The quest for biologically informed diagnoses in child psychiatry
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This talk by dr. Wouter Groen, child psychiatrist and neuroscientist at Karakter, was given at the 2014 Karakter Conference in Ede, The Netherlands. The talk deals with the issue of biomarkers for psychiatric disorders. It specifically addresses the issue of why it has proven so difficult to actually find biomarkers suited for daily clinical practice.
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Sionara Melo Figueiredo de Carvalho1, Rubens Wajnsztejn1, Maria do Carmo Andrade Duarte de Farias1,4,
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association of clinical research and neuroimaging may contribute to a better understanding of the functioning of
the brain affected by the disorder.
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Background
The Autistic Spectrum Disorders encompass conditions
known as Autistic Disorder, Asperger Syndrome and
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cified (PDD-NOS), which is diagnosed based on behav-
ior with differentiation determined by the presence or
absence and intensity (dimension) of symptoms. The
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the basis its identification, but some signals are already
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the consensus about the biological and genetic basis of
* Correspondence: [email protected]
1Laboratório de Delineamento de Estudos e Escrita Científica, Faculdade de
Medicina do ABC, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821, 09060-650, Santo André, São
Paulo, Brazil
3Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências,
Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Av. Hygino Muzzi Filho, 737, Marília SP
CEP: 17525-900, Brazil
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
© 2013 Silva et al.; licensee BioMed Central Lt
Commons Attribution License (http://creativec
reproduction in any medium, provided the or
the disorder, it is believed that many genes and causes
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Photo Credit: Getty Images/Blend Images
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Review this week’s Learning Resources, considering the many interacting factors that contribute to the development of psychopathology.
Consider how theoretical perspective on psychopathology impacts the work of the PMHNP.
By Day 3 of Week 1
Explain the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental); and social, cultural, and interpersonal factors that influence the development of psychopathology.
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keywords "autism", "theory of mind", "executive functions", "central coherence" and “fMRI”.
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Conclusions: The most popular neurocognitive theories are still unable to fully explain the characteristics of the
complications that autistic spectrum disorder causes to the quality of life of individuals living with autism. The
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Background
The Autistic Spectrum Disorders encompass conditions
known as Autistic Disorder, Asperger Syndrome and
Pervasive Development Disorder - Not Otherwise Spe-
cified (PDD-NOS), which is diagnosed based on behav-
ior with differentiation determined by the presence or
absence and intensity (dimension) of symptoms. The
diagnostic criteria stipulate the age of about 3 years as
the basis its identification, but some signals are already
identifiable before that [1].
The etiology of autism is still largely unknown. Despite
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* Correspondence: [email protected]
1Laboratório de Delineamento de Estudos e Escrita Científica, Faculdade de
Medicina do ABC, Av. Príncipe de Gales, 821, 09060-650, Santo André, São
Paulo, Brazil
3Departamento de Fonoaudiologia, Faculdade de Filosofia e Ciências,
Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Av. Hygino Muzzi Filho, 737, Marília SP
CEP: 17525-900, Brazil
Full list of author information is available at the end of the article
© 2013 Silva et al.; licensee BioMed Central Lt
Commons Attribution License (http://creativec
reproduction in any medium, provided the or
the disorder, it is believed that many genes and causes
contribute to the construction of the condition [1,2].
The neurocognitive theories such as the Theory of
Mind which is the ability to analyze the world from the
pe.
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1) The paper discusses future directions for research on suicide, noting the need to distinguish between attempters and completers as they represent distinct populations.
2) A major risk factor for suicide is the presence of a major mental disorder like depression or bipolar disorder. Genetic vulnerability also contributes significantly to suicide risk.
3) Future research should use standardized epidemiological techniques to study samples beyond just clinical patients, and conduct intensive longitudinal studies to distinguish trait from state factors. Biomarkers like serotonin may differ in their association with suicide between diagnostic groups.
Discussion Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopatholog
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Photo Credit: Getty Images/Blend Images
In many realms of medicine, objective diagnoses can be made: A clavicula is broken. An infection is present. TSH levels meet the diagnostic criteria for hypothyroidism. Psychiatry, on the other hand, deals with psychological phenomena and behaviors. Can these, too, be “defined objectively and by scientific criteria (Gergen, 1985), or are they social constructions?” (Sadock et al., 2015).
