The document discusses water pollution and methods of reducing it. It covers various types of water pollutants like pathogens, nutrients, chemicals, and their sources from agriculture, industry and municipalities. Major problems discussed are eutrophication of surface waters from excess nutrients, and difficulty of remediating groundwater once contaminated. The Clean Water Act led to significant reductions in point source pollution in developed nations, but nonpoint pollution from runoff remains a challenge. Preventing pollution through improved agricultural practices, wetlands protection and advanced sewage treatment can help protect water resources.
Presentation for project work!
Presentation credits:
Mr. Shivam Saha
Dr. Tathagata Deb
.
Contents:
Introduction
Types of Water Pollution
Sewage
Disease-causing agents
Sediment pollution
Inorganic plant and algal nutrients
Organic compounds
Inorganic chemicals
Thermal pollution
Water Quality Today
Improving Water Quality
Laws Controlling Water Pollution
Conclusion
Presentation for project work!
Presentation credits:
Mr. Shivam Saha
Dr. Tathagata Deb
.
Contents:
Introduction
Types of Water Pollution
Sewage
Disease-causing agents
Sediment pollution
Inorganic plant and algal nutrients
Organic compounds
Inorganic chemicals
Thermal pollution
Water Quality Today
Improving Water Quality
Laws Controlling Water Pollution
Conclusion
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Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
3. Chapter 22 Key Concepts
Types, sources, and effects of water pollutants
Major pollution problems of surface water
Major pollution problems of groundwater
Reduction and prevention of water pollution
Drinking water quality
5. Section 1 Key Ideas
• What are major types and effects of water
pollution?
• How do we measure water quality?
• Point versus Nonpoint sources
• What are the major sources of pollution?
6. What is water pollution?
Any chemical, biological,
or physical change in
water quality that has a
harmful effect on living
organisms or makes
water unsuitable for
desired usage.
7. What is water pollution?
WHO:
• 3.4 million premature
deaths each year from
waterborne diseases
• 1.9 million from
diarrhea
• U.S. 1.5 million
illnesses
• 1993 Milwaukee
370,000 sick
8. What is water pollution?
Need to study Table 22-1 Page 492
Infectious Agents: bacteria and viruses often
from animal wastes
Oxygen Demanding Wastes: organic waste that
needs oxygen often from animal waste, paper
mills and food processing.
Inorganic Chemicals: Acids and toxic chemicals
often from runoff, industries and household
cleaners
9. What is water pollution?
Organic Chemicals: oil, gasoline, plastics,
detergents often from surface runoff, industries
and cleaners
Plant Nutrients: water soluble nitrates, ammonia
and phosphates often from sewage, agriculture
and urban fertilizers
Sediment: soils and silts from land erosion can
disrupt photosynthesis, destroy spawning
grounds, clog rivers and streams
Heat Pollution and Radioactivity: mostly from
powerplants
10. How do we measure water quality
Bacterial Counts: Fecal
coliform counts from
intestines of animals
• None per 100 ml for
drinking
• >200 per 100 ml for
swimming
Sources: human sewage,
animals, birds, raccoons, etc.
See table 22-2 on page 493 for
diseases transmitted by
contaminated drinking water.
11.
12. How do we measure water quality
Dissolved Oxygen: BOD
Biological Oxygen
Demand…the amount
of oxygen consumed by
aquatic decomposers
Chemical Analysis:
looking for presence of
inorganic or organic
chemicals
Suspended Sediment
water clarity
13. How do we measure water quality
Indicator Species:
organisms that give an
idea of the health of the
water body.
• Mussels, oysters and
clams filter water
14. Types, Effects and Sources of Water
Pollution
Point sources
Nonpoint sources
Water quality
Refer to Tables 22-1 and
22-2 p. 492 and 493
Fig. 22-3 p. 494
15. Point and Nonpoint Sources
NONPOINT SOURCES
Urban streets
Suburban
development
Wastewater
treatment
plant
Rural homes
Cropland
Factory
Animal feedlot
POINT
SOURCES
Fig. 22-4 p. 494
16. Major Sources of Water Pollution
Agriculture: by far the
leader
• Sediment, fertilizers,
bacteria from livestock,
food processing, salt from
soil irrigation
Industrial: factories and
powerplants
Mining: surface mining
toxics, acids, sediment
17.
