Drainage systems are networks designed to remove excess water from an area to prevent flooding and erosion. They include features like pipes, channels, and retention ponds. There are different types of drainage systems including surface, subsurface, slope, and downspout systems. Sewage disposal systems manage treated sewage water and include treatment plants, lagoons, and on-site or off-site systems to treat water before disposal or release.

1. WHAT ARE DRAINAGE SYSTEMS?
drainage systems are a network of pipes,
channels, and other structures designed to
remove excess water from an area.
They are used to prevent flooding, control erosion,
and protect buildings and infrastructure from water
damage. Drainage systems can be found in both
urban and rural areas, and may include features such
as stormwater drains, culverts, ditches, and retention
ponds
TYPESOF DRAINAGESYSTEMS
• SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
• SUBSURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
• SLOPE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
• DOWNSPOUT AND GUTTER SYSTEM
• OPEN DRAINAGE
There are mainly four types of drainage systems:

3. SURFACE DRAINAGE SYSTEM
• IT IS NEEDED TO DIG A FEW DITCHES WHICH ARE
USED AS A FUNNEL FOR EXCESS WATER. WITH THIS,
WE CAN SEND WATER AWAY FROM HOME OR ANY
AREA TO PREVENT FLOODING.
• ADVANTAGES
• PREVENTS WATER ACCUMULATION.
• REDUCES SOIL EROSION.
• REMOVES TOXIC MATERIALS AND DISEASE
ORGANISMS.
• DISADVANTAGES
• EXPENSIVE.
• MAINTENANCE.
• CAN CONTAMINATE BODIES OF WATER.

4. SOMEEXAMPLESOF SURFACEDRAINAGESYSTEM
SHALLOW MIDIUM SHALLOW
OPEN DRAINS
Open drains are channels or ditches that are left uncovered and allow water to
flow freely.
2) Grassed waterways
Grassed waterways (sometimes also called grass waterways)
are wide, shallow channels that are installed where water
runoff usually concentrates in an agricultural field.

5. 2) SUBSURFACEDRAINAGESYSTEM
the subsurface drainage system, we use a drain or a pipe that goes deep inside the soil.
Here, we can also use a sump pump to push water through these pipes as well. These
drainage systems are made to remove excess water from the soil.
3) SLOPEDRAINAGE SYSTEM
• IN THIS DRAINAGE SYSTEM, PIPES ARE INSTALLED ON AN
INCLINED SURFACE. THIS MAKES WATER MOVE
NATURALLY AWAY FROM THE HOME OR ANY AREA.

6. 6)DOWNSPOUTANDGUTTERSYSTEM
• IN THIS DRAINAGE SYSTEM, THE DOWNSPOUT IS
CONNECTED TO THE GUTTER, WHICH GETS RID OF
EXCESS WATER THAT BUILDS ON THE ROOF.
• THIS TYPE OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM FORMS A CLOSED UNDERGROUND
NETWORK. IN THIS TYPE OF DRAINAGE SYSTEM,
7) ClosedDrainage System

8. WHATIS SEWERAGESYSTEMS
• A SEWERAGE SYSTEM, OR WASTEWATER COLLECTION
SYSTEM, IS A NETWORK OF PIPES, PUMPING STATIONS,
AND APPURTENANCES THAT CONVEY SEWAGE FROM
ITS POINTS OF ORIGIN TO A POINT OF TREATMENT
AND DISPOSAL

9. INTRODUCTIONTO METHODSOF COLLECTIONOF WASTEWATER
• WASTEWATER, ALSO KNOWN AS SEWAGE, IS ANY WATER THAT
HAS BEEN USED FOR HOUSEHOLD OR INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES
AND CONTAINS CONTAMINANTS
• SUCH AS SOIL ABSORPTION, LEACHING, EVAPORATION, AND
FILTRATION. THIS ARTICLE WILL DISCUSS THE COMMON
METHODS OF COLLECTION OF WASTEWATER AND THEIR
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
SoilAbsorptionMethod
The soil absorption method is one of the most common
methods of wastewater collection and involves collecting
wastewater in underground tanks or pits

10. THIS IS A COLLECTING OF WASTEWATER IN UNDERGROUND PIPES OR TANKS
AND ALLOWING IT TO SEEP INTO THE SOIL.
ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF WASTEWATER COLLECTION AND INVOLVES
COLLECTING WASTEWATER IN AN OPEN-AIR CONTAINMENT SYSTEM
AND ALLOWING IT TO EVAPORATE.
3)EvaporationMethod
2) Leaching Method

11. 4) FILTRATIONMETHOD

12. 5) GRAVITYSEWER
• A GRAVITY SEWER IS AN UNDERGROUND PIPING SYSTEM
WHICH IS SLOPED DOWNWARDS AWAY FROM THE SOURCE
AND TOWARDS THE DESTINATION.
• A VACUUM SEWER SYSTEM IS METHOD OF TRANSPORTING
SEWAGE FROM ITS SOURSE TO SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
USING
6) VACUUMSEWER

