lack of public toilets in India through sustainable technologies like pour-flush toilets and public toilet complexes with biogas plants. It discusses the methodology and impact of Sulabh's work in providing sanitation solutions and rehabilitating manual scavengers.
El documento describe los componentes básicos de un computador, incluyendo la unidad central de procesamiento, memoria, disco duro, tarjeta madre y periféricos. Explica que el hardware son los componentes físicos y el software son los programas que permiten al hardware funcionar. También describe los principales tipos de software como sistemas operativos, lenguajes de programación y aplicaciones comunes. Finalmente, resume las funciones clave de un sistema operativo como administrar recursos, ejecutar programas y permitir la interacción del usuario con el computador.
This document discusses using the Java Native Interface (JNI) to allow Java applications to call native code libraries written in C/C++. It explains that JNI allows using existing native libraries, executing time-critical code more efficiently, and accessing native APIs. However, JNI use should be avoided when possible due to complexity in memory management between Java and native code. The document provides an example of defining a native method in Java and implementing it in C/C++ code along with pointers on handling exceptions and memory management across the Java/native boundary.
LAYOUT OF LINEN & Sharanabasaveswar Car Festival Appa College Of MASTER OF TO...Vinni Nadageri
The document discusses the history and significance of household linens. It notes that linens originally referred to fabrics made from flax fibers to make cloth for daily household use like bedding and towels. Over time, linens came to include fabrics like cotton as well. Linen production has a long history in places like ancient Egypt and Europe during the Middle Ages. Today, linens still refer to fabrics used for items like bedsheets, tablecloths, and towels, even if they are made from materials other than linen like cotton. Proper cleaning and storage of linens helps them last.
The document provides 33 facts about the Indus Valley Civilization. Some key points include:
- It was one of the largest ancient civilizations in terms of area and population, covering parts of modern-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
- Cities showed advanced sanitation systems with drainage and flush toilets.
- Residents practiced good hygiene and standardized construction techniques.
- The civilization engaged in international trade and had skills in metallurgy, crafts like cotton production, and early forms of dentistry and medicine.
The document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization, including its origins and major sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. It notes that the earliest settlements began around 6,500 BC in the Indus Valley. By 3,000 BC, there were hundreds of settled communities that grew into large walled cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa by 2,600 BC, marking the beginning of the Indus Valley Civilization. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa shared similarities in urban planning, architecture, and standardized bricks, indicating a highly organized government. The civilization declined around 1900 BC possibly due to environmental factors or invasion.
The Indus Valley civilization arose around 3200 BC along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan. By 2500 BC, the earliest cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were established with sophisticated urban planning including standardized bricks and an effective water management system. The Indus Valley cities may have had contact and trade with Mesopotamian civilizations evidenced by seals depicting animals domesticated in both regions. By 1900 BC, the Indus Valley civilization began to decline for unknown reasons, though environmental factors may have contributed to its fall.
The tale of civilizations11 /ICSE 5th class syllabusindianeducation
This document provides an overview of early civilizations and their development. It describes how early humans discovered fire and domesticated animals, allowing them to gain more control over nature. Agriculture further increased independence and confidence. Major early scientific developments included the invention of the wheel, discovery of metals and tools. River valley civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, and the Indus River valley civilization in India developed more advanced cultures with systems of government, religion, architecture, professions and trade. The Indus River valley civilization spanned several large cities along the Indus River between 1700 BC to 2500 BC, but later declined for unknown reasons.
El documento describe los componentes básicos de un computador, incluyendo la unidad central de procesamiento, memoria, disco duro, tarjeta madre y periféricos. Explica que el hardware son los componentes físicos y el software son los programas que permiten al hardware funcionar. También describe los principales tipos de software como sistemas operativos, lenguajes de programación y aplicaciones comunes. Finalmente, resume las funciones clave de un sistema operativo como administrar recursos, ejecutar programas y permitir la interacción del usuario con el computador.
This document discusses using the Java Native Interface (JNI) to allow Java applications to call native code libraries written in C/C++. It explains that JNI allows using existing native libraries, executing time-critical code more efficiently, and accessing native APIs. However, JNI use should be avoided when possible due to complexity in memory management between Java and native code. The document provides an example of defining a native method in Java and implementing it in C/C++ code along with pointers on handling exceptions and memory management across the Java/native boundary.
