Darshit gajjar(Software eng)
This water pollution but I don't like environment .but I make ppt bacuase our sar punish me.so that all guys watch my ppt my ppt is best for other.i am software eng .so that I make my ppt of IT realeted so that watch my environment ppt
Presentation for project work!
Presentation credits:
Mr. Shivam Saha
Dr. Tathagata Deb
.
Contents:
Introduction
Types of Water Pollution
Sewage
Disease-causing agents
Sediment pollution
Inorganic plant and algal nutrients
Organic compounds
Inorganic chemicals
Thermal pollution
Water Quality Today
Improving Water Quality
Laws Controlling Water Pollution
Conclusion
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
Water contamination occurs when pollutants contaminate water sources and render the water unfit for use in drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming, and other activities. Chemicals, garbage, bacteria, and parasites are examples of pollutants. Water is eventually contaminated by all types of pollution. Lakes and oceans become contaminated by air pollution. Land contamination may contaminate an underground stream, a river, and ultimately the ocean. As a result, trash thrown on an empty lot can eventually contaminate a water source.
Darshit gajjar(Software eng)
This water pollution but I don't like environment .but I make ppt bacuase our sar punish me.so that all guys watch my ppt my ppt is best for other.i am software eng .so that I make my ppt of IT realeted so that watch my environment ppt
Presentation for project work!
Presentation credits:
Mr. Shivam Saha
Dr. Tathagata Deb
.
Contents:
Introduction
Types of Water Pollution
Sewage
Disease-causing agents
Sediment pollution
Inorganic plant and algal nutrients
Organic compounds
Inorganic chemicals
Thermal pollution
Water Quality Today
Improving Water Quality
Laws Controlling Water Pollution
Conclusion
I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
BSc from science college Multan
MSC university of education Lahore
i love Pakistan and my teachers and my parents
Water contamination occurs when pollutants contaminate water sources and render the water unfit for use in drinking, cooking, cleaning, swimming, and other activities. Chemicals, garbage, bacteria, and parasites are examples of pollutants. Water is eventually contaminated by all types of pollution. Lakes and oceans become contaminated by air pollution. Land contamination may contaminate an underground stream, a river, and ultimately the ocean. As a result, trash thrown on an empty lot can eventually contaminate a water source.
Antibiotic Stewardship by Anushri Srivastava.pptxAnushriSrivastav
Stewardship is the act of taking good care of something.
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
WHO launched the Global Antimicrobial Resistance and Use Surveillance System (GLASS) in 2015 to fill knowledge gaps and inform strategies at all levels.
ACCORDING TO apic.org,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a coordinated program that promotes the appropriate use of antimicrobials (including antibiotics), improves patient outcomes, reduces microbial resistance, and decreases the spread of infections caused by multidrug-resistant organisms.
ACCORDING TO pewtrusts.org,
Antibiotic stewardship refers to efforts in doctors’ offices, hospitals, long term care facilities, and other health care settings to ensure that antibiotics are used only when necessary and appropriate
According to WHO,
Antimicrobial stewardship is a systematic approach to educate and support health care professionals to follow evidence-based guidelines for prescribing and administering antimicrobials
In 1996, John McGowan and Dale Gerding first applied the term antimicrobial stewardship, where they suggested a causal association between antimicrobial agent use and resistance. They also focused on the urgency of large-scale controlled trials of antimicrobial-use regulation employing sophisticated epidemiologic methods, molecular typing, and precise resistance mechanism analysis.
Antimicrobial Stewardship(AMS) refers to the optimal selection, dosing, and duration of antimicrobial treatment resulting in the best clinical outcome with minimal side effects to the patients and minimal impact on subsequent resistance.
According to the 2019 report, in the US, more than 2.8 million antibiotic-resistant infections occur each year, and more than 35000 people die. In addition to this, it also mentioned that 223,900 cases of Clostridoides difficile occurred in 2017, of which 12800 people died. The report did not include viruses or parasites
VISION
Being proactive
Supporting optimal animal and human health
Exploring ways to reduce overall use of antimicrobials
Using the drugs that prevent and treat disease by killing microscopic organisms in a responsible way
GOAL
to prevent the generation and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Doing so will preserve the effectiveness of these drugs in animals and humans for years to come.
being to preserve human and animal health and the effectiveness of antimicrobial medications.
to implement a multidisciplinary approach in assembling a stewardship team to include an infectious disease physician, a clinical pharmacist with infectious diseases training, infection preventionist, and a close collaboration with the staff in the clinical microbiology laboratory
to prevent antimicrobial overuse, misuse and abuse.
to minimize the developme
Defecation
Normal defecation begins with movement in the left colon, moving stool toward the anus. When stool reaches the rectum, the distention causes relaxation of the internal sphincter and an awareness of the need to defecate. At the time of defecation, the external sphincter relaxes, and abdominal muscles contract, increasing intrarectal pressure and forcing the stool out
The Valsalva maneuver exerts pressure to expel faeces through a voluntary contraction of the abdominal muscles while maintaining forced expiration against a closed airway. Patients with cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, increased intracranial pressure, or a new surgical wound are at greater risk for cardiac dysrhythmias and elevated blood pressure with the Valsalva maneuver and need to avoid straining to pass the stool.
