The document discusses the need for a framework to assess new water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) technologies in Africa. It proposes developing a Technology Assessment Framework (TAF) and process to evaluate technologies, identify sustainability issues, and analyze approaches for introducing, disseminating, and scaling up innovations. The TAF would establish criteria for assessing technologies and build capacity in Burkina Faso, Ghana, and Uganda to independently apply the framework. The document also discusses strategies for innovation, scaling up technologies, and the process and timeline for successful adoption and sustainability.

1. Romeo GNAN-KOUASSI
Diploma Holder EPFL / ETH
Pan-African Intergovernmental Agency
WSA Water and Sanitation for Africa)
Reseau des centres de Ressources
Burkina Faso, 26th January 2012

2.  Achieving water and sanitation MDGs in many African
countries South of Sahara uncertain
 Role of affordable, sustainable technologies recognised
 Good range of innovative WASH technologies
 National strategies focus on the conventional
 No systems to validate new technologies and assess
real potential
 No proven approaches to successfully introduce and go
to scale

3. Overall: More effective investment in new technologies
 WASHTech-1: strengthen sector capacity to make effective
investments in new technologies by:
o Development of framework and process to assess a wide range
of new WASH technologies (TAF& process)
o Analysing approaches to introduction of innovations in
decentralised system, dissemination and scaling up for
sustainability
o Establishing required capacities in BF, GH, UG
 WASHTech-2: Strategies for innovation and scaling up; and process
& time needed for successful uptake and sustainability

4.  Technology Assessment Framework (TAF) and Process;
that is a simple system & criteria
◦ for evaluating technologies and their performance
◦ For identifying sustainability issues
◦ For analysing approaches to introduction, innovation,
diffusion and scaling up
 Capacities in BF, GH and UG for independent
application of TAF and process
 Strategies for innovation and scaling-up, and the
process and life-span for successful take-up and
sustainability
WASHTech January 2012 4

5.  National level level WASH sector stakeholders =
government, NGOs, SMEs
 District (decentralised level) WASH stakeholders with a
focus on local decision-makers, planners, practitioners
 Interface between community and district level (includes
community leaders and potential users)
 Focus on households, rural areas, and small towns, and
somehow low-income peri-urban areas
WASHTech 5

6. Selection of innovative/new technologies to be
assessed by using set of criteria
• trans-disciplinary approaches;
• multiple use, environmental concerns, re-
cycling;
• SME development;
• affordability;
• novel financing and management mechanisms
WASHTech 6

7. • Ghana: (i) Ghana Modified India Mark II Handpump (groundwater lifting) and (ii)
Slow sand filtration (drinking water treatment)
Successful • Uganda: (i) Urine diversion double vault latrine (UDDT EcoSan) and ferro-cement
tank >6,000l (water storage)
• Burkina Faso: (i) VIP toilet and (ii) India Mark II hand pump (groundwater lifting)
• Ghana: (i) pour-flush latrine (conventional latrine) and (ii) rope pump (groundwater
lifting)
Promising • Uganda: tippy tap (hand washing device) and (ii) Canzee pump (groundwater
lifting)
• Burkina Faso: (i) urine diversion latrine (EcoSan) and (ii) Rope pump (groundwater
lifting)
• Ghana: Enviro Loo (EcoSan)
Failed • Uganda: none (to be discussed)
• Burkina Faso: none (to be discussed)
New • Ghana: Biofil (ecosan waste handling/treatment)
• Uganda: iron removal pump plant (groundwater treatment)
opportunities • Burkina Faso: sand dams (riverbed water storage)
WASHTech 7

8.  Learning together yes
 Witheach of you.. To understand the
process of technolog introduction and
approval

9. Scenario 1: Formal process
Scenario 2: Informal process
Donor agencies
Line ministry/ UNBS
Government/
Line ministry
Local
Gov’ts/ NGOs/ Private
Local
district CBOs sector NGOs/
Gov’ts/ Private
district CBOs sector
Donor
Private sector agencies
Government/ NGOs/ private
Line ministry sector
Local gov’ts Local Gov’ts

10. Set up for TAF Development (Year 1)
Learning Alliances in three countries
Technology -Studies
Literature Review on
Selection Assessment Framework
of Technologies
for Testing TAF KAP Draft TAF and GTI
Testing
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11. Conceptual Framework
Technology
- Characteristics,
- Requirements
- Development process
Context /
Enabling Environment Technology Uptake
ACTORS
- Physical - Investment model
- Social - Marketing
- Economic - Roles and responsibilities
- Legal of actors
- Institutional - Resources
- Skills and capacities
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12. Objectives of TAF and GTI
The TAF is a TOOL to
 enable the user to obtain a consolidated picture of the applicability and
sustainability of a WASH technology in a specific context.
 assess technologies, but also considers links and interdependencies
between technologies and investment models which are used to
introduce these technologies.
The GTI is a GUIDANCE document
 for the design and monitoring of the technology introduction process
 And defines roles and responsibilities of key actors in all phases of
process
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13. Overall Concept for TAF and GTI
Investment
Context
Model
TAF ASSESSMENT GTI Uptake
of technology potential
using 18 indicators
Econ GUIDANCE for
TECHNOLOGY Time
Soc INTRODUCTION
Dimensions
SCREENING
Env Technology Introduction
Need
Invention
Inst
Uptake +
For 3 investment models:
Tipping
O&M
Point
and
Know - Highly subsidized
Applicability investments
Tech
- Market based model, no
subsidies for investments Actors
Producer-Supplier
Other Institutions
(CAPEX) or O&M (OPEX)
Tasks of Actors per Phase
User-Buyer
- Intermediate model with
some subsidies for CAPEX
Technical Function and OPEX Guidance for technology
Characteristics introduction, with defined
Performance Perspective tasks for actors per phase
of key actors
Key: Dimensions
Econ = Economical and Financial
Soc = Social
Technology Env = Environmental
Inst = Institutional, legal, organisational
Know = Knowhow and skills
Tech = Technological
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14.  S/H were positive about the formal process of technology
introduction and approval
MWE/UNBS LOCAL GOV’TS NGOs/ PS
 Introduction - Testing/ piloting - scale up
 Standardizing - uptake/ scale up
 Other S/H were open to influence from external agencies;
donors, private sector, NGOs provided the influence is
channeled through gov’t.
 A lesser No. of S/H preferred following an informal process to
avoid gov’t bureaucracy.

15.  No detailed framework for technology
introduction, appraisal or review of existing
technologies.
 No tool that is employed to ensure a harmonized
decision making process
 There is need for a technology assessment
framework.
 Need for CB in technology assessment