LAYOUT OF LINEN & Sharanabasaveswar Car Festival Appa College Of MASTER OF TO...Vinni Nadageri
The document discusses the history and significance of household linens. It notes that linens originally referred to fabrics made from flax fibers to make cloth for daily household use like bedding and towels. Over time, linens came to include fabrics like cotton as well. Linen production has a long history in places like ancient Egypt and Europe during the Middle Ages. Today, linens still refer to fabrics used for items like bedsheets, tablecloths, and towels, even if they are made from materials other than linen like cotton. Proper cleaning and storage of linens helps them last.
The document provides 33 facts about the Indus Valley Civilization. Some key points include:
- It was one of the largest ancient civilizations in terms of area and population, covering parts of modern-day India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan.
- Cities showed advanced sanitation systems with drainage and flush toilets.
- Residents practiced good hygiene and standardized construction techniques.
- The civilization engaged in international trade and had skills in metallurgy, crafts like cotton production, and early forms of dentistry and medicine.
The document provides information about the Indus Valley Civilization, including its origins and major sites of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa. It notes that the earliest settlements began around 6,500 BC in the Indus Valley. By 3,000 BC, there were hundreds of settled communities that grew into large walled cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa by 2,600 BC, marking the beginning of the Indus Valley Civilization. Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa shared similarities in urban planning, architecture, and standardized bricks, indicating a highly organized government. The civilization declined around 1900 BC possibly due to environmental factors or invasion.
The Indus Valley civilization arose around 3200 BC along the Indus River valley in modern-day Pakistan. By 2500 BC, the earliest cities like Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa were established with sophisticated urban planning including standardized bricks and an effective water management system. The Indus Valley cities may have had contact and trade with Mesopotamian civilizations evidenced by seals depicting animals domesticated in both regions. By 1900 BC, the Indus Valley civilization began to decline for unknown reasons, though environmental factors may have contributed to its fall.
The tale of civilizations11 /ICSE 5th class syllabusindianeducation
This document provides an overview of early civilizations and their development. It describes how early humans discovered fire and domesticated animals, allowing them to gain more control over nature. Agriculture further increased independence and confidence. Major early scientific developments included the invention of the wheel, discovery of metals and tools. River valley civilizations like Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, and the Indus River valley civilization in India developed more advanced cultures with systems of government, religion, architecture, professions and trade. The Indus River valley civilization spanned several large cities along the Indus River between 1700 BC to 2500 BC, but later declined for unknown reasons.
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the three earliest civilizations in the Old World, flourishing from 3300-1300 BC along the Indus River valley. At its peak, the civilization had over five million inhabitants living in well-planned urban centers with sophisticated sanitation systems. Though much remains unknown about the civilization, archaeologists have uncovered extensive artwork, advanced agricultural practices, a system of uniform weights and measures, and evidence of religious practices. The causes of the civilization's decline around 1800 BC remain unclear but may have included climate change or invasion.
The Harappan civilization was an ancient civilization that flourished along the Indus River in present-day Pakistan from around 3300 BC to 1700 BC. It was centered around the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured advanced architecture and urban planning including organized streets and drainage systems. The Harappan people engaged in agriculture, domesticated animals, developed trade networks, and had a literate society with skilled artisans. At its peak, the Harappan civilization was one of the most advanced ancient civilizations.
Phases of Harappan Civilization; Town planning system; Important cities of Indus Valley Civilization: Harappa & Mohenjodaro; Economic life; Decline of Civilization..
The Indus Valley civilization flourished from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. Some key aspects included:
- Major cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro and Lothal displayed advanced urban planning with standardized bricks, streets, and drainage systems.
- The cities were divided into citadels and lower towns. Housing varied by social class from multi-room houses to smaller tenements.
- The civilization engaged in agriculture, trade, and crafts like pottery, beads, seals and toys. Metals like copper and bronze were also worked.
- Scholars believe the civilization declined due to various factors like floods, earthquakes, changes in river
Mohenjo-Daro was an ancient Indus Valley city that thrived around 2500 BC with a population of around 40,000 people. It was carefully planned with wide, straight streets in a grid pattern along with underground drains and sewers. Homes had indoor plumbing and wells. The city placed strong emphasis on cleanliness as evidenced by bathing facilities and toilets that drained into the city's complex sewage system, keeping the community clean.