Normal defecation is painless, resulting in passage of soft, formed stool
CONSTIPATION
Constipation is a symptom, not a disease. Improper diet, reduced fluid intake, lack of exercise, and certain medications can cause constipation. For example, patients receiving opiates for pain after surgery often require a stool softener or laxative to prevent constipation. The signs of constipation include infrequent bowel movements (less than every 3 days), difficulty passing stools, excessive straining, inability to defecate at will, and hard feaces
IMPACTION
Fecal impaction results from unrelieved constipation. It is a collection of hardened feces wedged in the rectum that a person cannot expel. In cases of severe impaction the mass extends up into the sigmoid colon.
DIARRHEA
Diarrhea is an increase in the number of stools and the passage of liquid, unformed feces. It is associated with disorders affecting digestion, absorption, and secretion in the GI tract. Intestinal contents pass through the small and large intestine too quickly to allow for the usual absorption of fluid and nutrients. Irritation within the colon results in increased mucus secretion. As a result, feces become watery, and the patient is unable to control the urge to defecate. Normally an anal bag is safe and effective in long-term treatment of patients with fecal incontinence at home, in hospice, or in the hospital. Fecal incontinence is expensive and a potentially dangerous condition in terms of contamination and risk of skin ulceration
HEMORRHOIDS
Hemorrhoids are dilated, engorged veins in the lining of the rectum. They are either external or internal.
FLATULENCE
As gas accumulates in the lumen of the intestines, the bowel wall stretches and distends (flatulence). It is a common cause of abdominal fullness, pain, and cramping. Normally intestinal gas escapes through the mouth (belching) or the anus (passing of flatus)
FECAL INCONTINENCE
Fecal incontinence is the inability to control passage of feces and gas from the anus. Incontinence harms a patient’s body image
PREPARATION AND GIVING OF LAXATIVESACCORDING TO POTTER AND PERRY,
An enema is the instillation of a solution into the rectum and sig
Medical Technology Tackles New Health Care Demand - Research Report - March 2...pchutichetpong
M Capital Group (“MCG”) predicts that with, against, despite, and even without the global pandemic, the medical technology (MedTech) industry shows signs of continuous healthy growth, driven by smaller, faster, and cheaper devices, growing demand for home-based applications, technological innovation, strategic acquisitions, investments, and SPAC listings. MCG predicts that this should reflects itself in annual growth of over 6%, well beyond 2028.
According to Chris Mouchabhani, Managing Partner at M Capital Group, “Despite all economic scenarios that one may consider, beyond overall economic shocks, medical technology should remain one of the most promising and robust sectors over the short to medium term and well beyond 2028.”
There is a movement towards home-based care for the elderly, next generation scanning and MRI devices, wearable technology, artificial intelligence incorporation, and online connectivity. Experts also see a focus on predictive, preventive, personalized, participatory, and precision medicine, with rising levels of integration of home care and technological innovation.
The average cost of treatment has been rising across the board, creating additional financial burdens to governments, healthcare providers and insurance companies. According to MCG, cost-per-inpatient-stay in the United States alone rose on average annually by over 13% between 2014 to 2021, leading MedTech to focus research efforts on optimized medical equipment at lower price points, whilst emphasizing portability and ease of use. Namely, 46% of the 1,008 medical technology companies in the 2021 MedTech Innovator (“MTI”) database are focusing on prevention, wellness, detection, or diagnosis, signaling a clear push for preventive care to also tackle costs.
In addition, there has also been a lasting impact on consumer and medical demand for home care, supported by the pandemic. Lockdowns, closure of care facilities, and healthcare systems subjected to capacity pressure, accelerated demand away from traditional inpatient care. Now, outpatient care solutions are driving industry production, with nearly 70% of recent diagnostics start-up companies producing products in areas such as ambulatory clinics, at-home care, and self-administered diagnostics.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V PREVENTIVE-PEDIATRICS.pdfSachin Sharma
This content provides an overview of preventive pediatrics. It defines preventive pediatrics as preventing disease and promoting children's physical, mental, and social well-being to achieve positive health. It discusses antenatal, postnatal, and social preventive pediatrics. It also covers various child health programs like immunization, breastfeeding, ICDS, and the roles of organizations like WHO, UNICEF, and nurses in preventive pediatrics.