Thanks to myriad advances during recent decades, we know that psychopathology is caused by many interacting factors. Theoretical and clinical contributions to the field have come from the neural sciences, genetics, psychology, and social-cultural sciences. How do these factors impact the expression, classification, diagnosis, and prevalence of psychopathology, and why might it be important for a nurse practitioner to take a multidimensional, integrative approach?
To Prepare:
Review this week’s Learning Resources, considering the many interacting factors that contribute to the development of psychopathology.
Consider how theoretical perspective on psychopathology impacts the work of the PMHNP.
By Day 3 of Week 1
Explain the biological (genetic and neuroscientific); psychological (behavioral and cognitive processes, emotional, developmental); and social, cultural, and interpersonal factors that influence the development of psychopathology.
Week 1: History and Theories of Psychopathology
The history of the diagnosis of mental disorders is fraught with examples of how cultural norms and prejudices interfere with and warp a diagnosis. The result is that normal behavior and orientations have been pathologized as an illness or disease. An example of this would be the story of Alan Turing, the famous British computer scientist of the 20th century, who was instrumental in inventing modern computers and deciphering German code in World War II. He was convicted in 1952 in England of gross indecency for being gay. Turing was forced by the courts to undergo 12 months of hormone therapy and could no longer work for the British government. At the time, homosexuality was pathologized as a mental disorder in the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
and was criminalized in most Western countries. It was not until 1973 that the American Psychiatric Association (APA) finally removed homosexuality from the
DSM
.
Historically, the process of rendering a diagnosis has been used to pathologize those who fell outside what was considered the cultural norm of human behavior. This process often marginalized diagnosed populations and prevented individuals from receiving appropriate care. It is of utmost importance to consider cultural issues that influence how you as a clinician interpret a client’s behavior and how cultural issues influence how a client may express behavior. This week, you explore the history of psychopathology and the evolut ...
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This document provides an overview of schizophrenia including its description, causes, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder that results in delusions, disordered thinking and behavior, and hallucinations. It is caused by a combination of genetic, chemical, structural, and environmental factors. Treatment involves antipsychotic medication and psychotherapy. While there is no cure, treatment can help manage symptoms and improve quality of life.
Schizophrenia
Schizophrenia is a group of severe brain disorders in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behaviour.
Contrary to some popular belief, schizophrenia is not split personality or multiple personality. The word “schizophrenia” does mean “split mind,” but it refers to a disruption of the usual balance of emotions and thinking (Mayo, 2013).
Schizophrenia is a chronic condition, requiring lifelong treatment.
Schizophrenia
General overview on schizophrenia : epidemiology,etiology,clinical features,course and outcome & treatment modalities.
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This document summarizes a commentary that argues for rethinking mental illness as disorders of the brain rather than of the mind. Recent advances in genetics and neuroscience are transforming understanding of psychiatric disorders. Insights from these fields show that mental illnesses are likely caused by developmental processes shaped by complex interactions between genetics and environment. However, current diagnostic categories do not align well with findings from these sciences. The authors argue that reconceptualizing mental disorders as disorders of the brain could lead to early detection and preventive or preemptive interventions.
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Mental health problems are very worldwide among adolescent. This may be due to the truth that attending family members to a difficult time for many traditional and non traditional among adolescent. Adolescent after effecting high school are typically younger, depend on parents for financial support, and do not work or work part time. Thus, in addition to stress related to academic load, these adolescent may have to face the task of taking on more adult like responsibilities lacking having yet mastered the skills and cognitive maturity of adulthood. Stress, life events, past experiences and genetics all play a part in determining our mental health. Student life exposes individuals to risk factors affecting mental health including financial worries, periods of transition, substance use, parental pressure, culture shock and disconnection from previous supports. Descriptive research design and simple random sampling technique was adopted for the study. A sample size of 60 people was collected using planned interviews. In this study conclude that 61 of the respondents had good mental health, 24 had moderate mental health, and the remaining 15 respondents had poor mental health. Dr. R. Revathi Priya | Ms. Vaishnavi. A "“A Study on Mental Health Problems of Adolescent” with Special Reference to Coimbatore Districts" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-5 , October 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd59900.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/59900/“a-study-on-mental-health-problems-of-adolescent”-with-special-reference-to-coimbatore-districts/dr-r-revathi-priya
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PSY810_KENDRICK_KIM_BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL MODEL FOR THE MIND_PAPER
This document discusses schizophrenia using a biopsychosocial model. It addresses evidence for brain localization in schizophrenia, genetic factors, and environmental factors. Schizophrenia is a disabling brain disorder affecting self and social functioning. Symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized speech. Causes likely involve genetic and environmental factors. Treatment focuses on symptom management using medication and psychosocial support. Studies show common biological mechanisms between schizophrenia and depression. Research also provides preliminary evidence of brain localization and genetic risk factors for schizophrenia.