Around The World in 80 Minutes Quiz @IIM KozhikodeAtharva
The document is a quiz about travel and places around the world. It contains 31 multiple choice questions about locations, landmarks, customs and events related to different cities and countries. The questions cover topics like Faberge eggs, watchmaking in Switzerland, Easter Island, Ushuaia in Argentina, Manneken Pis statue in Brussels, Iranian cafes, Timbuktu in Mali, vanilla production in Madagascar, Lucknow in India, Monaco as a tax haven, UC Berkeley, the Eiffel Tower, Bohemia region, Bhimbetka caves, Chichen Itza pyramid, South Sudan, Ian Fleming's Goldeneye estate in Jamaica, Rishikesh in India, Dhar
The document provides information about the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, with a focus on the city of Harappa. Some key details:
- The Indus Valley Civilization developed between 3300-1300 BCE along the Indus River Valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India.
- Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had populations over 20,000 people - among the largest cities in the ancient world.
- The cities featured planned grids and sophisticated water and sanitation systems, including covered sewers and private bathrooms in homes.
- At its peak between 2600-1900 BCE, the Indus Civilization was the largest ancient civilization, covering an area larger
The toilet has evolved significantly over time from ancient stone huts with drains in 3000 BC to modern flush toilets. Different cultures approach sanitation differently, with about 40% of the world lacking access to proper facilities. Toilets have different names around the world reflecting cultural norms. Today, toilet design and culture encompasses not just function but also art, photography, and raising awareness of global sanitation issues.
This document outlines a project to provide clean drinking water to the village of Nyabushozi in Uganda. The objectives are to construct accessible water dams and partner with the community. Currently, the village lacks natural water sources and rainwater collected in ponds is of poor quality and shared with animals, causing diseases. The presenter grew up in the area and understands the difficulties of walking long distances for contaminated water. Pictures show villagers fetching water from distant wells where cows also drink. Nearly 80% of diseases in the area are linked to poor water and sanitation, so the project aims to change lives by providing clean water and reducing illness.
social science; programmed based learning materialTashi789
The Indus Valley Civilization developed around 4700 years ago along the Indus River valley. The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization had well-planned grids and impressive drainage systems. Notable sites include Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Lothal. The civilization engaged in agriculture along the fertile river banks and domesticated animals. Artifacts provide evidence of trade and craft specialization. Around 1750 BCE the civilization began declining due to various environmental and social factors such as floods, population growth, and desertification.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Indus Valley civilization such as town planning principles, house construction, and drainage systems. Some of the major features discussed include:
- The cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa had well-planned grids with roads and lanes intersecting at right angles, along with sophisticated drainage systems.
- Houses were constructed using standardized bricks and had private wells and bathrooms connected to central sewage pipes.
- Drainage systems included underground drains covered with stone slabs and brick-lined soak pits to facilitate efficient waste management.
This presentation discusses the history and importance of irrigation. It begins by defining irrigation as moving water from areas with abundant supply, like rivers or reservoirs, to drier areas in need of water. Ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt developed early irrigation systems using dams, reservoirs, and canals to transport water and support agriculture. Irrigation was invented to provide people with reliable access to water for drinking, cleaning, cooking, and transportation, allowing settlements in areas further from water sources. Today, irrigation continues to be important for agriculture and has enabled farming in more parts of the world than would be possible relying solely on rainfall.
This document is the presentation slides for a student named Sudhi Soman on the Indus Valley civilization for the year 2013-2014. It provides information on the excavation and major sites of the Indus civilization, including Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Details are given on the advanced drainage systems in cities, artifacts found with unknown symbols, and explanations for the collapse of the Harappan civilization.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished around 2500 BCE in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, each covered about 300 hectares and housed up to 40,000 inhabitants. They featured planned streets laid out in grids, private homes with wells and drainage systems, and public baths. Crafts such as bead making thrived using materials from across Asia. The civilization declined around 1900 BCE for reasons that remain unclear such as environmental changes or invasion.
The document provides information about early river valley civilizations that developed agriculture including the Sumerians, Babylonians, and ancient Egyptians. It notes that around 10,000 years ago, people in the Middle East began farming crops in river valleys with rich soil like Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, laying the foundations for permanent settlements. Notable contributions of early civilizations included inventions by the Sumerians like the wheel, plow, sailing boats, system of writing, and advances in areas like law, mathematics, and metalworking.