CRISPR-Cas9, a revolutionary gene-editing tool, holds immense potential to reshape medicine, agriculture, and our understanding of life. But like any powerful tool, it comes with ethical considerations.
Unveiling CRISPR: This naturally occurring bacterial defense system (crRNA & Cas9 protein) fights viruses. Scientists repurposed it for precise gene editing (correction, deletion, insertion) by targeting specific DNA sequences.
The Promise: CRISPR offers exciting possibilities:
Gene Therapy: Correcting genetic diseases like cystic fibrosis.
Agriculture: Engineering crops resistant to pests and harsh environments.
Research: Studying gene function to unlock new knowledge.
The Peril: Ethical concerns demand attention:
Off-target Effects: Unintended DNA edits can have unforeseen consequences.
Eugenics: Misusing CRISPR for designer babies raises social and ethical questions.
Equity: High costs could limit access to this potentially life-saving technology.
The Path Forward: Responsible development is crucial:
International Collaboration: Clear guidelines are needed for research and human trials.
Public Education: Open discussions ensure informed decisions about CRISPR.
Prioritize Safety and Ethics: Safety and ethical principles must be paramount.
CRISPR offers a powerful tool for a better future, but responsible development and addressing ethical concerns are essential. By prioritizing safety, fostering open dialogue, and ensuring equitable access, we can harness CRISPR's power for the benefit of all. (2998 characters)
Leading the Way in Nephrology: Dr. David Greene's Work with Stem Cells for Ki...Dr. David Greene Arizona
As we watch Dr. Greene's continued efforts and research in Arizona, it's clear that stem cell therapy holds a promising key to unlocking new doors in the treatment of kidney disease. With each study and trial, we step closer to a world where kidney disease is no longer a life sentence but a treatable condition, thanks to pioneers like Dr. David Greene.
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Meaning, Causes, Symptoms, Treatment, and Mor...The Lifesciences Magazine
Deep Leg Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one or more of the deep veins in the legs. These clots can impede blood flow, leading to severe complications.
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair A New Horizon in Nephrology.pptxR3 Stem Cell
R3 Stem Cells and Kidney Repair: A New Horizon in Nephrology" explores groundbreaking advancements in the use of R3 stem cells for kidney disease treatment. This insightful piece delves into the potential of these cells to regenerate damaged kidney tissue, offering new hope for patients and reshaping the future of nephrology.
CHAPTER 1 SEMESTER V - ROLE OF PEADIATRIC NURSE.pdfSachin Sharma
Pediatric nurses play a vital role in the health and well-being of children. Their responsibilities are wide-ranging, and their objectives can be categorized into several key areas:
1. Direct Patient Care:
Objective: Provide comprehensive and compassionate care to infants, children, and adolescents in various healthcare settings (hospitals, clinics, etc.).
This includes tasks like:
Monitoring vital signs and physical condition.
Administering medications and treatments.
Performing procedures as directed by doctors.
Assisting with daily living activities (bathing, feeding).
Providing emotional support and pain management.
2. Health Promotion and Education:
Objective: Promote healthy behaviors and educate children, families, and communities about preventive healthcare.
This includes tasks like:
Administering vaccinations.
Providing education on nutrition, hygiene, and development.
Offering breastfeeding and childbirth support.
Counseling families on safety and injury prevention.
3. Collaboration and Advocacy:
Objective: Collaborate effectively with doctors, social workers, therapists, and other healthcare professionals to ensure coordinated care for children.
Objective: Advocate for the rights and best interests of their patients, especially when children cannot speak for themselves.
This includes tasks like:
Communicating effectively with healthcare teams.
Identifying and addressing potential risks to child welfare.
Educating families about their child's condition and treatment options.
4. Professional Development and Research:
Objective: Stay up-to-date on the latest advancements in pediatric healthcare through continuing education and research.
Objective: Contribute to improving the quality of care for children by participating in research initiatives.
This includes tasks like:
Attending workshops and conferences on pediatric nursing.
Participating in clinical trials related to child health.
Implementing evidence-based practices into their daily routines.
By fulfilling these objectives, pediatric nurses play a crucial role in ensuring the optimal health and well-being of children throughout all stages of their development.
2. Water Pollution: Types,
Effects, and Sources
• What is water pollution?