Back to dsm : psychiatry rethinking mental illness thomas r. insel, md philip...
Back to dsm : psychiatry rethinking mental illness thomas r. insel, md philip...BARRY STANLEY 2 fasd
This document discusses how insights from genetics and neuroscience are transforming the understanding and treatment of mental illnesses. It suggests that mental illnesses are disorders of the brain caused by developmental processes shaped by genetics and environment. Major findings include that rare genetic variants are more common in autism and schizophrenia than previously recognized, and that these variants affect brain development rather than aligning with current diagnostic categories. The document also discusses how epigenetics can provide insights into how early life experiences confer lasting changes in gene expression and brain function. It concludes that recognizing mental illnesses as brain disorders could enable earlier and more preventative interventions through further research into genetics and neural circuits.Similar to The quest for biologically informed diagnoses in child psychiatry (20)
Psychiatry: A Crash test for integrative neuroscience (Part1)
Psychiatry: A Crash test for integrative neuroscience (Part1)
Neurodiversity literature review and correlational research study.
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Silva et al. International Archives of Medicine 2013, 622ht.docx
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Discussion Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopatholog
Discussion Factors That Influence the Development of Psychopatholog
Biomarkers outperform symptoms in parsing psychosis subgroups
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The quest for biologically informed diagnoses in child psychiatry
- 1. Wouter Groen PhD MD Child Psychiatrist at Karakter Senior Researcher Donders Centre Cognitive Neuroimaging
- 5. descriptive nosology in Middle Ages
- 7. a biological diagnostic instrument
- 10. from descriptive to biological understanding
- 13. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 Patient Control autism symptom vs. biomarker
- 15. age of discovery: focus on theory
- 17. background
- 22. method
- 26. results
- 28. results evidence for developmental derailment: children with autism look longer at irrelevant parts of visual scenes the effects disappeared when corrected for IQ
- 29. conclusions
- 31. why biomarkers do not differentiate well biomarkers are influenced by genes and environment equally; subtle differences are amplified during derailment low IQ and disorder intertwined
- 32. IQ vs. disorder
- 33. IQ distribution 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150
- 34. is the difference between 70 and 100…
- 35. … as functionally meaningful as the difference between 160 and 190?
- 36. how does IQ (distribution!) map onto ability? 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 50 100 150 200 250 IQ Functional disability
- 37. IQ is an order statistic IQ represents rankorder, not linear ability, especially at the ends of the IQ range therefore, parametrics statistics should not be used with IQ data (i.e. correlation, confounders, etc) instead, use non-parametric rank statistics 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 100 200 300
- 38. take home message issues In intellectual disability research include: non-linearity of IQ and IQ-disease dependency.
- 39. any questions
- 40. Outline • Psychiatric disorders are currently behaviorally defined (similar to somatic disorders in the Middle Ages). • To bring psychiatry into the modern age, the scientific community has been in search of biomarkers (similar to somatic medicine in the early renaissance). • Finding meaningful and useful biomarkers has proven extremely difficult.
- 41. Outline continued • Typically, dimensional symptom scores overlap between patients and controls. Importantly, so do biomarkers, rendering them quite useless for diagnosis. • In the late renaissance, scientists combined empiricism with theorizing, opening the door to the modern age. • Similarly, better theories in current psychiatry may provide better biomarkers. Complex theories, however, bring about complex issues.
- 42. Outline continued • In intellectual disability research, these issues include: non-linearity of IQ and IQ-disease dependency. • I would like to invite everybody to comment on these two issues.