The Harappan civilization existed along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan from around 4000-1000 BC. The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were centers of this civilization and had advanced town planning with organized streets and drainage systems. Houses were built with baked bricks and arranged around a central courtyard, while public buildings included granaries and wells. The Indus Valley provided fertile land for agriculture and protection from the Himalayas, contributing to the success of the Harappan civilization.
hope you like it
this power point presentation is about Indus valley its culture traditions customs and religion also it is about geography and location of the valley
hope it is beneficial to you
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the three earliest civilizations in the Old World, flourishing from 3300-1300 BC along the Indus River valley. At its peak, the civilization had over five million inhabitants living in well-planned urban centers with sophisticated sanitation systems. Though much remains unknown about the civilization, archaeologists have uncovered extensive artwork, advanced agricultural practices, a system of uniform weights and measures, and evidence of religious practices. The causes of the civilization's decline around 1800 BC remain unclear but may have included climate change or invasion.
The Harappan civilization was an ancient civilization that flourished along the Indus River in present-day Pakistan from around 3300 BC to 1700 BC. It was centered around the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which featured advanced architecture and urban planning including organized streets and drainage systems. The Harappan people engaged in agriculture, domesticated animals, developed trade networks, and had a literate society with skilled artisans. At its peak, the Harappan civilization was one of the most advanced ancient civilizations.
Phases of Harappan Civilization; Town planning system; Important cities of Indus Valley Civilization: Harappa & Mohenjodaro; Economic life; Decline of Civilization..
The Indus Valley civilization flourished from 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE along the Indus River valley. Some key aspects included:
- Major cities like Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro and Lothal displayed advanced urban planning with standardized bricks, streets, and drainage systems.
- The cities were divided into citadels and lower towns. Housing varied by social class from multi-room houses to smaller tenements.
- The civilization engaged in agriculture, trade, and crafts like pottery, beads, seals and toys. Metals like copper and bronze were also worked.
- Scholars believe the civilization declined due to various factors like floods, earthquakes, changes in river
Mohenjo-Daro was an ancient Indus Valley city that thrived around 2500 BC with a population of around 40,000 people. It was carefully planned with wide, straight streets in a grid pattern along with underground drains and sewers. Homes had indoor plumbing and wells. The city placed strong emphasis on cleanliness as evidenced by bathing facilities and toilets that drained into the city's complex sewage system, keeping the community clean.
Around The World in 80 Minutes Quiz @IIM KozhikodeAtharva
The document is a quiz about travel and places around the world. It contains 31 multiple choice questions about locations, landmarks, customs and events related to different cities and countries. The questions cover topics like Faberge eggs, watchmaking in Switzerland, Easter Island, Ushuaia in Argentina, Manneken Pis statue in Brussels, Iranian cafes, Timbuktu in Mali, vanilla production in Madagascar, Lucknow in India, Monaco as a tax haven, UC Berkeley, the Eiffel Tower, Bohemia region, Bhimbetka caves, Chichen Itza pyramid, South Sudan, Ian Fleming's Goldeneye estate in Jamaica, Rishikesh in India, Dhar
The document provides information about the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, with a focus on the city of Harappa. Some key details:
- The Indus Valley Civilization developed between 3300-1300 BCE along the Indus River Valley in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India.
- Major cities included Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, which had populations over 20,000 people - among the largest cities in the ancient world.
- The cities featured planned grids and sophisticated water and sanitation systems, including covered sewers and private bathrooms in homes.
- At its peak between 2600-1900 BCE, the Indus Civilization was the largest ancient civilization, covering an area larger
The toilet has evolved significantly over time from ancient stone huts with drains in 3000 BC to modern flush toilets. Different cultures approach sanitation differently, with about 40% of the world lacking access to proper facilities. Toilets have different names around the world reflecting cultural norms. Today, toilet design and culture encompasses not just function but also art, photography, and raising awareness of global sanitation issues.
This document outlines a project to provide clean drinking water to the village of Nyabushozi in Uganda. The objectives are to construct accessible water dams and partner with the community. Currently, the village lacks natural water sources and rainwater collected in ponds is of poor quality and shared with animals, causing diseases. The presenter grew up in the area and understands the difficulties of walking long distances for contaminated water. Pictures show villagers fetching water from distant wells where cows also drink. Nearly 80% of diseases in the area are linked to poor water and sanitation, so the project aims to change lives by providing clean water and reducing illness.
social science; programmed based learning materialTashi789
The Indus Valley Civilization developed around 4700 years ago along the Indus River valley. The cities of the Indus Valley Civilization had well-planned grids and impressive drainage systems. Notable sites include Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Lothal. The civilization engaged in agriculture along the fertile river banks and domesticated animals. Artifacts provide evidence of trade and craft specialization. Around 1750 BCE the civilization began declining due to various environmental and social factors such as floods, population growth, and desertification.