• Major types of pollutants, sources and effects
• Point and nonpoint sources
• Is the water safe to drink?
4. Clean
Zone
Decompositio
n
Zone
Septic
Zone
Recovery
Zone
Clean
Zone
Normal clean water
organisms
(trout, perch, bass,
mayfly, stonefly)
Trash
fish
(carp,
gar,
leeches)
Fish absent,
fungi,
sludge
worms,
bacteria
(anaerobic)
Trash
fish
(carp,
gar,
leeches)
Normal clean water
organisms
(trout, perch, bass,
mayfly, stonefly)
8
ppm
Dissolved
oxygen
(ppm)
Biologica
l oxygen
demand
8
ppm
Types of
organism
s
Pollution in Streams
5. Benefits of Floodplains
• Highly productive wetlands
• Provide natural flood and erosion control
• Maintain high water quality
• Recharge groundwater
• Fertile soils
• Nearby rivers for use and recreation
• Flatlands for urbanization and farming
6. Dangers of Floodplains and
Floods
• Deadly and destructive
• Human activities worsen floods
• Failing dams and water diversion
• Bangladesh
9. Tree
plantation
Evapotranspiration
decreases
Ranching accelerates soil
erosion by water and wind
Winds
remove
fragile
topsoil
Gullies
and
landslides
Heavy rain leaches nutrients
from soil and erodes topsoil
Rapid runoff
causes
flooding
After
Deforestation
Roads
destabiliz
e
hillsides
Agriculture
land
is flooded and
silted up
Silt from erosion blocks rivers and
reservoirs and causes flooding
downstream
Flooding After Deforestation
of a Hillside
10. Reducing Flood Risks
• Channelization
• Levees (floodwalls)
• Dams
• Protect and restore wetlands
• Identify and manage flood-prone areas
• Precautionary approach
11. Lake Pollution
• Dilution less effective than with streams
• Stratification in lakes and relatively little flow hinder rapid
dilution of pollutants
• Lakes more vulnerable to pollutants than streams
• How pollutants enter lakes
• Eutrophication: causes and effects
• Oligotrophic and eutrophic lakes
• Cultural eutrophication
• Preventing or removing eutrophication
13. Groundwater Pollution:
Causes and Persistence
• Sources of groundwater pollution
• Slow flowing: slow dilution and dispersion
• Consequences of lower dissolved oxygen
• Fewer bacteria to decompose wastes
• Cooler temperatures: slow down chemical
reactions
• “Degradable” and nondegradable wastes in
groundwater
14. Coal strip
mine
runoff
Pumping
well
Waste lagoon
Accident
al spills
Groundwat
er flow
Confined
aquifer
Discharge
Leakage
from faulty
casing
Hazardous
waste injection
well
Pesticides
and
fertilizers
Gasoline
station
Buried gasoline
and solvent
tank
Sewer
Cesspool
septic
tank
De-icing
road salt
Water
pumping well
Landfill
Polluted
air
Groundwater Pollution
15. Extent of Groundwater
Pollution
• Not much is known about groundwater
pollution
• Organic contaminants, including fuel
leaks
• Arsenic
• Protecting groundwater: Prevention is
best
16. Pump nanoparticles of
inorganic compounds to
remove pollutants (may be
the cheapest, easiest, and
most effective method but
is still being developed)
Find substitutes for toxic
chemicals
Keep toxic chemicals out of
the environment
Install monitoring wells near
landfills and underground tanks
Require leak detectors on
underground tanks
Ban hazardous waste disposal
in landfills and injection wells
Inject microorganisms to
clean up contamination
(less expensive but still
costly)
Store harmful liquids in
aboveground tanks with leak
detection and collection
systems
Preventio
n
Cleanu
p
Pump to surface, clean,
and return to aquifer
(very expensive)
Solution
s
Groundwater
Pollution
Preventing and Cleaning Up
Pollution in Groundwater
17. Ocean Pollution
• How much pollution can oceans tolerate?
• Some pollutants degrade and dilute in
oceans
• Ocean dumping controversies
18. Industry
Nitrogen oxides from
autos and
smokestacks; toxic
chemicals, and heavy
metals in effluents
flow into bays and
estuaries.
Cities
Toxic metals and
oil from streets
and
parking lots
pollute
waters; sewage
adds nitrogen
and
phosphorus.
Urban sprawl
Bacteria and viruses from
sewers and septic tanks
contaminate shellfish beds and
close beaches; runoff of
fertilization from lawns adds
nitrogen and phosphorus.