18. Section 2-3 Key Ideas
• Freshwater pollution: What are major
problems in streams?
• Developed versus Developing Countries
• Lake Pollution: Why are lakes and reservoirs
more vulnerable?
• What is Eutrophication?
19. Freshwater Stream Pollution
Flowing streams can recover from
moderate level of degradable
water pollution if their flows are
not reduced.
• Natural biodegradation
process
• Does not work if
overloaded or stream flow
reduced
• Does not work against non
biodegradable pollutants
20. Pollution of Streams
Oxygen sag curve Factors influencing recovery
Fig. 22-5 p. 496
What factors will influence this oxygen sag curve?
21. Two Worlds
Developed Countries
U.S. and other developed
countries sharply reduced
point sources even with
population and economic
growth
• Nonpoint still a problem
• Toxic chemicals still
problem
• Success Cuyahoga River,
Thames River
22. Two Worlds Developing Countries:
Serious and growing
problem
• Half of world’s 500 major
rivers heavily polluted
• Sewage treatment
minimal $$$
• Law enforcement difficult
• 10% of sewage in China
treated
• Economic growth with
little $$$ to clean up
23. India’s Ganges River
• Holy River (1 million take
daily holy dip)
• 350 million (1/3rd of pop) live
in watershed
• Little sewage treatment
• Used for bathing, drinking etc.
• Bodies (cremated or not)
thrown in river
• Good news is the Indian
government is beginning to
work on problem
24.
25. Freshwater Lake Pollution
Dilution as a solution in
lakes less effective
• Little vertical mixing
• Little water flow
(flushing)
Makes them more
vulnerable
• Toxins settle
• Kill bottom life
• Atmospheric deposition
• Food chain disruptions
27. Eutrophication of Lakes
Eutrophication: nutrient
enrichment of lakes
mostly from runoff of
plant nutrients (nitrates
and phosphates)
• During hot dry weather can
lead to algae blooms
• Decrease of photosynthesis
• Dying algae then drops DO
levels
• Fish kills, bad odor
29. Eutrophication in Lakes
Solutions:
• Advanced sewage
treatment (N, P)
• Household detergents
• Soil conservation
• Remove excess weed
build up
• Pump in oxygen or
freshwater
30. Case Study: The Great Lakes
•Pollution levels
dropped, but
long way to go
•95% of U.S.
freshwater
•30% Canadian
pop, 14% U.S.
•38 million drink
•1% flow out St.
Lawrence
•Toxic fish
31.
32. Section 4: Groundwater
• Why is groundwater pollution a serious
problem?
• What is the extent of the problem?
• What are the solutions?
33.
34. Groundwater
Groundwater can become
contaminated
• No way to cleanse itself
• Little dilution and
dispersion
• Out of sight pollution
• Prime source for
irrigation and drinking
• REMOVAL of pollutant
difficult
35. Groundwater Pollution: Causes
Low flow rates Few bacteria
Cold temperatures
Coal strip
mine runoff
Pumping
well
Waste lagoon
Accidental
spills
Groundwater
flow
Confined aquifer
Discharge
Leakage from faulty
casing
Hazardous waste injection well
Pesticides
Gasoline
station
Buried gasoline
and solvent tank
Sewer
Cesspool
septic tank
De-icing
road salt
Water pumping
well Landfill
Low oxygen
Fig. 22-9 p. 502
36.
37. Groundwater
• Pollution moves in
plumes
• Soil, rocks, etc. act
like sponge
• Cleansing does not
work (low O, low
flow, cold)
• Nondegradables may
be permanent
39. Groundwater Pollution Prevention
Monitor aquifers
Leak detection systems
Strictly regulating hazardous waste disposal
Store hazardous materials above ground
Find less hazardous substitutes
40.
41. Section 5 Ocean Pollution
• How much pollution can the oceans tolerate?
• Coastal zones: How does pollution affect
coastal zones?
• What are major sources of ocean pollution and
what is being done?
• Oils spills
42. Ocean Pollution
Oceans can disperse and
break down large
quantities of degradable
pollution if they are not
overloaded.