The document summarizes key aspects of the Indus Valley civilization such as town planning principles, house construction, and drainage systems. Some of the major features discussed include:
- The cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa had well-planned grids with roads and lanes intersecting at right angles, along with sophisticated drainage systems.
- Houses were constructed using standardized bricks and had private wells and bathrooms connected to central sewage pipes.
- Drainage systems included underground drains covered with stone slabs and brick-lined soak pits to facilitate efficient waste management.
This presentation discusses the history and importance of irrigation. It begins by defining irrigation as moving water from areas with abundant supply, like rivers or reservoirs, to drier areas in need of water. Ancient civilizations like Mesopotamia and Egypt developed early irrigation systems using dams, reservoirs, and canals to transport water and support agriculture. Irrigation was invented to provide people with reliable access to water for drinking, cleaning, cooking, and transportation, allowing settlements in areas further from water sources. Today, irrigation continues to be important for agriculture and has enabled farming in more parts of the world than would be possible relying solely on rainfall.
This document is the presentation slides for a student named Sudhi Soman on the Indus Valley civilization for the year 2013-2014. It provides information on the excavation and major sites of the Indus civilization, including Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro. Details are given on the advanced drainage systems in cities, artifacts found with unknown symbols, and explanations for the collapse of the Harappan civilization.
The Indus Valley civilization flourished around 2500 BCE in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. Two major cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro, each covered about 300 hectares and housed up to 40,000 inhabitants. They featured planned streets laid out in grids, private homes with wells and drainage systems, and public baths. Crafts such as bead making thrived using materials from across Asia. The civilization declined around 1900 BCE for reasons that remain unclear such as environmental changes or invasion.
The document provides information about early river valley civilizations that developed agriculture including the Sumerians, Babylonians, and ancient Egyptians. It notes that around 10,000 years ago, people in the Middle East began farming crops in river valleys with rich soil like Mesopotamia between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, laying the foundations for permanent settlements. Notable contributions of early civilizations included inventions by the Sumerians like the wheel, plow, sailing boats, system of writing, and advances in areas like law, mathematics, and metalworking.
The Harappan civilization existed along the Indus River in modern-day Pakistan from around 4000-1000 BC. The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were centers of this civilization and had advanced town planning with organized streets and drainage systems. Houses were built with baked bricks and arranged around a central courtyard, while public buildings included granaries and wells. The Indus Valley provided fertile land for agriculture and protection from the Himalayas, contributing to the success of the Harappan civilization.
hope you like it
this power point presentation is about Indus valley its culture traditions customs and religion also it is about geography and location of the valley
hope it is beneficial to you
2. Opening Plenary Session
2009 Stockholm Water Prize Laureate
August 17, 2009
at
2009 World Water Week Stockholm
by:
Dr. Bindeshwar Pathak, Ph.D., D.Litt.
Founder
Sulabh Sanitation & Social Reform Movement
3. FACT: Access to Sanitation Provision
Common sights in developing countries
2.6 billion people lack basic sanitation worldwide – of
which 650 million people reside in India.
5. Lack of Sanitation
The three basic problems which India was
facing;
• Defecation in the open
• Cleaning of bucket toilets manually by the
people called scavengers
• Public places without facilities of toilets and
urinals.
4
6. 400000 BC 200000 BC STONE AGE Defecation in the open was widely
(PALALEOLITHIC, practiced as people lived in the jungles,
MESOLITHIC AND dense forests and caves. The idea of
NEOLITHIC AGE) health hygiene or sanitation was
unknown to them.
5000 BC INDUS VALLEY Latrines were fairly common and rubbish
CIVILISATION chutes were also not unknown. All
garbages, human and animal excreta
were easily deposited in the fields and
they turn into natural manure.
1500 BC VEDIC INDIA There were no toilets inside the house.
700 BC POST VEDIC PERIOD People had to go outside for attending
nature’s call and return home only after
bath.
326 BC ALEXENDER THE Nobody was allowed to defecate in the
300 BC GREAT open in the city. They used to go outside.
MAURYA PERIOD
300 BC BACTERIA People used to go outside for open
100 BC SUNGAS defecation.
BC/AD KUSHAN DYNASTY People used to go to nearby fields,
100-300 groves etc. for nature’s call.