Construction sites
Sediments are washed into
waterways,
choking fish and plants, clouding
waters, and blocking sunlight.
Farms
Run off of pesticides, manure,
and fertilizers adds toxins and
excess nitrogen and
phosphorus.
Red tides
Excess nitrogen causes
explosive growth of toxic
microscopic algae, poisoning
fish and marine mammals.
Healthy zone
Clear, oxygen-rich waters
promote growth of plankton
and sea grasses, and support
fish.
Toxic sediments
Chemicals and toxic
metals
contaminate shellfish
beds,
kill spawning fish, and
accumulate in the
tissues
of bottom feeders.
Closed
shellfish
beds
Close
d
beach
Oxygen-
depleted
zone
Coastal Water Pollution
Oxygen-depleted zone
Sedimentation and algae overgrowth reduce
sunlight, kill beneficial sea grasses, use up
oxygen, and degrade habitat.
22. Preventio
n
Cleanu
p
Ban dumping of wastes and
sewage by maritime and
cruise ships in coastal waters
Reduce input of toxic
pollutants
Separate sewage and
storm lines
Regulate coastal
development
Recycle used oil
Require double hulls for oil
tankers
Require at least secondary
treatment of coastal
sewage
Use wetlands, solar-aquatic,
or
other methods to treat
sewage
Sprinkle nanoparticles over
an oil or sewage spill to
dissolve the oil or sewage
without creating harmful
byproducts
(still under development)
Protect sensitive areas from
development, oil drilling, and
oil shipping
Ban ocean dumping of sludge and
hazardous dredged material
Improve oil-spill cleanup
capabilities
Solution
s
Coastal Water
Pollution
Preventing and Cleaning Up
Pollution in Coastal Waters
23. Preventing Nonpoint Source
Pollution
• Mostly agricultural wastes
• Use vegetation to reduce soil erosion
• Reduce fertilizer use
• Use plant buffer zones around fields
• Integrated pest management: Only use pesticides when
necessary
• Use plant buffers around animal feedlots
• Keep feedlots away from slopes, surface water and flood
zones
24. Laws for Reducing Point
Source Pollution
• Clean Water Act
• Water Quality Act
25. Sewage Treatment
Systems
• Sewage treatment in rural and suburban areas
• Septic tanks
• Primary (physical) sewage treatment
• Secondary (biological) sewage treatment
• Urban sewage treatment (Clean Water Act)
• Sewage treatment facilities in many cities fail to meet
federal standards
• Bleaching and disinfection
• Disinfectants: chlorine, ozone, and ultraviolet radiation
26. Typical Septic Tank System
Househol
d
wastewat
er
Perforated
Distribution box
(optional)
Septic tank with
manhole (for cleanout)
Drai
n
field Vent
pipe
Nonperforated
pipe
Gravel
or
crushed
stone
27. Primary and Secondary
Sewage Treatment
Raw
sewage
from
sewers
Bar
screen
Grit
chamber
Settling
tank
Aeration
tank
Settling
tank
Chlorine
disinfection
tank
Sludg
e
Sludge
digester
Activated
sludge
Air
pump
(kills
bacteria)
To river,
lake,
or ocean
Sludge drying
bed
Disposed of
in landfill or
ocean or
applied to
cropland,
pasture, or
rangeland
Primar
y
Secondar
y
28. Improving Sewage
Treatment
• Systems that exclude hazardous
wastes
• Non-hazardous substitutes
• Composting toilet systems
• Working with nature to treat
sewage
• Using wetlands to treat sewage
30. Should the Clean Water Act
be Strengthened?
State and local officials want more discretion
31. Drinking Water Quality
• Purification of urban drinking
water
• Purification of drinking water in
developing countries
• Bottled water
32. Solutions
Water Pollution
• Prevent groundwater
contamination
• Greatly reduce nonpoint runoff
• Reuse treated wastewater for
irrigation
• Find substitutes for toxic
pollutants
• Work with nature to treat
sewage
• Practice four R's of resource use
(refuse, reduce, recycle, reuse)
• Reduce resource waste
• Reduce air pollution
• Reduce poverty
What Can You Do?
Water Pollution
• Fertilize your garden and yard
plants with manure or compost
instead of commercial inorganic
fertilizer.
• Minimize your use of pesticides.
• Never apply fertilizer or pesticides
near a body of water.
• Grow or buy organic foods.
• Compost your food wastes.
• Do not use water fresheners in
toilets.
• Do not flush unwanted medicines
down the toilet.
• Do not pour pesticides, paints,
solvents, oil, antifreeze, or other
products containing harmful
chemicals down the drain or onto
the ground.