• Pollution worst near heavily
populated coastal zones
• Wetlands, estuaries, coral
reefs, mangrove swamps
• 40% of world’s pop. Live
within 62 miles of coast
45. Ocean Pollution
• Large amounts of untreated
raw sewage (viruses)
• Leaking septic tanks
• Runoff
• Algae blooms from
nutrients
• Dead zones NO DO
• Airborne toxins
• Oil spills
48. Case Study: Chesapeake Bay
Largest US
estuary
Relatively shallow
Slow “flushing”
action to Atlantic
Major problems with dissolved O2
Fig. 22-13 p. 506
50. Oil Spills
Sources: offshore wells, tankers, pipelines and
storage tanks
Effects: death of organisms, loss of animal
insulation and buoyancy, smothering
Significant economic impacts
Mechanical cleanup methods: skimmers and
blotters
Chemical cleanup methods: coagulants and
dispersing agents
54. Section 6: Prevention and
Reduction
• How can we reduce surface water pollution:
point and also nonpoint.
• How do sewage treatment plants work?
• How successful has the U.S. been at reducing
water pollution? Clean Water Act
55. Solutions: Preventing and Reducing
Surface Water Pollution
Nonpoint Sources Point Sources
Reduce runoff
Buffer zone
vegetation
Reduce soil erosion
Clean Water Act
Water Quality Act
Only apply pesticides and fertilizers as needed
59. Point Sources
Most developed countries
use laws to set water
pollution standards.
Federal Water Pollution
Control Act (Clean
Water Act 1972, ’77,
’87)
• Regulates navigable
waterways..streams,
wetlands, rivers, lake
60. Clean Water Act
• Sets standards for key
pollutants
• Requires permits for
discharge
• Requires sewage treatment
• Require permits for
wetland destruction
• Does not deal with
nonpoint sources well
• Goal All Waterways
fishable and swimable
62. Combined sewer
overflow is a
problem in many
older towns
•EPA: 1.8 M to
3.85 M sick from
swimming in
water
contaminated by
sewer overflows
•EPA: $100 billion
to fix
65. Primary: removes 60% of
solids and 30-40% oxygen
demanding wastes
(physically)
Secondary: uses biological
processes to remove up to
90% of biodegradables
Tertiary: advanced
techniques only used in 5%
of U.S. $$$$
Disinfection: chlorine,
ozone, UV
What is not taken out???
70. The Good News
Largely thanks to CWA:
• Between 1972 – 2002
fishable and swimmable
streams 36% to 60%
• 74% served by sewage
treatment
• Wetlands loss dropped by
80%
• Topsoil losses dropped by 1
billion tons annually
71. The Bad News
• 45% of Lakes, 40% streams
still not fishable and
swimmable
• Nonpoint sources still huge
problem
• Livestock and Ag. Runoff
• Fish with toxins
72.
73.
74. Section 7 Drinking Water
• How is drinking water purified? High tech
way.
• How can we purify drinking water in
developing nations?
• What is the Safe Drinking Water Act?
• Is bottled water a good answer or an expensive
rip-off?
75. Drinking Water Quality
Safe Drinking Water Act
Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs)
Purification of urban drinking water
Bottled water
Protection from terrorism
Purification of rural drinking water
76. Purification of urban drinking
water
Surface Water: (like
Delaware River)
• Removed to reservoir to
improve clarity
• Pumped to a treatment
plant to meet drinking
water standards
Groundwater: often does
not need much
treatment
77.
78. Purification of rural drinking
water
There can be simple ways
to purify water:
• Exposing to heat and UV
rays
• Fine cloths to filter water
• Add small amounts of
chlorine
79. Safe Drinking Water Act
• 54 countries have
drinking water laws
SDWA passed 1974
requires EPA to set
drinking water
standards
Maximum Contaminating
Levels (MCLs)
80. Safe Drinking Water Act
• Privately owned wells
exempt from SDWA
SDWA requires public
notification of failing to
meet standards and fine.
MCLs often stated in
parts per million or
parts per billion
81. Bottle Water
U.S. has the world’s
safest tap water due to
billions of $$$ of
investment
Bottle water 240 to
10,000 times more
expensive than tap
water
25% of bottle water is tap
water
82. Bottle Water
1.4 million metric tons of
bottle thrown away
each year
Toxic fumes released
during bottling
Bottles made from oil
based plastics
Water does not need to
meet SDWA