5
7. 400 WHITE HUN DYNASTY There was no open defecation in the city. The
500-800 GUPTA DYNASTY buildings, theatres, dining halls were very clean
with a very high degree of civic sense and
every house having sewage system.
900-1500 THE MEDIEVAL PERIOD People used to defecate in the open, except for
Kings and Queens in the palace using the own
toilets which was cleaned by war captives.
1600 MUGHAL EMPIRE After the advent of Muslims in India the term
1700 sweeping and scavenging seems to have taken
the form of a formal profession. It is said that
the system of bucket privies was designed and
constructed by Muslims for their women in
Purdah. Those who were made captives were
forced to clean latrines, bucket privies and
throw off the night soil at distant places.
1600 BRITISH DOMINATION Civil Lines were inhabited by the white rulers
1700 with fine sewage and drainage system, while
the other parts were left out for the natives.
After setting up of army cantonments and
municipalities a large number of people were
employed to do sweeping and scavenging work
on a regular basis.
6
8. 1947 INDEPENDENT INDIA In the rural areas open defecation was widely
prevalent. Hardly one percent of the people used
to have latrines in the house. In the urban areas
also a large number of people used to go for
open defecation or have dry latrines in their
houses.
2009 POST INDEPENDENT After a lapse of sixty two years of independence
PERIOD the sanitation scenario is gradually changing due
to the efforts of the Govt. and NGOs like Sulabh.
The sanitation coverage in the rural areas has
increased from almost zero to 57 percent in 2008
and the percentage of people going in for open
air defecation has dropped from 89 percent in
1990 to 74 percent in 2006. The practice of open
defecation continues and there are still a large
number of dry latrines cleaned manually by the
scavengers. Even now out of 5161 towns only
232 towns and cities have sewer lines and that
too partial. The sanitation coverage in the urban
areas is only 63 percent. The percentage of open
defecation has been reduced from 28 percent in
1990 to 18 percent in 2006. 7
10. contd…
contd…
These practices endangered hygiene and
health of millions of the people which were
afflicted by diseases such as cholera,
diarrhoea and dehydration due to insanitary
conditions.
Girls did not go to school because of lack of
toilets.
9
11. An Ancient Joke
In the days when you couldn’t count on a public toilet
facility, an English woman was planning a trip to India ‐
She registered to stay in a small guest house owned by the
local schoolmaster. She was concerned as to whether the
guest house contained a WC. In England, a bathroom is
commonly called a WC which stands for "Water Closet".
She wrote to the schoolmaster inquiring of the facilities
about the WC. The school master, not fluent in English
asked the local priest if he knew the meaning of WC.
Together they pondered possible meanings of the letters
and concluded that the lady wanted to know if there was a
“Wayside Chapel" near the house. A bathroom never
entered their minds. So the schoolmaster wrote the
following reply: ‐
10
12. contd…
contd…
Dear Madam,
I take great pleasure in informing you that the WC is located 9
miles from the house. It is located in the middle of a grove of
pine trees, surrounded by lovely grounds. It is capable of
holding 229 people and is open on Sundays and Thursdays. As
there are many people expected in the summer months, I
suggest you arrive early. There is, however, plenty of standing
room. This is an unfortunate situation especially if you are in
the habit of going regularly. It may be of some interest to you
that my daughter was married in the WC, since she met her
husband there. It was a wonderful event. There were 10 people
in every seat. It was wonderful to see the expressions on their
faces. My wife, sadly, has been ill and unable to go recently. It
has been almost a year since she went last, which pains her
greatly. You will be pleased to know that many people bring
their lunch and make a day of it.
11
13. contd…
contd…
Others prefer to wait till the last minute and arrive just in
time! I would recommend that your ladyship plan to go on
a Thursday, as there is an organ accompaniment. The
acoustics are excellent and even the most delicate sounds
can be heard everywhere. The newest addition is a bell which
rings every time a person enters. We are holding a bazaar to
provide plush seats for all since many feel it is long needed.
I look forward to escorting you there myself and seating you
in a place where you can be seen by all.
With deepest regards,
The Schoolmaster.
The woman never visited India !!!
12
14. The Genesis:
Sulabh Sanitation Movement
Sulabh Sanitation Movement was started in the
year 1970 by me.