13. 7) STORMDRAIN
• A STORM DRAIN, ALSO KNOWN AS A STORM
SEWER, IS INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGNED TO
DRAIN EXCESS RAIN AND GROUND WATER
FROM IMPERVIOUS SURFACES SUCH AS
PAVED STREETS, CAR PARKS, PARKING LOTS,
FOOTPATHS, SIDEWALKS, AND ROOFS
• A COMBINED SEWER IS A TYPE OF
GRAVITY SEWER WITH A SYSTEM
OF PIPES, TUNNELS, PUMP
STATIONS ETC. TO TRANSPORT
SEWAGE AND URBAN RUNOFF
TOGETHER TO A SEWAGE
TREATMENT PLANT OR DISPOSAL
SITE
8) COMBINEDSEWER

14. WHATIS SEWAGEDISPOSALSYSTEM
• A SEWAGE DISPOSAL SYSTEM IS A SYSTEM THAT MANAGES AND TREATS ALL THE SEWAGE WATER FROM
HOUSEHOLDS.
There are different types of sewage disposal systems, including
 Separate System
 Combined System
 Partially Separate System
 Treatment plants
 Sewage lagoons
 On-site systems
 Off-site systems
 Full sewage systems

15. TYPE# 2. COMBINED SYSTEM
IN THIS SYSTEM ONLY ONE SET OF SEWERS IS PROVIDED FOR
CARRYING DOMESTIC OR SANITARY SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL
SEWAGE AS WELL AS STORM WATER (OR RAIN WATER).
1) SEPARATESYSTEM
• IN THIS SYSTEM TWO SETS OF SEWERS ARE PROVIDED-ONE FOR
CARRYING DOMESTIC OR SANITARY SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL
SEWAGE,

16. TYPE# 3. PARTIALLYSEPARATESYSTEM
• IN THIS SYSTEM DOMESTIC OR SANITARY SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL SEWAGE, AND
THE STORM WATER (OR RAIN WATER) WHICH IS DRAINED FROM BACK YARDS AND
ROOFS OF HOUSES ARE CARRIED IN THE SAME SET OF SEWERS,

17. TYPE # 4. TREATMENT PLANTS
• SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS ARE DESIGNED TO REMOVE
POLLUTANTS AND CONTAMINANTS FROM W

18. • PRELIMINARY TREATMENT: ASTEL WATER BEFORE IT IS DISCHARGED INTO THE ENVIRONMENT
• PRIMARY TREATMENT: IN THIS STAGE, THE WASTEWATER IS ALLOWED TO SETTLE IN LARGE
TANKS, ALLOWING SOLIDS AND OTHER HEAVY PARTICLES TO SETTLE TO THE BOTTOM..
• . SECONDARY TREATMENT : DURING THIS STAGE, BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES ARE USED TO
FURTHER TREAT THE WASTEWATER. MICROORGANISMS ARE ADDED TO THE WASTEWATER TO
BREAK DOWN ORGANIC MATTER AND REMOVE NUTRIENTS SUCH AS NITROGEN AND
PHOSPHORUS.
• TERTIARY TREATMENT: THIS STAGE INVOLVES ADDITIONAL TREATMENT PROCESSES TO REMOVE
ANY REMAINING CONTAMINANTS FROM THE WASTEWATER. THIS MAY INCLUDE DISINFECTION,
FILTRATION, OR OTHER ADVANCED TREATMENT METHODS.

20. DISADVANTAGESOF SEWAGETREATMENTPLANTS
1. COST: BUILDING AND MAINTAINING SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS CAN BE
EXPENSIVE, REQUIRING SIGNIFICANT INVESTMENT IN INFRASTRUCTURE AND
ONGOING MAINTENANCE COSTS.
2. ENERGY CONSUMPTION: SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS REQUIRE ENERGY TO
OPERATE, WHICH CAN CONTRIBUTE TO GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS AND
CLIMATE CHANGE.
4. LAND USE: SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANTS REQUIRE A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF
LAND, WHICH CAN BE DIFFICULT TO ACQUIRE IN DENSELY POPULATED AREAS.

21. TYPE# 5. SEWAGELAGOONS
• SEWAGE LAGOONS ARE ANOTHER TYPE OF SEWAGE TREATMENT
SYSTEM THAT IS COMMONLY USED IN RURAL AREAS OR SMALL
COMMUNITIES. THEY ARE LARGE, SHALLOW PONDS WHERE
WASTEWATER IS STORED AND TREATED NATURALLY THROUGH A
PROCESS OF EVAPORATION AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY.

22. TYPE# 6,ONSITESYSTEM
• ALSO KNOWN AS SEPTIC SYSTEMS, ARE
WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS THAT ARE
INSTALLED ON INDIVIDUAL PROPERTIES TO TREAT
AND DISPOSE OF HOUSEHOLD WASTEWATER
TYPE# 7, OFF-SITESEWAGE
• AN OFF-SITE SEWAGE SYSTEM IS A SANITATION IN WHICH
EXCRETA AND WASTE WATER ARE COLLECTED AND CONVAYED
AWAY