To end the inhumane practice, technology was
necessary so I developed two sustainable
technologies:
o Conversion of dry latrines into Sulabh twin‐ pit,
pour‐flush, compost toilets.
o Public toilet complexes with biogas plants.
13
15. Technological Solution to a Social Problem
To solve the social problem and provide sustainable
sanitation options, I developed a technology of Sulabh
two‐pit, pour‐flush, compost toilet which is
appropriate, affordable, indigenous, eco‐friendly,
socially and culturally acceptable and an on‐site
solution for recycling of human waste.
14
18. Ceramic Pan with 25° to 28° slope –
it needs only 1.5 litre of water per
flushing due to slope and P ‐ trap
PVC P – trap having 20 mm water
seal which does not allow the smell
from the pit to enter the toilet
Only a small quantity of water (about
1.5 litres) is enough to flush the excreta
from the pan into the pit, whereas
conventional flush latrine needs about
12‐14 litres of water for flushing. Thus,
it saves a lot of water.
17
28. After a rest period of two years, the excreta is converted into
manure. almost dry and becomes a rich organic manure and
soil conditioner that can conveniently be used in the fields
and gardens.
27
29. Human excreta manure is rich in Nitrogen, Phosphate and Potassium and
provides good nutrients to plants, fruits, vegetables, flowers, etc.
It is a good fertilizer to raise productivity of field.
High yielding variety of fruits High yielding variety of crops
28
30. Methodology and Delivery System adopted by Sulabh for
Construction of Toilets:
Toilets:
Contacting the house‐owners to convince
and persuade them to agree to the
conversion of dry latrines into Sulabh
Shauchalayas (toilets).
Beneficiaries were given directory of the
list of materials required.
29
31. Methodology and Delivery System adopted by Sulabh for
Construction of Toilets: contd…
Construction of Toilets: contd…
Sulabh Directory – Explaining the details of Sulabh Shauchayala to the
beneficiaries.
Filling of forms by house‐owners for construction of toilets.
Processing of forms by Urban Local Bodies.
Amount for construction of toilets received from ULB by Sulabh
volunteers.
Certificate of completion is given by the beneficiaries.
To avoid human error ‐ the beneficiaries are also sent post‐cards to certify
satisfactory completion of work through mail.
Thereafter, Guarantee Card is issued with Sulabh accepting the
responsibility of rectifying defects free‐of‐cost for a period of five years.
Further, it also ensures that if any complaint is received, it will be attended
to within seven days.
30
32. Energy from Human Waste
To ensure recycling of human excreta in public toilets, I developed
the technology of biogas production.
Sulabh by now has installed 200 biogas plants attached to public
toilets. 31
37. Sulabh pay and use
Sulabh pay and use Public Toilets
In 1974, Sulabh introduced the
concept of pay and use public toilets.
Sulabh has built more than 7,500
public toilets at all important places
in the country.
Alongwith the toilet facility, they are
equipped with the provision of
drinking water, telephones, laundry,
health centers, lockers, cyber cafe,
first – aid box, etc. It is in a way, a
Happy Home. Largest Sulabh Toilet Complex in the world at
Shirdi (Nasik), Maharashtra, India.
Funded by SHIRDI TRUST, constructed and maintained by Sulabh
International Social Service Organisation, it has 148 toilets cloak
International Social Service Organisation, it has 148 toilets cloak
rooms, 108 bathrooms and 5,000 lockers for keeping the belongings
of pilgrims. The complex is lit by the electricity from the biogas
generated from human excreta. 30,000 persons can use these
facilities daily. 36
38. contd....
•Both individual and public toilets are being used by
more than ten million people daily.
•Millions of scavengers have been relieved from their
inhuman occupation.
•Sulabh has also constructed and maintained
Community Toilet Complexes in countries like
Afghanistan, Bhutan and recently signed MoU with
Ethiopia.
37
39. Quality Education to wards of scavengers
Sulabh Public School:
Premier English medium
school.
Recognised by CBSE.
Tuition fee is waived and free
uniforms, books are provided to
children of scavenger
community.
There is a 60:40 ratio of children
from scavenger community to
other sections of society.
Students share lunch with one
another.
Messages of proper hygiene
behaviour spread from children
to parents and community.
38
40. REHABILITATION OF SCAVENGERS
The scavengers were then weaned away from the
demeaning practice of manual cleaning of human
excreta and brought on a par with others –
realization of a dream of Mahatma Gandhi.
Rehabilitation programme through training in
various trades was then initated for them to being
them into the mainstream of society.
39
42. contd…
A comprehensive 2‐year training is being provided to
56 women scavengers in food‐processing, beauty‐care,
tailoring and embroidery, with a three year
rehabilitation programme.
41
43. contd…
Economic Sustainability and Social Transformation
The social transformation brought about can be gauged by the
incredible fact that the same society that was averse even to the
touch of a scavenger, today readily purchases products (even
eatables) prepared by the hands of these very scavengers. This
symbolises a fundamental change in the attitude nursed for
centuries by the people. 42
45. SOCIAL INTERACTION
A monthly stipend of Rs. 2000 is paid to ensure that they do
not return to their earlier profession. The stipend is directly
put into their bank accounts which they operate themselves.
44
48. Social Acceptability
Hon’ble Prime Minister of India, Dr. Manmohan Singh, giving audience to the erstwhile
scavengers of Alwar Rajasthan, who used to clean nightsoil earlier: and now after
47
education and training have become self‐employed and lead a life of dignity.
49. World Toilet Summit 2007, October 31‐
World Toilet Summit 2007, October 31‐
November 2, 2007 at New Delhi
Mrs. Sushila Chauhan, shared the dais with former President of India,
Hon’ble Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam and addressed the gathering at the
Inaugural Session of the World Toilet Summit at Vigyan Bhawan, New
Delhi 48
51. Mission Sanitation
HRH the Prince of Orange of the Netherlands felicitating erstwhile woman scavengers, who
were liberated and rehabilitated by Sulabh, with bouquets of flowers, lending prestige to
the scavengers who cleaned human excreta manually till March, 2003. 50
52. Mission Sanitation
Flying in the Sky – A journey
to United Nations Head
Quarters, New York, U.S.A.
51
53. Mission Sanitation
The erstwhile woman scavengers walked the ramp with the
models who showcased their handiwork at the United Nations
in New York on July 2, 2008. Their social status went up.
52
54. Fulfilling Mahatma Gandhi’s Dream
H.E. Mr. Vijay Nambiar, Chef de Cabinet of the Executive Office of the Secretary General of
the United Nations, crowning Mrs. Usha Chaumar, an erstwhile woman scavenger of Alwar,
Rajasthan on July 2, 2008 at the event “Sanitation for Sustainable Development” in the
United Nations at New York. 53
55. Fulfilling Mahatma Gandhi’s Dream
The liberated woman scavengers showing the sign of ‘V’ for Victory as a sign of triumph, in front
of the Statue of Liberty in New York, USA to show their liberation from the demeaning
profession of cleaning dry privies and carrying human excreta (nightsoil) of others, to eke a
living for their families. 54
56. Erstwhile Scavengers Gain Entry in Temple
Puja and hawan being performed outside the Jagannath Temple in Alwar, Rajasthan
on Decemeber 21, 2008 by Dr. and Mrs. Bindeshwar Pathak, Mrs. Usha Chaumar
and her husband and other erstwhile scavengers of Alwar and Tonk, Rajasthan
55
58. Training & Research
Sulabh International in collaboration with UN‐HABITAT,
Nairobi has trained professionals from 14 African countries
for their capacity development towards achieving the MDG
for sustainable development in water and sanitation.
Sulabh has recently signed a MoU with Ethiopia to
provide its expertise to improve sanitation, health and
hygiene.
It has trained more than 50,000 people to work in the
construction & maintenance of community toilets in
India.
57
59. Millennium Development Goals
Apart from the problem, solution, people’s participation,
replication of sustainable technologies is more important.
To meet the UN Millennium Development Goals,
especially target 7 on water and sanitation, for ensuring
environmental sustainability, Sulabh’s affordable
technologies for on‐site sanitation should be replicated
throughout the world with some modifications if
necessary.
58
60. contd....
Sulabh has explored new pathways in its
journey of over for decades for providing
sustainable sanitation technologies, not
only for the urban poor but for the 2.5
billion people in the world who lack
improved sanitation facilities.
59
61. THANK YOU
Sulabh International Social Service Organisation
Sulabh Gram, Mahavir Enclave
Palam-Dabri Road, New Delhi-110 045
Tel. No. : 011-25031518, 25031519; Fax : 011-25034014
Email : sulabhinfo@gmail.com / sulabhinfo1@gmail.com
Website : http://www.sulabhinternational.org / www.sulabhtoiletmuseum.org
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